空间站快速充电效应的物理过程及特征

“快速充电事件”是国际空间站2006年首次观测到的一种充电现象, 在出地影瞬间的1–3 s内航天器结构体被迅速充到-30–-70 V的负电位, 显著超过空间站的安全设计标准, 一度引起国际航天界的关注. 目前国际上对“快速带电”的研究尚不充分. 基于Furguson等的研究, 本文建立了快速充电的物理模型, 对快速充电的机理和规律给出了合理的解释. 计算及分析结果表明: 快速充电是在航天器出地影瞬间由高压太阳电池阵的光伏激发过程驱动的, 是一种非平衡态的充电过程; 快速充电脉冲主要是由于在太阳帆板电压的快速启动过程中帆板上 的电子充电电流未及时被玻璃盖片的充电所阻塞而导致的, 当快速充电过程达到平衡时便表现为“正常充电事件”; 快速充电的幅度主要取决于太阳帆板电压的启动时间、启动方式等, 因此表现出一定的离散性, 但随着等离子体密度的增大而衰减, 与国际空间站观测结果一致. 关键词： 表面充电 等离子体 国际空间站 高压太阳电池阵     

具备重构能力的三模冗余器载计算机研究

器载计算机是航天器电气系统的重要组成部分,需要冗余技术来满足其高可靠性运行要求。为了保证航天器上计算机在出现异常故障时仍能正常工作,对传统三模容错结构、具有降级功能的三模容余结构的体系结构、算法原理、关键技术等内容进行了研究。综合使用多种检测机制确保可靠锁定故障机,基于故障机无法修复时再逐步降级使用的策略,以正常工作的当班机为基础,通过故障机在每个流程的开始读取刷新后的当班机指针和重要状态参数并在流程的结束向当班机发送同步请求的方式,提出了一种具备重构能力的三模冗余器载计算机设计方案,设计了三模冗余重构流程,使故障机具备自修复的能力。实践表明,该重构方法能有效地提高器载计算机系统的可靠性,对高可靠器载计算机设计与实现具有较好的工程参考意义。     

双模冗余器载计算机设计与实现

器载计算机是航天器电气系统的重要组成部分,其可靠性对航天器能否完成任务至关重要。为了保证航天器上计算机在出现故障时仍能正常工作,对双机冗余器载计算机的体系结构、切换策略、判别准则等内容进行了研究,在保留主份机与双机切换电路、备份机与双机切换电路之间的状态工作信号的基础上,通过在主份机、备份机之间新增加一个状态工作信号,提出了一种改进的自主切换策略。实践表明,运用改进的自主切换策略,在双机切换电路中的自主切换模块出现故障时仍能实现自主切换,同时将比较器设计为软件,采用软件表决、软件选通的思路,消除了硬件比较器的关键单点故障,这些容错设计改进能有效地提高器载计算机系统的可靠性,对高可靠器载计算机设计与实现具有较好的工程参考意义。     

A spacecraft shielding model for calculating exposures to radiation

A spacecraft shielding model for calculating exposure to radiation is proposed. This model is based on the concept of the randomly inhomogeneous character of the material thickness distribution both in separate equipment units and the spacecraft as a whole. This concept has made it possible to obtain the shielding function of an arbitrary point in a spacecraft necessary to calculate the radiation exposure using its mean density, geometry and the ratio of the shielding function dispersion to its mean. This is constant for the spacecraft. This conclusion was verified for several Soviet and U.S.A. spacecraft, including the Space Shuttle.     

基于平均二次电子发射系数的航天器表面起电特征分析

为了进一步贴近航天器表面起电环境以得到更加可信的分析结果,针对航天器在恶劣充电环境下的表面起电问题,考虑空间等离子体双麦克斯韦分布情况,建立了基于平均二次电子发射系数的航天器表面起电阈值方程,可在入射电子能量连续分布情况下定量分析航天器表面起电特征,其中双麦分布可更好地描述磁层亚爆期间的恶劣充电环境。经过理论分析,归纳出双麦分布下的两种典型等离子体状态。通过仿真计算,得到了在两种典型等离子体状态下航天器表面电位随等离子体浓度和温度变化的特征。结果表明:电子温度越高,表面负带电电位越高,充电越严重,与此同时,双麦分布下等离子体两种电子组分的浓度比值对带电结果有重要影响。     

Mass model of the LDEF satellite spacecraft and experiments for ionizing radiation analyses

A three-dimensional (3D) mass model of the LDEF spacecraft and selected experiments has been developed to allow the influence of material shielding on ionizing radiation measurements and analyses to be determined accurately. This computer model has been applied in a stand-alone mode to provide 3D shielding distributions around radiation dosimeters to aid data interpretation, and has been interfaced with radiation transport codes for a variety of different types of radiation predictions. This paper summarizes the methodology used, the level of detail incorporated, and some example model applications.     

模块化航天器电源系统仿真研究

模块化航天器快速响应对迅速提高我国空间信息支援能力具有重大意义,所以为了快速增强我国空间实力,以快速响应为背景,对模块化航天器进行研究,首先介绍了模块化航天器及其快速集成测试方法,之后,以模块化航天器电源系统为例,通过数学模型搭建了其Simulink模型,主要对帆板面积,蓄电池容量,以及卫星在轨功率进行分析,最后,通过仿真结果验证了所建模型的准确性,为模块化航天器快速响应奠定了基础,同时提出了模块化航天器电源系统的快速响应应用模式。     

The polarization and 3-D structure of the corona on 11.3.94

We present the results of observations of the white-light corona in polarized light (Criciuma, Brazil) in 1994. The space location of the surface B_r=0 is calculated using the synoptic map of filaments during the solar eclipse. A good agreement was found between the corona ray structure and the surface folds and pleats, which result from its projection onto the sky plane. The measured polarization degree is compared with calculations by the Van de Hulst model. A conclusion is made concerning the adequacy between the proposed model and the observation data.     

Feature of the multifractal structure of small-scale ionospheric turbulence during the solar eclipse of August 1, 2008

Using the method of radio sounding of the mid-latitude ionosphere by the satellite signals, we study the multifractal structure of small-scale ionospheric turbulence during a solar eclipse. The measured multipower and generalized multifractal spectra of small-scale ionospheric turbulence at the initial and closing stages of the eclipse turn out to be almost identical on the space radio paths with different orientations. This is indicative of a sufficiently high stability of the nonuniform spatio-temporal distribution of small-scale fluctuations of the ionospheric electron number density under conditions of geophysical disturbances due to global physical processes in the ionospheric plasma during a solar eclipse. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 302–306, April 2009.     

Space weather, Earth's neutral upper atmosphere (thermosphere), andspacecraft orbital lifetime/dynamics

Accurate prediction of a spacecraft/satellite orbital lifetime, insertion altitude, reboost requirements, and mission performance is mainly the result of the integrated effect from knowledge of the atmospheric density, space weather (solar/geomagnetic), and timeline of vehicle characteristics. Each of these elements is dependent upon a model developed to provide the inputs necessary for the use of an orbital lifetime prediction program. This paper will address relative influences of these elements with emphasis on solar/geomagnetic activity, atmospheric density, and drag coefficient associated with the model products used to predict orbital lifetime and related spacecraft/satellite design and operational conditions. Issues associated with the potential for improvement of the lifetime prediction model input elements will be discussed with regard to their relative contributions to improving orbital lifetime and performance predictions     

日食对Ne发射光谱强度的影响

为了观测日食时刻日－地空间发生的异常物理现象，本工作采用了观测Ne放电管光源的Ne光谱变化的方法，观测结果表明，日食对Ne光谱的强度产生影响，越接近食甚时刻，Ne光谱强度越弱。     

航天器空间静电效应研究进展

航天器在轨运行过程中面临的空间环境复杂多变,高能电子、等离子体环境、低气压、大温差等环境因素会引起航天器发生静电带电和放电效应,对航天器的安全运行造成严重影响。基于国内外试验数据和案例分析了空间环境引起的航天器故障,从数值仿真软件、地面模拟技术、强场诱发放电以及防护技术等方面介绍了空间环境作用下航天器充放电效应研究进展,对我国目前研究差距和未来研究方向进行了展望。研究表明:我国航天器充放电效应防护技术研究取得了进步,下一步重点针对空间站、深空探测、探月工程等新任务,进一步拓展空间环境作用下航天器充放电效应机理和防护新技术研究,为提升我国航天器的安全性和可靠性提供技术支撑。     

The occurrence of operational anomalies in spacecraft and theirrelationship to space weather

Modern spacecraft systems and subsystems appear to show an increasing susceptibility to effects of the space environment. This trend is probably due to “softer” designs of electronic components, reduction in subsystem sizes, and increases in performance demands and number of components within spacecraft. The major agents within the space environment that contribute to spacecraft anomalies can be reasonably well described. This paper reviews operational anomaly trends and assesses the identification and potential prediction of causative space weather agents     

超高速空间微小碎片撞击充电材料诱发的放电

空间微小碎片与航天器表面超高速撞击, 能够抛射出等离子体, 在高充电的航天器表面诱发静电放电, 是可能引发航天器异常的一个重要因素. 本文利用等离子体驱动微小碎片加速器对充电材料进行超高速(3 km/s)撞击模拟实验, 通过观测放电脉冲信号来研究因撞击产生的等离子体诱发的放电, 得到较好的实验现象, 初步确认了超高速碎片撞击充电材料诱发放电的机理.     

微小空间碎片撞击诱发放电效应研究

微小空间碎片超高速撞击航天器表面, 能够抛射出高密度的等离子体云团, 如果撞击发生在航天器的高充电表面或带电部件等敏感区域, 撞击等离子体将会诱发放电, 该机制已经引起了广泛的关注, 但是相关研究还十分欠缺. 本文利用等离子体驱动微小碎片加速器加速200 μm的微粒, 通过模拟实验开展微小空间碎片撞击诱发放电的研究, 获得了典型的实验结果, 对撞击诱发放电信号的特征进行了分析. 关键词： 微小空间碎片 撞击诱发放电     

Application of nuclear-physics methods in space materials science

The brief history of the development of investigations at the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU) in the field of space materials science is outlined. A generalized scheme of a numerical simulation of the radiation impact on spacecraft materials and elements of spacecraft equipment is examined. The results obtained by solving some of the most important problems that modern space materials science should address in studying nuclear processes, the interaction of charged particles with matter, particle detection, the protection from ionizing radiation, and the impact of particles on nanostructures and nanomaterials are presented.     

一种新的航天器外露介质充电模型

为综合考虑高能电子辐射与周围等离子体对航天器外露介质充电的影响,在航天器内带电模型的基础上,通过添加边界充电电流来考虑等离子体与航天器介质表面的相互作用,并统一参考电位为等离子体零电位,建立了航天器外露介质充电模型,给出了新模型的一维稳态解法,并与表面充电模型和深层充电模型进行了对比分析.结果表明:新建模型能够综合考虑表面入射电流、深层沉积电流和传导电流对充电的耦合作用过程,实现外露介质表面和深层耦合充电计算,有利于全面评估航天器外露介质的充电问题.     

“神舟”四号中的空间环境研究

空间环境 ,特别是日地空间环境是人类航天活动关系极为密切的环境 .文章以“神舟”四号为背景 ,概要介绍了为“神舟”四号飞船所作的空间环境安全保障服务 ,包括在“神舟”四号飞船上进行的空间环境探测、空间环境分布及变化规律的研究、空间环境对人类航天活动及“神舟”飞船的影响 (空间环境效应 ) ,以及为保障“神舟”飞船发射安全、正常运行、顺利返回所作的空间环境预报等 .此外 ,概要评述了国内外上述研究领域的研究现状与进展