MV级近方波Marx发生器的设计

分析了Marx发生器与正弦振荡回路组合直接输出方波脉冲的近方波Marx发生器理论,并设计了一个该类型的方波发生器装置。其中,Marx发生器由16个充电电压为100 kV、容值为40 nF的电容器组成,采用正负充电的S型超前触发回路,正弦振荡回路由5个与Marx发生器同类型的电容器和1个0.5 H的电感组成。通过Spice模拟,在负载为100 时,输出脉冲电压为1.1 MV,脉宽约300 ns。提出了利用Marx发生器触发LC回路的方法,以解决Marx与LC回路的同步触发问题,使输出电压能够有效叠加。     

多路Marx并联高压脉冲电源研究

脉冲功率技术在工业和生物医学领域有着广泛的应用,很多应用场合要求输出数百安培的高压脉冲。固态Marx发生器虽已研究多年,但是被广泛采用直插封装的IGBT和MOSFET功率半导体开关管的额定电流通常都低于100 A,无法满足低阻抗负载的应用需求。为提高输出脉冲电流幅值,提出两种多路Marx发生器并联的脉冲电源的拓扑结构,第一种方案采用多路Marx发生器直接并联,第二种是共用一组充电开关管的多路Marx发生器并联。由FPGA提供充放电控制信号,采用串芯磁环隔离驱动方案实现带负压偏置的同步驱动,主电路选用开通速度快、通流能力强的IGBT为主开关的半桥式固态方波Marx电路。实验结果表明,6路16级Marx直接并联的脉冲发生器能输出重频100 Hz高压方波脉冲幅值可达10 kV,在30Ω负载侧输出峰值电流可达300 A,上升时间230 ns。共用充电开关管的6路4级Marx并联发生器在5Ω电阻负载上的输出电流峰值可达300 A,最大输出电流可达460 A,上升时间272 ns。表明多路Marx发生器并联可以有效地减小系统内阻,提高系统带载能力;改进后的并联方案实现大电流脉冲输出的同时,所采用的开关管数量减小近一半,提高了系统的抗干扰能力的同时,降低了脉冲电源的成本;且增加级间并联导线可进一步改善均流效果。     

高功率紧凑型重频快Marx脉冲驱动源

基于快Marx发生器技术路线,研制了一套具有高功率密度的低阻抗紧凑型重频脉冲驱动源。采用18级Marx发生器电路结构,每级由1只60 nF/100 kV脉冲电容器、1个气体开关及隔离电感构成,每两级构成一个模块,整体采用SF6气体绝缘,储能密度达到25.7 kJ/m3;采取开放式气体开关,其中两级为触发开关,其余为过电压自击穿开关;触发源采用小型化Marx电路及绝缘胶真空灌封设计。实验中脉冲驱动源单次工作时在约18 阻抗负载上输出电压达到765 kV、脉宽约160 ns、前沿约50 ns,功率密度达到157 GW/m3;受充电电源功率限制,重复频率5 Hz充电70 kV,连续5脉冲输出功率约17 GW,脉冲波形重复性较好。     

重复频率低阻抗紧凑Marx脉冲功率源

为了实现重频脉冲功率源小型化,研制了基于快Marx发生器的紧凑型重频低阻抗脉冲功率源。采用大功率重频高压电源对Marx发生器充电,通过对充电电源和脉冲触发源的同步控制,实现对Marx发生器重频充电;Marx发生器中采用薄膜脉冲电容器、小型化气体开关、电感隔离以及SF₆气体绝缘等设计,以8级紧凑Marx发生器进行验证性研究,在16 Ω阻抗负载上实现了重复频率10 Hz、脉宽150 ns、峰值电压大于400 kV连续多脉冲输出;在此基础上,设计了18级紧凑型Marx发生器,在约18 Ω阻抗负载上输出功率达到33 GW,峰值功率密度大于150 GW/m3,实现重复频率5 Hz、脉宽约160 ns、峰值电压大于600 kV的连续多脉冲输出。为了降低Marx发生器的输出阻抗,采用4台电容器并联作为Marx发生器的一级储能模块,研制了同轴紧凑Marx脉冲功率源,有效减小放电回路电感,实现12 Ω低阻抗负载近似匹配输出,前沿减小至50 ns以下,脉宽约130 ns。     

Z箍缩实验装置高压低抖动Marx发生器

 中物院的初级实验平台(PTS)低抖动Marx发生器由60个标称电压为100 kV、电容量为1 mF电容器和30个低抖动环轨式场畸变开关构成,采用以S型线路为基础的超前触发型电路。近千次实验结果表明：在工作欠压比71%、触发电压200 kV的条件下,Marx发生器的建立时间175 ns,抖动极差小于±10.0 ns,均方根抖动小于7.0 ns。Marx发生器的串联电感13.5 mH,串联电阻3.2 W,在电容器充电80 kV时,实验测得输出电压4.3 MV, Marx发生器电压建立时间175 ns,与电路模拟结果（输出电压为4.6 MV,电压建立时间160 ns）吻合良好。     

MV级Marx发生器恒流充电过程分析

设计了一种输出电压为4 MV的超前触发型Marx发生器,为了进一步优化采用电阻充电的Marx发生器输出特性,提高系统的充电效率并且减小级间充电电压不均匀性,对Marx发生器恒流充电过程进行了解析求解。结果表明:各级间充电电压差为与充电电阻、电容和充电速率成正比,与时间无关的定值,充电时间越长电压效率越高,且与电压变化率无关 。该结论具有普遍适用性。结合我们设计的4 MV超前触发型Marx发生器回路,利用PSpice对Marx发生器的恒流充电过程进行了模拟,得到了自洽的结果,并且与恒压充电进行了对比。当充电电阻为10 k,各级电容为400 nF,充电速率为10 kV/s时,恒流充电能量效率达到90%,约为恒压充电能量效率的2倍,充电时间为恒压充电的1/3。     

激光触发沿面闪络试验中的同步研究

 建立了精确的激光触发沿面闪络试验系统,用波长1 064/532 nm,调Q开关的Nd:YAG固体激光器来触发绝缘试品的沿面闪络。分别测量了Marx发生器的触发器输入电压和输出电压、Marx发生器的触发脉冲和Marx发生器输出电压、激光器的Q开关控制信号和输出激光脉冲之间的时延和抖动。应用自制的数字脉冲发生器控制Marx发生器的触发器及激光器的氙灯信号触发,用Marx发生器输出电压控制激光器的Q开关;根据所测时延和激光器的控制时序,调整数字脉冲发生器各通道的时延。实验结果显示：Marx输出电压与激光脉冲时延516.1 ns,抖动4.5 ns,达到激光脉冲与脉冲电压的精确同步。     

百千伏紧凑型Marx发生器的研制

研制了一种百千伏紧凑型Marx发生器,介绍了紧凑型Marx发生器的工作原理和设计原则。依据设计原则采取单边充电,陶瓷电容作为储能元件,开关和绝缘腔体一体化设计,功能模块化等措施使得Marx发生器结构紧凑。该发生器前级部分集成了触发、充电和气路控制模块,只需提供气源和市电即可实现可靠工作;该发生器输出电压范围为15~100 kV,通过不同的负载转接结构已用于高压触发装置和电磁脉冲模拟装置脉冲源等应用。     

放电泵浦KrF激光放大器的高电压脉冲发生器

描述了一台用于泵浦KrF激光放大器的可重复频率运行的高电压脉冲发生器。该脉冲发生器由恒流充电机、储能电容器、传能开关、低阻抗布鲁姆林脉冲形成线、多通道轨条型输出开关组成。介绍了布鲁姆林线和轨条开关的结构,对充电回路和放电回路特性进行了分析,完成了各部分的调试并给出了实验结果。在储能电容器直流充电电压30kV,布鲁姆林线输出电压脉冲在激光器负载上峰值可达到60kV,脉宽80ns,脉冲上升时间30ns。     

紧凑重频PFN-Marx脉冲发生器

研制了一台紧凑重频脉冲形成网络(PFN)-Marx脉冲发生器,由PFN-Marx发生器、脉冲充电单元、重频触发单元等组成。PFN-Marx发生器模块采用全电感隔离,直径为480 mm,长度为700 mm。脉冲充电单元采用中储电容加脉冲变压器方法,单次充电可以满足10次输出。重频触发单元采用变压器和磁开关一体化设计的全固态Marx发生器技术,输出电压大于50 kV,前沿小于100 ns。脉冲发生器早期输出电参数为单次10 GW,脉冲宽度100 ns,前沿10 ns,阻抗40 。重频工作时输出功率7 GW,频率5 Hz。后期调整后电参数更改为单次10 GW,脉冲宽度70 ns,前沿10 ns,阻抗50 。重复频率工作时稳定输出功率8 GW,频率10 Hz,单串10个脉冲。初步的应用研究中,利用改进后的平台,在5 GW条件下驱动磁控管获得了S波段约1 GW的微波输出。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.