碳薄膜电极材料在电分析化学中的应用

由于具有一系列的优点,碳材料被广泛地应用于电分析化学。新型碳电极材料的开发及其性质研究对电分析化学的发展起着重要的推动作用。最近文献报道了一些制备新型碳薄膜电极材料的方法,因为制备方法不同,这些碳薄膜材料的电化学性质如电位窗、稳定性、导电性也显著不同。人们对电位窗宽、背景电流低、稳定性高、表面不易被电极产物钝化的碳薄膜电极材料的研究非常活跃。本文综述了采用不同方法制备的一些碳薄膜电极材料如硼掺杂的金刚石薄膜、无定形碳和纳米晶体碳薄膜材料等在电分析化学中应用。     

掺硼多晶金刚石膜的电化学性能研究

采用EACVD(Electron Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition)方法制备了掺硼金刚石膜, 并用扫描电镜、拉曼光谱及霍尔效应等测试方法对其表面形貌、生长特性、载流子浓度以及导电性能进行了分析. 测试结果表明, 掺硼金刚石膜是由微米级晶粒组成的多晶膜, 其载流子浓度为4.88×1020 cm-3, 电阻率为0.03 Ω·cm, 是高品质金刚石膜. 用该金刚石膜制作电化学电极, 利用循环伏安法分别测量了金刚石膜电极在氯化钾空白底液、亚铁氰化钾溶液和左旋半胱氨酸溶液中的循环伏安曲线, 发现该金刚石膜电极在水溶液中具有宽的电化学窗口(约为3.7 V)和接近零的背景电流, 在生物制剂的检测中具有很高的灵敏度和良好的稳定性, 是一种理想的电化学电极材料.     

三种碳基电极材料的电化学性质对比研究(英文)

对硼掺杂纳米金刚石(BDND),硼掺杂微米金刚石(BDMD)和玻碳(GC)电极的电化学性质做了对比研究.利用扫描电子显微镜表征了BDMD和BDND电极,其表面粒子大小分别为1-5μm和20-100nm.利用Raman光谱对两种金刚石薄膜的成分进行了表征,结果表明利用热丝化学气相沉积法得到了高质量的BDND和BDMD薄膜.采用0.5mol·L-1H2SO4溶液测定了三种电极的电化学窗口,BDND和BDMD电极的电化学窗口分别为3.3和3.0V,远比GC电极(2.5V)的要宽.[Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-溶液的循环伏安和交流阻抗测定表明,在BDND、BDMD和GC电极上的峰间距(△Ep)分别为73、92和112mV,且其电子传递电阻(Ret)分别为(98±5)、(260±19)和(400±25)Ω.我们也研究了0.1mmol·L-1双酚A在三种电极上的电化学氧化行为.上述的电化学测定结果表明,两种金刚石电极均比GC电极表现出了更宽的电化学窗口、更好的电化学可逆性质、更快的电子传递速度和更高的电化学稳定性,更为重要的是与BDMD相比BDND的电化学性质有进一步的提高.     

掺硼金刚石膜/碳膜平面式复合电极的制备及电化学性能

采用微波等离子体化学气相沉积法在本征硅上制备掺硼金刚石膜/碳膜平面式复合电极,其中硅片的一面为掺硼金刚石膜,另一面为碳膜。通过SEM和拉曼光谱分析了薄膜的表面形貌和成分,掺硼金刚石膜为纳米级金刚石,碳膜表面有均匀分布的凹坑;利用四探针、循环伏安法和交流阻抗法表征电极导电性和电化学性能,随着沉积时间增加,电极方阻减小;在铁氰化钾溶液中电极发生准可逆氧化还原反应,电势差为119mV,在103Hz附近阻抗为113Ω;多巴胺的检测限为5μmol·L-1。     

PbO2/Sb-SnO2/TiO2纳米管阵列电极电化学氧化降解罗丹明B

罗丹明B(RhB)在印染废水中广泛存在,具有难降解和易积累等特点,严重威胁生态系统和人类健康,因此寻找一种高效、清洁、经济的处理方法引起人们的广泛关注.电化学氧化法因其操作简单、环境友好等特点而广泛应用于难处理废水或有毒废水的降解,但过多的能源消耗限制了其进一步应用.在电化学氧化过程中,电极材料的选择是影响电催化性能的重要因素之一,目前的电极材料主要有硼掺杂金刚石电极、IrO_2电极、Ru O_2电极和PbO_2电极等.在这些电极材料中,PbO_2电极因价格低廉、导电性良好、化学稳定性好及析氧电位高等优点而成为具有潜力的电极材料之一.近年来,为了提高PbO_2电极的电催化活性和稳定性,研究者对其进行了一系列掺杂改性,如Cu, Bi, Ce, Fe和F等金属或非金属掺杂,以及与TiO_2, SnO_2, ZrO_2, Co3O4和TiN等其他化合物复合等.相比于传统的PbO_2电极基底Ti, TiO_2纳米管阵列具有高度有序、垂直取向、表面积大及亲水性良好等优势,这些特性可使其成为一个更好的载体,关于其做基底负载电催化活性层的研究引起了人们的广泛关注.本文以TiO_2纳米管阵列作为基体,通过微波法沉积Sb-SnO_2中间层,电沉积法沉积PbO_2b表层(含α-PbO_2内层和β-PbO_2外层),制得一种复合DSA阳极材料,并将其用于处理Rh B废水.通过扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学测试等手段对该复合电极进行了表征,系统探讨了RhB初始浓度、电流密度、pH值、温度和氯离子浓度等因素对电化学氧化降解过程的影响,并对电极稳定性及Rh B降解机理进行了深入研究.SEM和XRD结果表明, PbO_2/Sb-SnO_2/TiO_2纳米管阵列电极表面涂层覆盖紧密,电化学测试结果表明该电极寿命达815h.RhB电化学氧化实验结果发现, RhB降解过程遵循准一级动力学模型,且高的电流密度、中性环境、低温和氯离子的添加均有利于其降解,但电流密度过高以及人工降温均会造成能耗过大,而氯离子的加入会带来潜在的二次污染,故在实际应用中需根据实际情况进行调节.此外,通过系统研究不同参数的影响,发现该复合电极对外界环境具有较强的适应性及催化能力,而降解机理的提出有利于我们更好地研究降解过程中变化.综上可知,该复合电极较强的稳定性及催化活性使其在电化学氧化降解废水中具有较大潜在应用前景.     

硼掺杂金刚石电极及其电分析应用

一种新电极材料的发明往往会推动电分析测试的发展。硼掺杂金刚石(BDD)电极在电分析中具备宽电势窗口、低背景电流、 耐腐蚀稳定性高和低吸附的特点,因而在电分析化学中引起了广泛的兴趣。本文对BDD电极的制备、表征和基本电分析性质进行了介绍,并对其在毛细管电泳、生物传感电极、痕量金属离子检测、化学修饰电极及化学需氧量快速测定方面的应用进行了综述。     

酪氨酸酶在硼掺杂金刚石薄膜电极上的固定及酚类化合物的检测

以硼掺杂金刚石(boron-doped d iamond,BDD)薄膜作基底,利用光化学反应将含有碳碳双键的烯丙胺化合物修饰在BDD表面,形成氨基单分子层,再经过酰胺键的连接使酪氨酸酶固定在氨基化的金刚石表面,从而制得酪氨酸酶修饰的电极.应用循环伏安法研究该电极用于酚类化合物(包括苯酚、对甲基苯酚和对苯二酚等)检测的灵敏度、线性范围及其稳定性.     

硼掺杂金刚石纳米棒电极对比阿培南的电化学检测研究

在自制的硅纳米线上采用热丝化学气相沉积方法制备了硼掺杂金刚石纳米棒电极.采用循环伏安及计时电流方法测定了在磷酸缓冲溶液中的药物比阿培南的浓度,灵敏度达到0.038μA μM-1较相同条件下制备得到的普通硼掺杂金刚石电极(0.028μA μM-1)相比有所提高.该纳米棒电极由于特殊的表面形貌,较普通硼掺杂金刚石电极表现出...     

双酚A在硼掺杂金刚石薄膜电极上的电化学行为研究

硼掺杂金刚石(BDD)薄膜电极是用于废水处理的理想电极材料。利用循环伏安法和电化学阻抗谱研究了环境激素双酚A(BPA)在BDD电极上的电化学行为,分析在电极/溶液界面上的电化学过程及相关的电极动力学参数。研究发现BPA在电极上的直接电化学氧化过程为不可逆过程,氧化峰电势在1.4 V左右。电极/溶液界面的双电层结构可以用一个电容与一个电阻并联的等效电路来进行拟合,当极化电位从0.5 V增加至2.0 V时,电荷转移电阻Rct由7.043×104Ω·cm2降至1.366×103Ω·cm2,下降了80.60%,表明提高电极电位可明显降低电催化反应的电阻,有利于电催化氧化反应的进行,可提高电催化反应速率。     

阿昔洛韦在硼掺杂金刚石电极上的电化学行为及其与DNA相互作用的研究

利用硼掺杂金刚石(BDD)电极通过循环伏安法和微分脉冲伏安法研究了阿昔洛韦在0.10 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.4)中的电化学行为及其与DNA的相互作用.与玻碳电极相比,阿昔洛韦在BDD电极上的循环伏安曲线在1.17 V处的氧化峰电流更大,背景电流较低.根据峰电位随溶液pH值和扫描速率的变化趋势考察了阿昔洛韦...     

Electroanalysis of tetracycline using nickel-implanted boron-doped diamond thin film electrode applied to flow injection system.

The electrochemical analysis of tetracycline was investigated using nickel-implanted boron-doped diamond thin film electrode by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry with a flow injection system. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical oxidation of tetracycline. Comparison experiments were carried out using as-deposited boron-doped diamond thin film electrode (BDD). Nickel-implanted boron-doped diamond thin film electrode (Ni-DIA) provided well-resolved oxidation irreversible cyclic voltammograms. The current signals were higher than those obtained using the as-deposited BDD electrode. Results using nickel-implanted boron-doped diamond thin film electrode in flow injection system coupled with amperometric detection are presented. The optimum potential for tetracycline was 1.55 V versus Ag/AgCl. The linear range of 1.0 to 100 microM and the detection limit of 10 nM were obtained. In addition, the application for drug formulation was also investigated.     

Recent advances of boron-doped diamond electrochemical sensors toward environmental applications

The electrocatalytic properties of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been considered for a variety of sensing applications. The unusual electrochemical properties of BDD include a large potential window, a small background current, and better resistance to fouling than other carbon-based electrodes. The use of BDD for remediation and environmental sensing applications has recently attracted the interest of the sensor research community. This review focuses on recent developments that involve the use of BDD as an environmentally friendly sensing material for environmental analysis. The electrochemical properties of boron-doped diamond that has undergone surface modification (e.g., with metals or enzymes) will be considered. Recent achievements involving the use of BDD electrodes for detecting pesticides, mycotoxins, peroxides, and phenolic compounds are considered.     

Ta/BDD薄膜电极电化学催化氧化硝基酚

研究了热丝化学气相沉积法(HFCVD)制备得到钽衬底掺硼金刚石膜电极(Ta/BDD)的物理性质和电势窗口, 并考察了其用于电化学催化氧化硝基酚过程中的性能及各种影响因素. 扫描电镜和拉曼光谱表明, Ta/BDD电极具有良好的物理性能, 通过测试Ta/BDD电势窗口发现, 该电极具有较高的析氧过电位. 在Ta/BDD电化学催化氧化硝基酚过程中, 化学需氧量(COD)和高效液相色谱测试表明, 硝基酚能够有效降解, 电流密度、支持电解液及浓度对降解过程影响较大, 温度影响不明显. 强化寿命实验表明, Ta/BDD电极具有较好的稳定性. 实验结果表明, Ta/BDD电极是一种适于硝基酚降解和COD去除的优良电极.     

Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Oxalate at a Positively Charged Boron‐Doped Diamond Surface

Allyltriethylammonium bromide (ATAB) was covalently attached to the surface of hydrogen‐terminated boron‐doped diamond (BDD) thin films using a photochemical method to fabricate positively charged electrode surfaces. The anodic current for oxalate oxidation both in cyclic voltammetry and in flow‐injection analysis with amperometry was found to be up to two times larger at ATAB‐modified BDD (ATAB‐BDD) than at an unmodified BDD electrode, which may be based on the electrostatic interaction between the oxalate anion and the electrode surface. In addition, the stability of the electrochemical detection of oxalate was improved at the ATAB‐BDD electrode compared to the unmodified electrode.     

Electrochemical determination of sulfide at various carbon substrates: a comparative study.

The direct electrochemical oxidation of sodium sulfide has been examined at five different carbon-based electrode substrates (glassy carbon (GC), boron-doped diamond (BDD), edge-plane pyrollytic graphite (EPPG), basal-plane pyrollytic graphite (BPPG) and carbon nanotubes (CNT)). An electrocatalytic response is observed at both the EPPG and CNT electrode compared to that of the other three substrates. The higher capacitative charging currents obtained at the CNT electrode hinder its detection range and, as such, the EPPG electrode has been clearly shown to be the substrate of choice for the direct electrochemical detection of sulfide. The procedure was applied to the recovery of a sulfide spike in river water, with a recovery of 104%.     

Hydroxyl radicals electrochemically generated in situ on a boron-doped diamond electrode

The hydroxyl radicals electrochemically generated in situ on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode have been investigated for the first time in different electrolyte media, over the whole pH range between 1 and 11. A more extensive characterisation of BDD electrochemical properties is very important to understand the reactivity of organic compounds towards electrochemical oxidation on the BDD electrode, which is related to their interaction with adsorbed hydroxyl radicals due to water oxidation on the electrode surface. An oxidation peak corresponding to the transfer of one electron and one proton was observed in pH <9 electrolytes, associated with the water discharge process and electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radicals, which can interact and enhance the electro-oxidation of organic compounds. In pH >9 electrolytes the electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radicals was not observed; ammonia buffer electrolyte gave a pH-independent peak corresponding to the ammonia oxidation reaction. Additionally, for most pH values studied, a few small peaks associated with the electrochemical interaction between non-diamond carbon species on the doped diamond electrode surface and the electrolyte were also seen, which suggests that the doped diamond is relatively unreactive, but not completely inert, and the electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals play a role as mediator in the oxidation of organics.     

Fabrication and electrochemical behaviour of vertically aligned boron-doped diamond nanorod forest electrodes

Vertically aligned boron-doped diamond nanorod forests (BDDNF) were successfully fabricated by depositing a diamond film onto silicon nanowires (SiNWs) using hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). The boron-doped diamond nanorods were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BDDNF obtained from the SiNWs on the silicon wafer could be directly used as an electrode and its electrochemical behaviour is discussed here. Compared to a flat boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode, the BDDNF electrode showed high sensitivity in the amperometric detection of adenine.