Eicosapentaenoic acid release from the red alga Pachymeniopsis lanceolata by enzymatic degradation

Forty-eight species of seaweeds from Japanese waters were screened for the valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The eight species that contained the highest levels of these compounds were analyzed in detail. Of all species tested the red alga Pachymeniopsis lanceolata contained the highest EPA concentration, and it was present as both the free and bound forms. EPA constituted 38.7% of total fatty acids, and polar lipids were the main constituent of the total lipids in P. lanceolata. EPA was obtained from the marine algae P. lanceolata by enzymatic hydrolysis of the total lipids extract using phospholipase A₂(PLA₂). The release of EPA reached a plateau after 10 min of enzymatic treatment. These results suggest that P. lanceolata is a useful natural source of EPA and that PLA₂ treatment is a convenient method for obtaining EPA from the red alga.     

Solution conformation of the two alditols obtained by sodium borohydride reduction of N-acetylneuraminic acid

The stereochemistries and the conformations of the two alditols1 and2 (3:2) obtained upon reduction of N-acetylneuraminic acid were determined in aqueous solution using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Molecular mechanics calculation was proved to be not applicable onto alditols, if the balance of the conformational equilibrium is maintained by 1,3-diaxial interactions. No measurable amount of the -N-acetylneuraminic acid like triple bent alditol form, which is believed to be the substrate of theClostridium perfringens lyase, could be detected in solution. In aqueous solution compound2 is present in its extended form. One can expect that the necessary energy contribution of approximately 1 kcal to fold2 into the form which is recognized by the enzyme is easily available.

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Zur Konformation der beiden durch Reduktion von N-Acetyl-Neuraminsäure mit Natriumborhydrid erhaltenen Alditole in wäßriger Lösung

Zusammenfassung Bei der Reduktion von N-Acetyl-Neuraminsäure mit Natriumborhydrid in wäßriger Lösung werden die Alditole1 und2 im Verhältnis 3:2 gebildet. Die stereochemische Zuordnung und die Konformation der beiden Epimere in Lösung wurden mit Hilfe einer NMR-Analyse durchgeführt. In Ergänzung dazu wurde die Anwendbarkeit von Rechnungen des Typus Molekulare Mechanik auf flexible Moleküle dieser Art untersucht und gefunden, daß Populationen von Konformationen, welche primär durch 1,3-diaxiale Wechselwirkungen determiniert sind, durch Rechnungen dieses Typs nicht vorhersagbar sind. In wäßriger Lösung liegt Verbindung2 in gestreckter Form vor. Die aus2 ableitbare -N-Acetylneuraminsäure ähnliche Konformation, welche dem Substrat derClostridium perfringens-Lyase entspricht, ist um 1 kcal energiereicher als die der gestreckten Form und liegt in Lösung nicht in meßbaren Mengen vor. Man kann erwarten, daß dieser Energiebeitrag unschwer bei der Einbettung in die Enzymtasche der Lyase aufgebracht werden kann.

     

Approaches to intramolecular sialylation. 2. Synthesis of per-O-acetylated thioglycosides of N-acetylneuraminic acid containing an unprotected carboxy group

Various approaches to the synthesis of per-O-acetylated thioglycosides of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) containing an unprotected carboxy group starting from the corresponding methyl esters were comparatively studied. One-step demethylation of methyl thioglycoside (LiI, Py, reflux) proceeded inefficiently in contrast to the analogous smooth reaction of phenyl thioglycoside. An indirect route to derivatives with a free carboxy group involving saponification followed by acetylation of hydroxy groups proved to be more efficient for methyl -thioglycoside of Neu5Ac.     

对甲苯磺酸催化研磨法合成5-芳亚甲基巴比妥酸

在对甲苯磺酸催化下, 将芳香醛与巴比妥酸于室温研磨5～20 min, 则可得到较高收率的5-芳亚甲基巴比妥酸, 为同类化合物的合成提供了一个简便而有效的方法.     

Synthesis of l-α-amino-ω-bromoalkanoic acid for side chain modification

l-α-Amino-ω-bromoalkanoic acids with side chain lengths varying from 4 to 10 methylene units have been conveniently synthesized as useful intermediates for the synthesis of functionalized non-natural amino acids.     

煤基碳基固体酸催化合成1,2取代苯并咪唑类衍生物

以太西煤为原料(其灰份为0.6%、目数大于200目),通过直接磺化得到煤基碳基磺酸(CHS-SA),以及通过对太西无烟煤粉末与煤质腐植酸钠粘合成型后的碳化物进行磺化而得的复配型煤基碳基固体酸(CCBSA),考察了2种煤基碳基固体酸催化邻苯二胺(OPDA)与芳香醛缩合制备1,2取代苯并咪唑类衍生物的合成工艺参数。结果表明CCB-SA的催化活性优于CHS-SA。优化出的反应条件是:邻苯二胺与芳香醛的投料当量比为1mmol∶2mmol,乙醇与水2∶1体积比的混合溶剂5mL,CCB-SA用量为反应底物总重量的31%,在回流条件下反应35-70 min时,目标产物的收率可达78%-86%。该类催化剂在水介质中对反应具有较好的催化活性、且可以重复利用3次。     

The Regiospecific C-3 Lithiation of 5-Ethyl-2-furoic acid: An Approach to Key Natural Product Intermediates

Treatment of 5-ethyl-2-furoic acid with n -butyl-lithium in tetrahydrofuran gave regiospecific C-3 lithiation, whereas treatment of the same acid with lithium di-isopropylamide (LDA) afforded only starting material. The synthetic utility of dilithiated 5-ethyl-2-furoic acid has been demonstrated with the synthesis of two substituted 3-benzyl-5-ethyl-2-furoic acid derivatives which are key intermediates for the preparation of naturally occurring cytotoxic 2-ethylfuronaphthoquinones. Reaction of the C-3 lithiated species with two equivalents of benzaldehyde and subsequent reduction affored the corresponding 3-benzyl-5-ethyl-2-furoic acids. An alternative route to 5-ethyl-2-furoic acid has been described allowing for a more convenient preparation of longer-chain 5-alkyl-2-furoic acids.     

The Effect of 2-Mercapto-5-Methyl-1,3,4-Thiadiazole on Enzymatic Synthesis of Cefazolin

The effect of unreacted residual 2-mercapto-5-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazole (MMTD), the reagent for 3-[5-methyl-l,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl]-7-aminocephalosporanic acid (M-7-ACA) synthesis, on the enzymatic acylation of M-7-ACA by the methyl ester of 1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-acetic acid (MeTzAA) to produce cefazolin (CEZ) was studied. In the two-step process of synthesizing CEZ from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), one of the key parameters controlling the overall CEZ yield was the ratio of MMTD to 7-ACA in M-7-ACA synthesis. The increase of the ratio showed opposing effects by increasing the M-7-ACA yield in the first step, while decreasing CEZ yield in the subsequent enzymatic reaction by the inhibitory effect of the increased content of MMTD as an impurity in the M-7-ACA preparation. It was revealed that the decrease of CEZ yield in the enzymatic reaction was caused by the selective retardation of the rate of CEZ synthesis reaction by a typical competitive inhibition, while not affecting the rate of MeTzAA hydrolysis reaction. The optimum MMTD-to-7-ACA ratio rendering the highest overall CEZ yield over 7-ACA was 1.2:1.     

Synthesis and characterization of Boc-protected 4-amino- and 5-amino-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters

Syntheses of Boc-protected 4-amino- and 5-amino-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid methyl esters have been achieved and the structures of these compounds have been fully characterized by detailed NMR studies.     

稀土固体超强酸so2-4/tio2-ce4+直接法催化合成聚乳酸

滴定沉淀法制备了SO42-/TiO2-Ce4 稀土固体超强酸催化剂,得到了可作为直接法合成聚乳酸催化剂的制备工艺:硫酸浸渍浓度1.0 mol/L,Ce4 浓度0.08 mol/L,浸渍时间10 h,焙烧温度500℃,焙烧时间3 h,并将该固体超强酸催化剂用于直接催化合成聚乳酸。考察了聚合温度、聚合时间、催化剂用量及聚合压力对聚乳酸合成的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量为乳酸质量的0.174%,先在120℃,2 000 Pa下预聚5 h,然后在180℃,1 000 Pa下聚合15 h,最后在120℃,500 Pa下聚合20 h,得到的聚乳酸分子量为1.39×104。     

重铬酸钾氧化法合成2-吡啶甲酸的研究

研究了以2-甲基吡啶为原料,以重铬酸钾为氧化剂,利用化学氧化法合成2-吡啶甲酸的反应条件.考察了反应温度、反应物2-甲基吡啶的浓度和与重铬酸钾的浓度比例、硫酸浓度和反应时间对产率、转化率及选择性的影响,其产物用红外、元素分析和熔点分析表征.实验表明,最佳反应条件:反应温度105℃,2-甲基吡啶摩尔浓度为0.075mol/L,重铬酸钾与2-甲基吡啶浓度比为2∶1,硫酸浓度为9 mol/L,反应时间为2 h,其转化率可达97.6%,2-吡啶甲酸的色谱产率可达87.7%,选择性为89.8%.     

Effect of side‐chain length on the electrospinning of perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers

The effect of the side‐chain length (short side chain and long side chain, SSC and LSC, respectively) of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomers on the properties of nanofibers obtained by electrospinning ionomer dispersions in high dielectric constant liquids has been investigated with a view to obtaining electrospun webs as components of fuel cell membranes. Ranges of experimental conditions for electrospinning LSC and SSC PFSAs have been explored, with a scoping of solvents, carrier polymer and PFSA ionomer concentrations, and carrier polymer molecular weight. Under optimal conditions, the electrospun mats derived from SSC and from LSC PFSA show distinct fiber dimensions that arise from the different chain lengths of the respective ionomers. Enhanced interchain interactions in SSC PFSA with low equivalent weight compared to LSC PFSA result in a considerably lower average fiber diameter and a markedly narrower fiber size distribution. The proton conductivity of nanofiber mats of SSC and LSC PFSA with equivalent weights of 830 and 900 g mol^?1, respectively, are 102 and 58 mS cm^?1 at 80°C and 95% relative humidity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

卤代-2-(3-甲基-5-取代-4H-1,2,4-三唑-4-基)-苯甲酸的合成

邻氮基苯甲酸;缩合反应;卤代-2-(3-甲基-5-取代-4H-1;2;4-三唑-4-基)-苯甲酸的合成     

稀土固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2-Ce~(4+)直接法催化合成聚乳酸

滴定沉淀法制备了SO42-/TiO2-Ce4+稀土固体超强酸催化剂,得到了可作为直接法合成聚乳酸催化剂的制备工艺:硫酸浸渍浓度1.0 mol/L,Ce4+浓度0.08 mol/L,浸渍时间10 h,焙烧温度500℃,焙烧时间3 h,并将该固体超强酸催化剂用于直接催化合成聚乳酸。考察了聚合温度、聚合时间、催化剂用量及聚合压力对聚乳酸合成的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量为乳酸质量的0.174%,先在120℃,2 000 Pa下预聚5 h,然后在180℃,1 000 Pa下聚合15 h,最后在120℃,500 Pa下聚合20 h,得到的聚乳酸分子量为1.39×104。     

3-醛基-2-羟基-5-甲基苯甲酸二胺类Schiff碱配体的合成

合成了3-醛基-2-羟基-5-甲基苯甲酸,将其与乙二胺,1,2-丙二胺,1,3-丙二胺反应合成了3种Sch iff碱配体.用元素分析,IR,MS,1H NMR和13C NMR对它们进行了结构表征.     

Synthesis of polyester and copolyesters having amino acid moieties in the main chain

N, N-di (2-hydroxyethyl)-3-aminopropionic acid (M3) was synthesized and used for the preparation of a series of polyesters having amino acid moieties in the main chain and carboxyl groups as the side group. Polycondensation of M3 , diols, bisphenol A, and isophthaloyl dichloride were performed in the presence of tertiary amine by solution and interfacial methods. Molecular weights of the polymers obtained by the solution method were not high, because oligomers produced at the early stage of reaction are ionized by H⁺ ions from the by-product, and become nonreactive triethylamine hydrochloride. Polymers with high M?_w (1–10 × 10⁴) were obtained in a high yield by organic/organic two-phase interfacial polycondensation using DMAc and n-heptane as solvents. The combined nucleophilic and basic complex catalytic action of N, N, N′, N′-tetramethyl ethyiene diamine (TEMED) is suggested for the present organic phase/organic phase interfacial polycondensation. This method can be applied for the preparation of novel functional polyesters. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis of 3-cyano-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-isobutyl-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridine-2(1H)-thione by three-component condensation

Condensation of isovaleraldehyde with cyanothioacetamide and ethyl acetoacetate (or its enamine) gives 3-cyano-5-ethoxycarbonyl-4-isobutyl-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyridine-2(1H)-thione. This compound was used in the synthesis of substituted 1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl sulfides. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 166–168, January, 1999.     

5－磺基水杨酸催化两相法合成某些二茂衍生物

首次利用5－磺基水杨酸作为催化剂合成了9种二茂钛衍生物,经元素分析,UV－vis,IR及^1HNMR等对配合物结构进行了表征,并利用电子吸收光谱对取代水杨酸参与反应的机理进行了探讨,同时发现,5－磺基水杨酸水溶液也可用于二氯二茂钛的分离,并且非常有效。     

Na_2WO_4催化H_2O_2氧化环己烯合成己二酸反应研究

以Na2WO4为催化剂,H2O2(30wt.%)为氧化剂,考察了环己烯合成己二酸过程中反应条件的影响。采用单因素实验确定最佳的反应条件:反应体系的物料比为Na2WO4·2H2O∶H3PO4∶H2O2∶C6H10=5∶20∶400∶100(mmol比),Na2WO4与H2O2加热回流温度为60℃,加热回流时间为30 min,反应温度为102℃,反应时间为2 h,此时己二酸的产率最高为63%。采用正交实验法确定影响己二酸产率的三个主要因素顺序为:反应温度Na2WO4与H2O2加热回流时间Na2WO4与H2O2加热回流温度。     

磷酸根改性的二氧化钛固体酸催化合成草酸二异戊酯

通过沉淀、老化、过滤、洗涤、干燥、浸渍和焙烧等过程,从TiCl4和H3PO4制备了磷酸根助催化的二氧化钛固体酸催化剂,用Hammett指示剂法、正丁胺滴定法、XRD和N2-吸附进行了表征,研究了(PO43-)的质量分数和焙烧温度对酸性、结构和催化性能的影响.XRD结果表明(PO43-)抑制晶粒长大.Hammett指示剂...