离心压缩机级内静叶时序效应的数值研究

本文采用三维粘性非定常数值模拟的方法研究了离心压缩机级内静叶的clocking(时序)效应,研究结果表明,当两级静叶相对周向位置改变时最大效率变化为0.175%.另外,通过对非定常计算叶根,叶中和叶尖处流场图的分析,发现非定常环境下上游周期性尾迹对下游叶片边界层、尾迹以及叶尖泄漏流的相互作用.     

压气机悬臂静叶流场非定常数值模拟

以现代高压压气机一排悬臂静叶与一排转叶组成的典型级为研究对象,采用非定常数值模拟方法,分析了非定常与定常数值模拟计算得出的级特性线以及峰值效率点气动参数在展向分布的差异,并对悬臂静叶内部流场结构进行了详细分析,结果表明:当悬臂静叶的轮毂设计间隙为2.5%叶高时,非定常计算的综合喘振裕度比定常大5.85%;在峰值效率点工况下,悬臂静叶总压损失和转子效率的非定常影响范围在10%以内,转叶进口相对气流角沿展向分布的影响在0.5°以内。悬臂静叶根部10%叶高以下区域出现了明显的泄漏流动,3.4%叶高压力系数变化最大,轮毂泄漏流起始于20%弦长附近,发展到70%弦长位置时泄漏损失最大,随后逐渐减弱.     

燃气轮机一级透平动静叶交互作用的气膜非定常特性及泛冷却效应:Part 1-静叶栅

采用三维非定常数值模拟计算某重型燃气轮机第一级透平的全气膜冷却特性,探讨级环境下静叶表面与静叶端壁及动叶表面与动叶平台的气膜非定常特性及泛冷却效应。燃气轮机泛冷却是指燃气轮机透平冷却气体出流在非设计位置所引起的附加效果。该部分工作包含两部分内容,其中第一部分关注级环境下静叶全气膜及燃烧室与静叶间的环缝密封出流在静叶端壁上的气膜覆盖,以及环缝密封出流在下游静叶栅中所形成的泛冷却效应。结果表明,在时均来流条件下,静叶表面及端壁气膜冷却效率分布非定常特征并不明显;燃烧室与静叶环缝密封出流在端壁上形成气膜覆盖,同时在静叶吸力面轴向Z/C>0.5和叶高S/H<10%区域形成泛冷却效应,且泛冷却效率随着环缝密封流量的增大而呈指数关系快速上升,设计工况下最大泛冷却效率达0.11。     

气冷涡轮级叶栅非定常流场数值模拟

采用具有三阶精度TVD性质的有限差分格式、自由型曲面网格技术、分区算法以及双时间步长的方法,对某型涡轮级叶栅流场进行了非定常NS方程数值求解,考察了在有、无冷气喷射条件下涡轮级气动性能的非定常变化。结果表明,上游静叶栅是否喷射冷气对下游动叶栅超音速区域的影响具有明显的区别,有冷气喷射时动叶栅前缘气动负荷降低,级效率下降约1%,但是不同动叶通道内气动性能随时间周期性变化的幅度明显减小了。     

采用直、弯静叶压气机时序效应实验研究

本文实验研究了采用直、弯静叶的某重复级低速压气机在不同时序位置时的总性能及横截面流场特性.在不同流量工况下对压气机整体性能及流场进行了详细测量.结果表明,采用正弯静叶的压气机时序效应相对较弱且喘振裕度有所增加;同时,在压比略有减小的前提下(0.1%级别),凭借消耗扭轴功的大幅F降(3%左右),效率在设计工况下最大可提高...     

弯曲静叶时序效应对压气机性能的影响

本文实验研究了弯曲静叶栅时序效应对某低速轴流压气机性能影响.结果表明,两列静叶时序位置不同导致压气机效率发生显著变化,且变化幅度随流量增加而加大;设计点处,时序位置为4/18和12/18相对节距时具有最低、最高压气机效率,差值约为0.6%;最大流量处,时序位置为O/18和8/18时效率差值约为2.7%.出口流场测量显示,上游静叶尾迹被输运到下游叶列流道中不同周向位置并与该列叶栅不同区域低能流体的掺混是导致压气机性能随静叶时序位置不同而变化的主要原因.     

动叶尾迹对跨声速压气机静叶非定常分离结构的影响研究

采用数值模拟的方法研究了动叶尾迹对跨声速压气机设计工况下静叶表面和下端壁分离结构的非定常影响规律。首先,采用Rotor37的实验结果验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性。通过对跨声速压气机设计工况的计算,认为定常计算和非定常计算的结果整体上是相似的,非定常计算考虑了动叶尾迹对静叶流场的影响。研究表明,动叶尾迹在向下游输运过程中经历了拉伸、扭曲、积聚和耗散的过程。动叶尾迹使动静叶交界面气流角发生周期性波动。动叶尾迹的扫掠,使静叶前缘闭式分离区域范围发生先增大后减小的周期性波动,使静叶尾缘分离形式呈现由闭式分离向开式分离的周期性转化。动叶尾迹的扫掠在马蹄涡吸力面分支前诱导出一个小尺度的旋涡,并使得静叶根部尾缘和下端壁角区处的螺旋点拓扑结构呈周期性变化。动叶尾迹的扫掠使得静叶压力面的局部高静压区发生周期性的迁移。     

凹槽叶顶非定常间隙泄漏流动和传热的数值研究

应用数值方法研究了燃气透平中凹槽状叶顶非定常泄漏流动和传热问题.计算采用GE-E3发动机高压透平第一级动叶,叶顶间隙高度取1%叶高,叶顶凹槽深度取2%叶高.通过施加非定常边界条件模拟上游静叶尾迹,分析了非定常流动对动叶叶顶传热的影响.结果表明,叶顶附近的流场波动主要出现在叶顶前部及尾缘附近.叶顶凹槽底部传热系数变化主要出现在凹槽前部.定常计算获得的叶顶面积平均传热系数与非定常计算的时均结果相差很小.     

单级高负荷向心透平三维黏性非定常计算

对一台单级高负荷向心透平进行了三维黏性定常和非定常计算,计算得到的动叶出口以及下游的周向平均流场与文献提供的实验结果符合良好。在此基础上对流动的非定常特性进行了分析,发现由于动叶转速较高,且动叶下游不存在下一级静叶的干涉,流动的非定常效应主要体现在叶片排之间的区域以及动叶通道进口,动叶出口以及下游流动的非定常特性并不明显。非定常计算结果透平的级效率随时间的波动幅度达到了1.3%。     

串列叶栅后排静叶周向位置对压气机性能影响的数值研究

本文采用数值模拟研究串列叶栅后排静叶周向位置对压气机级性能的影响。通过对数值结果的分析给出了串列叶栅在压气机中级的匹配方法及两排静叶周向最佳匹配位置,结合总压损失和壁面流动详细分析了三个典型周向位置对串列叶栅流场的影响。     

Effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics of a low carbon boron steel

The effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics was investigated in a low carbon boron steel. A new mechanism, which is based on the competition between the increase in nucleation rate and the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf after deformation, is proposed. The increase in nucleation rate is due to the decrease in boron concentration at the grain boundaries after small deformation and the formation of sub-grain boundaries at the grain interior after large deformation. The decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf is ascribed to the frequent impingement of bainite sub-units after deformation. The increase in nucleation rate after deformation results in the decrease in incubation time, which is confirmed from the experiment. The increase in nucleation rate overcomes the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf, resulting in the increase in transformation velocity and volume fraction after small deformation. On the contrary, the decrease in the average volume of bainite sheaf overcomes the increase in nucleation rate after large deformation, leading to the decrease in transformation velocity and volume fraction of bainite.     

Thermodynamically equilibrium roton states of nanoparticles in molten and vapour phases

We show a possibility for a thermodynamically equilibrium nanocrystalline structure consisting of nanosized solid inclusions to appear in a melt just beyond the melting curve. Thermodynamic stability of the nanocrystalline structure in the melt results from the free energy lowering due to rotational motion of nanoparticles. The main contribution to the reduction of the free energy of the system is due to an increase in the rotational entropy and change in formation energy of nanocrystals, i.e. the nanocrystalline structure in the melt, like vacancies in a crystal, is an equilibrium defect structure of the melt. It is demonstrated that similar nanocrystalline structures can also appear in the vapour phase in the form of liquid nanodrops and in liquid solutions, e.g. in He II.     

Changes in ADC caused by tensile loading of rabbit achilles tendon: evidence for water transport

Water diffusion measurements were performed on rabbit Achilles tendons during static tensile loading and tendons in an unloaded state. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured along two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the tendon. Tendons were studied after being prepared in two ways: (a) after being stored frozen in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and (b) freshly isolated. Statistically significant directional anisotropy was observed in the ADC in all tendons. The ADC was significantly greater in the direction parallel to the long axis of the tendon than in the perpendicular direction. The anisotropy is attributed to the greater restrictions seen by the water molecules in the perpendicular direction and is consistent with the known geometry of the tendon. Storage in PBS caused tendons to swell. This increased the ADC measured along both directions and reduced the anisotropy. The existence of anisotropy in the ADC was not related to the orientation of the specimen in the magnet. The ADC increased along both directions following the application of a 5-N tensile load; the increase was greatest along the perpendicular axis of the tendon. In order to determine whether load-related changes in the ADC reflected changes in interfibrilar spacing, we used electron microscopy to measure load-related changes in fibril spacing. Load-related changes in fiber spacing could not account for the observed changes in the ADC. The increase in ADC caused by loading was attributed to the extrusion of tendon water into a bulk phase along the outside surface of the tendon. In PBS-stored samples, enough fluid was extruded that it could be visualized. The transient response of the ADC to a 5-N tensile load was also studied. The absolute ADC in both directions increased with loading and recovered to baseline upon unloading. The transient changes in ADC, for both loading and unloading, had a mean time constant of approximately 15 min. The magnitude of the load-induced transient ADC changes was comparable to that seen in the static-loading experiments.     

水溶液中微量Cu元素的激光诱导光谱检测

采用普通打印纸作为基底置于含有痕量重金属离子的水溶液中,用于富集溶液中的重金属Cu元素,烘干后用激光诱导击穿光谱进行定量分析。该方法克服了用激光诱导击穿光谱方法直接分析液相样品中重金属含量时存在水的溅射和灵敏度低等不足。实验中选用324.7 nm的光谱线作为分析线,研究了光谱强度与富集时间的关系,建立了用于溶液中Cu元素定量测量的校正曲线,检测限达到0.023 mg·L-1。为水体中重金属检测提供了一个可行的具有良好灵敏度分析技术。     

微波消解-ICP-AES测定鄱阳湖流域沉积物中微量元素

为了研究鄱阳湖沉积物中微量元素近几年来随季节、年度及沿程的变化情况,对2003年和2005年不同季节采集的鄱阳湖流域各采样点底泥进行了ICP-AES测定.结果表明,鄱阳湖沉积物中各元素的含量随着季节和年度变化而发生一定改变,枯水期普遍大于丰水期;南矶山2005年Cu和Pb含量较2003年有所降低;蔡家湾则与南矶山相反;姚公渡2005年Cu含量也较2003年低,Pb含量则高于2003年;与鄱阳湖流域底泥背景值相比,所测几个样点的Cu,Pb,Cr和Zn含量均在一定程度上超标;除大坞河外,其余各样点As含量均在背景值范围内;从饶河到鄱阳湖入湖口处,各元素含量呈逐渐降低趋势.文章提出的研究方法操作简便,效率高,劳动强度低.     

CPL技术在空间飞行器上的应用

本文对ＣＰＬ技术进行了简要概述,介绍了其工作原理与工作特性,并讨论了ＣＰＬ技术在空间飞行器上的可能应用方式。其中,对ＣＰＬ技术应用于空间设备的散热进行了全面阐述,并给予理论分析;此外,对ＣＰＬ技术应用于空间设备的主动热控制,也作了简要介绍;对ＣＰＬ技术未来有发展前景的应用方式进行了展望。     

降雨对无线激光通信的影响

通过激光信号在雨介质中传输的实验发现,在大雨环境下,激光信号透射率要比在小雨或微雨的情况下大。这说明光信号在小雨时衰减较大,在大雨时衰减较小。这一现象与人们通常所认为的有所不同。针对降雨对激光信号的影响,根据Mie散射理论和Weibull雨滴尺寸分布模型,分析了不同尺寸的粒子对光的散射作用以及对衰减效率因子的影响,推导出单球粒子对光波的衰减公式,得到了衰减与降雨率的确定关系。通过数值计算发现,与小粒子相比大粒子的前向散射光强更大且更加集中;激光信号在雨介质中传输时,衰减系数在小雨时较大,中雨、大雨时较小,暴雨时不断增大。这一结果与实际情况较吻合,为激光在通信系统中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

XPS and SIMS investigation on the role of nitrogen in Si nanocrystals formation

Since the demonstration of optical gain in silicon nanocrystals, in the last few years several papers appeared in the literature reporting gain measurements in silicon nanocrystals embedded in a silica matrix produced by different techniques. However, it is still unclear which are the structural, physical and chemical factors that contribute to enhance photoluminescence and gain in this type of samples. In particular, the presence and the role of nitrogen in the SiO₂ matrix are in fact supposed to be essential factors in understanding the gain mechanism.In fact it is possible to obtain similar samples with very different nitrogen content in the silica matrix changing one of the precursor gases used in the deposition process, thus evidencing the structural and chemical differences introduced by the presence of nitrogen. In this paper SIMS and XPS analysis of two series of similar samples, but with a very different nitrogen content, will be presented and compared. The data collected at different annealing temperatures, together with ellipsometric measurements, give important information on the role played by the nitrogen present in the matrix in the process of silicon nanocrystal formation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the annealing process causes always some oxidation of the sample surface and that nitrogen is incorporated in the material from the annealing atmosphere in nitrogen free samples.     

Cytoskeletal involvement in cotton fiber growth and development

The organization of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls influences physical properties of the wall and thus cell expansion characteristics. Developing cotton fiber represents an excellent model system for the analysis of the biological regulation of cell wall patterns. Current research indicates that the cytoskeleton has a major role in directing the deposition and organization of cellulose microfibrils in the cell walls of many plant systems, including developing cotton fibers. Both microtubules and microfilaments appear to be involved in regulating changes observed in microfibril patterns during fiber development. The polylamellate architecture of the fiber wall can be attributed to changes in the orientation of cytoplasmic microtubules which appear to direct the orientation of microfibril deposition in each successive layer of the fiber wall. In the drug-induced absence of microtubules, cellulose is deposited in the fiber wall in a swirled pattern of bundled microfibrils. Interaction between adjacent microfibrils may influence cell wall organization on a localized level. In contrast to the direct involvement of microtubules on wall organization, microfilaments appear to be indirectly involved in the deposition of cellulose microfibrils. Current evidence indicates that microfilaments influence wall organization by controlling changes in microtubules patterns. Although a greater understanding of the relationship between the cytoskeleton and the fiber wall is needed, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that genetic manipulation of cytoskeletal components is one path toward future direct manipulation of cell expansion characteristic in many plant systems and may lead to improvements in the textile qualities of cotton fibers.     

梯度磁场作用下光纤中磁流体光透射特性研究的建模与分析

对光纤中磁流体在梯度磁场作用下的光透射特性进行了研究,提出光纤中磁流体的光透射率变化主要来源于梯度磁场引起的磁流体密度分布变化。根据郎之万函数和流体理论,推导了光纤中磁流体在梯度磁场作用下的密度分布,并根据Beer-Lambert定律,得到磁流体光功率透射衰减和纳米粒子局部密度的关系,从而建立光纤中磁流体在梯度磁场作用下光透射特性的理论模型。进而对光纤中磁流体在不同梯度磁场作用下的光透射功率进行数值分析,得到不同磁场强度和磁场梯度下光纤中磁流体透射功率的变化规律。最后将数值分析的结果和实验数据进行对比,验证了模型的合理性, 同时也验证了梯度磁场作用下磁流体光透射功率的变化主要来源于磁流体密度分布变化的推论。