State of copper in massive Cu?V?Mo oxide systems

ESR data for X(CuO) V₂O₅·8.3 MoO₃ system heated at 400–550 °C indicate the occurrence of a copper state with d_Z ²-ground state. Copper ions are orbitally ordered apparently in –Cu²⁺–O–Cu¹⁺–O–Cu²⁺-chains.

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B X(CuO) V₂O₅·8,3 MoO₃ , 400–550°C d_Z ²- . , , –Cu²⁺–O–Cu¹⁺–O–Cu²⁺-.

     

Effects of gas-phase mass transport in the pyrotechnic system red lead-silicon-potassium perchlorate

The acceleratory effect of potassium perchlorate on the reactivity of the red lead-silicon system has been studied by employing DTA and DSC. Supporting investigations on pure potassium perchlorate and the binary system red lead-potassium perchlorate suggest that the complex decomposition kinetics of potassium perchlorate drastically influences the oxidation of silicon. Further, the ternary system also undergoes a transition from exothermic smooth decomposition to ignition at a certain critical mass, as noted in the red lead-silicon and iron(III) oxide system. The criticality should be a result of the rise in temperature expressed as a perturbation of the steady-state energy conservation conditions, as postulated by Gray.

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Zusammenfassung Mitsels DTA- und DSC-Methoden wurde der Beschleunigungseffekt von Kaliumperchlorat auf die Reaktivität des Systemes Mennige-Silizium untersucht. Ergänzende Untersuchungen an reinem Kaliumperchlorat und am binären System Mennige-Kaliumperchlorat lassen darauf schliessen, dass die komplexe Zersetzungskinetik des Kaliumperchlorates die Oxidation des Siliziums erheblich beeinflusst. Weiterhin kann im Deeikomponentensystem bei einem bestimmten kritischen Massenwert ein Übergang von einer leicht exothermen Zersetzung bis zur Entzündung stattfinden, wie dies im System Mennige-Silizium-Eisen(III)oxid beobachtet wird. Wie von Gray vorasugesetzt, sei die Kritikalität ein Ergebnis der Temperaturerhöhung, einer Veränderung der Bedingungen zur Erhaltung des stationären Energiezustandes.

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-. , - , , . , -- . , .

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The author thanks the Management of IDL Chemicals Ltd., for permission to publish this paper, and Mr. Sudhir Achar and Dr. O. S. Josyulu for help in the experimental work.     

Promotion of the catalytic activity of zeolites by alkyl halides

The promotion of catalytic activity of zeolites by CCl₄ was studied in a pulse reactor using aromatic alkylation as model reaction. The reaction of surface OH groups with CCl₄ produced HCl which increased the catalytic activity. The maximum enhancement of activity occurred when the catalyst was weakly acidic.

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CCl₄ , . OH CCl₄ HCl, . , .

     

Tiegelkonstruktionen für die Differenzthermoanalytische Untersuchung ternärer intermetallischer Verbindungen mit leichtflüchtigen Komponenten

Zusammenfassung Zur differenzthermoanalytischen Untersuchung von ternären intermetallischen Verbindungen wie Li₂ZnGe, Li₂ZnSi, LiMgAs, TlZnSb und TlCdSb wurden gasdicht verschraubbare Tiegel aus Tantal, Molybdän und Titan konstruiert, die den besonderen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen, insbesondere der leichten Flüchtigkeit von Lithium, Magnesium, Zink und Cadmium sowie der großen Korrosivität der Schmelzen Rechnung tragen mußten. Außer diesen »Metallautoklaven« wurden geschlossene, in einer Metallhülse gelagerte Quarzampullen eingesetzt. Die kalorimetrischen Eigenschaften dieser Tiegel wurden in verschiedenen Temperaturbereichen untersucht und miteinander verglichen.

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For DTA measurements on ternary intermetallic compounds such as Li₂ZnGe, Li₂ZnSi, LiMgAs, TlZnSb and TlCdSb, gastight screwable crucibles were constructed from tantalum, molybdenum and titanium. They had to be suited to the special properties of these compounds, particularly the high volatility of lithium, magnesium, zinc and cadmium and the corroding characteristic of their melts. Besides these metallic autoclaves, closed quartz glass ampules were used, which were supported in a metallic hull. The calorimetric properties of these crucibles were investigated in different regions of temperature and compared with one another.

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Li₂ZnGe, Li₂ZnSi, LiMgAs, TlZnSb TlCdSb , , . , , , , , . « », , . .

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Teilweise vorgetragen auf dem TA-Symposium der GEFTA, Aachen, Deutschland, Oktober 1981.

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Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und dem Verband der Chemischen Industrie danken wir für die Förderung unserer Arbeiten.     

Thermal stabilities of new complexes of magnesium nitrate,acetate and phosphate with amide ligands

The thermal decompositions of complex compounds of magnesium nitrate, acetate and phosphate with urea, acetamide and formamide ligands were investigated by means of simultaneous TG-DTA. The thermal stabilities of the complexes depend on the natures of the anions and the amide ligands.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung der Komplexverbindungen von Magnesiumnitrat-,acetat und -phosphat mit Harnstoff, Acetamid und Formamid wurden durch simultane TG-DTA untersucht. Die thermische Stabilität der Komplexe hängt von den Anionen des Salzes und den Amidliganden ab.

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-,- , . , .

     

The thermal analysis of “argentic oxynitrate” and silver oxides

The precise stoichiometry of argentic oxynitrate has been elucidated by analytical and thermal analytical techniques. A decomposition path of the oxynitrate has been proposed and values of the enthalpy changes obtained. TG has been used as the criterion of purity of silver(II) oxide and new values for the heat of formation of silver(I) and silver(II) oxide are reported.

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Zusammenfassung Die genaue Stöchiometrie des Silberoxynitrats wurde durch analytische und thermoanalytische Prüfung geklärt. Der Zersetzungsvorgang des Oxynitrats wurde verfolgt und die Enthalpieänderungen beobachtet. Die Reinheit von Silber(II)oxyd läßt sich thermogravimetrisch kontrollieren. Es wurden neue Werte für die Bildungswärmen des Silber(II)oxyds und Silber(I)oxyds gefunden.

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Résumé Etude de la stoechiométrie précise de l'oxynitrate argentique par les techniques analytiques et thermoanalytiques. On propose un schéma de décomposition de l'oxynitrate et l'on évalue les variations d'enthalpie. Emploi de la TG comme critère de pureté de l'oxyde d'argent(II). Communication de nouvelles valeurs pour les chaleurs de formation des oxydes d'argent (I) et d'argent (II).

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. . (II) . (I) (II).

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The authors wish to thank Mr. J. McEwan and Mrs. I. M. Walker for valuable practical assistance and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority for financial support.     

X-ray study of palladium catalysts. Influence of thermal treatment in hydrogen on the phase composition

The thermal treatment of Pd catalysts in a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen leads to interaction of supported metal and support to form solid solutions.

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, .

     

Study of distribution of elements in the depth of V?P?Co catalyst grain

It has been shown that addition of cobalt to a vanadium-phosphorus oxide catalyst increases the P/V molar ratio on the surface, the surface acidity and the selectivity of butane oxidation. It has been established that in the V–P–Co–O catalyst the probability of the removal of phosphorus from the surface is markedly reduced.

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, , . , V–P–Co–O .

     

State of copper ions, bond energy of oxygen and catalytic properties in hydrogen oxidation for a copper-magnesium system

The bond energy of surface oxygen in a copper-magnesium catalyst and its reactivity are shown to be greatly dependent on the structure of the nearer environment of copper ions. For catalysts prepared at low temperatures (773 K) this structure changes from a symmetrical square planar in CuO to an octahedral with various degrees of axial distortion depending on the copper content.

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, . , (773 ), CuO .

     

Mechanism of oxidation of molybdovanadophosphoric heteropoly blues by molecular oxygen. Trivanadium heteropoly blue

The oxidation of a heteropoly blue (HPB) of the composition Na_xH_9-xPMo₉V₃O₄₀ with molecular oxygen has been studied by the method of catalytic vanadyl oxidation. It is shown that the reduction of an oxygen molecule requires the addition of a fourth atom of V(IV) in the form of a vanadyl ion to the heteropoly anion.

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: Na_xH_9-xPMo₉V₃O₄₀. , V(IV), .

     

IR spectra of oxygen adsorbed on SnO2

IR spectra of oxygen adsorbed on SnO₂ with and without lattice defects have been studied. At low temperatures oxygen is adsorbed on defect SnO₂ in two forms of O ₂ ^– . This supports the earlier results obtained by ESR. The low-temperature forms of adsorbed oxygen (unrevealed in ESR spectra) were detected on defectless SnO₂. High-temperature forms of adsorbed oxygen appear in the IR-spectra as bands due to vibrations of the cation-oxygen bond.

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- SnO₂. , O ₂ ^– , . SnO₂ .

     

Studies of copper-modified V?Mo oxide catalyst for acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid

Modification of a V–Mo oxide catalyst by copper improves its catalytic properties due to the formation of a variable composition V–Cu–Mo–O phase with varying the ratio Mo/Me (Me=V+Cu).

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T–Cu–Mo–O, Mo/Me, Me=V+Cu.

     

Hydrogen formation in silane oxidation

From mass-spectrometric data, it has been established that the main gaseous product of silane oxidation by oxygen at low pressures is molecular hydrogen. Isotopic analysis of the hydrogen formed in the oxidation of SiH₄+SiD₄ mixtures indicates that not less than 20% hydrogen is generated by a molecular mechanism.

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- , . , SiH₄+SiD₄ , 20% .

     

Catalytic activity of rhodium-indigo sulfonates in hydrogen-water isotope exchange

Rhodium indigo sulfonate complexes are effective catalysts of isotope exchange between hydrogen and water. A study has been made of the transformation of initial complexes into catalytically active forms. Kinetic regularities of isotope exchange and an equation for the reaction rate have been obtained.

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. . .

     

Non quasi-stationary state pyrolysis. Induction period of neopentane pyrolysis

The principle of an apparatus using an isothermal continuous flow stirred tank reactor to study homogeneous gas phase reactions at space times of the order of 1 sec is given. With this apparatus, the induction period of neopentane pyrolysis (as an example) has been clearly shown.

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, , 1 . , , .

     

Linear free-energy relationships in the reduction of alkenes by hydrogen transfer

In this work we studied the relationship between the structure of alkene substrates and the rate of reduction of their double bond by hydrogen transfer over a Pd/sepiolite catalyst using cyclohexene as donor.

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Pd/, .

     

On the structure of surface active centers on CuO

It has been established that surface active centers on CuO can be associated with its surface defects, i.e. surface exits of twinning and screw dislocations where highly reactive oxygen and CO can be coordinated.

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, , CO.

     

Selective dehydrogenation of tetralin on zeolites

The dehydrogenation of tetralin on two zeolite catalysts has been studied, the experiments were planned statistically according to the Orthogonal Central Composite Design. In order to determine the influence of coke deposits, the time-on-stream theory of catalyst decay is applied too.

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. . .

     

XPS and chemisorption studies of the surface layer of Pd?Ag catalysts for CO oxidation

XPS and chemisorption studies of the surface composition of a Pd–Ag alloy (5% Pd) before and after its application in CO oxidation have been performed. It is shown that in a freshly prepared sample the bulk and surface layer compositions are the same. High-temperature treatment of the catalyst in the reaction medium leads to a thermodynamic equilibrium between surface and bulk.

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Pd–Ag Pd 5% CO . , . .

     

Kinetic and mechanistic studies on the oxidation of sulfanilic acid by peroxomonophosphoric acid

Oxidation of sulfanilic acid to the corresponding azoxy derivative by peroxomonophosphoric acid (PMPA) has been studied in aqueous medium. The observed bell-shaped pH-rate profile has been rationalized on the basis of protonation of the amino group and ionization into different PMPA species and a suitable rate law has been proposed. The mechanism of oxidation involves the nucleophilic attack of nitrogen on the electrophilic peroxo oxygen.

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- (PMPA) . pH— , PMPA . .