飞秒光频梳的任意长绝对测距

高精度测距在工业、航空航天、科学研究等方面都具有重要应用, 而不断发展的激光测距技术始终处于前沿研究领域. 本文研究飞秒光频梳绝对测距技术, 拓展光梳在长度测量领域的应用. 在利用脉冲激光进行任意绝对长度测量中常用到飞行时间法, 然而其测量分辨力受限于电子器件的带宽, 仅为毫米量级. 为克服这一缺点, 本文研究了光梳多脉冲序列之间的时间相干性, 结合多脉冲序列干涉法和飞行时间法提出了任意长绝对测距的方法, 搭建了基于改进型Michelson干涉原理的任意绝对测长系统, 通过同时测量多脉冲序列的一阶和二阶互相关信号, 可以分别计算出飞行时间的时间差, 即可得到被测距离. 利用光梳作为光源进行了0.6m的绝对测距实验, 将测量结果与高精度激光位移传感器的测量值进行比较, 实验结果表明本系统具有良好的测量线性度, 并且测距精度可达±0.5μm. 关键词： 飞秒光频梳 任意长绝对测距 飞行时间法 多脉冲序列干涉法     

Signal-processing algorithm for white-light optical fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors

We present a novel signal-processing algorithm for single-mode optical fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors that can achieve both high-resolution, absolute measurement of the cavity length and a large dynamic measurement range simultaneously. The algorithm is based on an accurate model of the characteristics of a fiber-optic sensor that takes into account the phase shift that is due to the coupling of light reflected at the second surface to the lead-in fiber end.     

基于飞秒光梳多路同步锁相的多波长干涉实时绝对测距及其非模糊度量程分析

飞秒光梳被广泛用于时间频率技术和精密光谱测量,由其时频特性所衍生的绝对测距技术以可溯源、大尺寸、高精度等优点有望成为未来长度计量的最重要手段.本文提出了一种基于飞秒光梳多路同步锁相的多波长干涉实时绝对测距方法,使多个连续波激光器通过光学锁相环技术同步锁定到飞秒光梳梳模上,通过多路同步相位测量和小数重合算法最终实现绝对距离测量.所提测量方法不仅能保留传统激光干涉测距的高分辨力和精度,而且可溯源至时间频率基准,对高精度长度测量、尤其是对物理复现“米”的定义具有重要计量意义.测距实验证明,四波长干涉测距的非模糊度量程达到44.6 mm,折射率波动导致非模糊度量程变化为纳米量级;多波长干涉测距的非模糊度量程也受制于空气折射率的测量误差,多波长干涉绝对测距的非模糊度量程在实验室环境下可达数米、甚至几十米,并通过2米线性位移实验证明了多波长绝对测距的大量程和线性测量性能.     

Laser spectroscopy : II. Applications in quantum metrology

Applications of sub-Doppler optical resonances to the spectral lines of atoms and molecules giving laser standards of wavelength and frequency are presented. The problems of precise measurement of length and absolute measurement of light frequency are considered. Prospects of elaborating fundamental experiments with laser ultra-stable frequency are discussed.     

Direct measurement of group dispersion of optical components using white-light spectral interferometry

We present a simple white-light spectral interferometric technique employing a low-resolution spectrometer for a direct measurement of the group dispersion of optical components over a wide wavelength range. The technique utilizes an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a component under test inserted in one arm and the other arm with adjustable path length. We record a series of spectral interferograms to measure the equalization wavelength as a function of the path length difference. We measure the absolute group refractive index as a function of wavelength for a quartz crystal of known thickness and the relative one for optical fiber. In the latter case we use a microscope objective in front and a lens behind the fiber and subtract their group dispersion, which is measured by a technique of tandem interferometry including also a Michelson interferometer.     

Sustained saturation in a free-electron laser oscillator at perfect synchronism of an optical cavity.

The first observation of sustained saturation in a free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator at perfect synchronism of an optical cavity is presented. A simultaneous measurement of FEL power and absolute detuning length of the optical cavity ( deltaL) has clearly shown that the FEL efficiency becomes maximum at deltaL = 0.0+/-1 microm, although it has been considered that only a transient state exists at deltaL = 0 due to the well-known laser lethargy effect. The observed efficiency detuning curve is well reproduced by our numerical simulation including a small shot-noise effect.     

精密宏微复合绝对式光栅尺设计与研究

通过对光栅尺原理的研究,设计一种宏微复合切换测量模式,利用增量码进行低精度测量,绝对码进行高精度测量。采用增量方式采集莫尔条纹的高速性,解决高精度绝对位置采集的低速性,实现宏微复合的高速与高精度的测量。实验证明,高精度低速绝对位置测量过程中测量精度可达0.6 m,在测量中使用新型高速与低速的变速切换测量方式,综合测量速度最高可以达到2 m/s。     

Optimal design of optical reference signals by use of a genetic algorithm

A new technique for the generation of optical reference signals with optimal properties is presented. In grating measurement systems a reference signal is needed to achieve an absolute measurement of the position. The optical signal is the autocorrelation of two codes with binary transmittance. For a long time, the design of this type of code has required great computational effort, which limits the size of the code to approximately 30 elements. Recently, the application of the dividing rectangles (DIRECT) algorithm has allowed the automatic design of codes up to 100 elements. Because of the binary nature of the problem and the parallel processing of the genetic algorithms, these algorithms are efficient tools for obtaining codes with particular autocorrelation properties. We design optimum zero reference codes with arbitrary length by means of a genetic algorithm enhanced with a restricted search operator.     

大口径光学玻璃光学均匀性干涉绝对测量方法

在光学透射材料均匀性测量的各个方法中,干涉测量方法作为绝对测量方法,能摈除干涉仪标准面及待测元件的面形影响,具有很高的测量精度而逐渐被广泛使用。详细研究了使用干涉手段测量透射材料均匀性的方法,对其中材料切割角度所引入的误差进行了详细分析,并提出修正方法。同时研究了测量光学材料均匀性的拼接算法,实验表明：该方法可以实现用小口径干涉仪测量大口径玻璃材料的光学均匀性的目的,而且其测量精度很高。     

Precise determination of characteristic laser frequencies by an Er-doped fiber optical frequency comb

Femtosecond optical frequency combs correlate the microwave and optical frequencies accurately and coherently. Therefore, any optical frequency in visible to near-infrared region can be directly traced to a microwave frequency. As a result, the length unit "meter" is directly related to the time unit "second". This paper validates the capability of the national wavelength standards based on a home-made Er-doped fiber femtosecond optical frequency comb to measure the laser frequencies ranging from visible to near-infrared region. Optical frequency conversion in the femtosecond optical frequency comb is achieved by combining spectral broadening in a highly nonlinear fiber with a single-point frequency-doubling scheme. The signal-to-noise ratio of the beat notes between the femtosecond optical frequency comb and the lasers at 633, 698, 729, 780, 1064, and 1542 nm is better than 30 dB. The frequency instability of the above lasers is evaluated by using a hydrogen clock signal with a instability of better than 1×10^-13 at 1-s averaging time. The measurement is further validated by measuring the absolute optical frequency of an iodine-stabilized 532-nm laser and an acetylene-stabilized 1542-nm laser. The results are within the uncertainty range of the international recommended values. Our results demonstrate the accurate optical frequency measurement of lasers at different frequencies using the femtosecond optical frequency comb, which is not only important for the precise and accurate traceability and calibration of the laser frequencies, but also provides technical support for establishing the national wavelength standards based on the femtosecond optical frequency comb.     

大型光学系统焦距的精确测量

主要分析目前国内外常用的光学系统焦距测量方法在大型光学系统焦距测量中存在的问题,提出了一种特别适用于大型光学系统焦距的测量方法,并对该测量方法进行了研究分析和验证,指出该方法还可推广应用于其它参数的测量。     

Absolute small-angle measurement based on optical feedback interferometry

We present a simple but effective method for small-angle measurement based on optical feedback interferometry （or laser self-mixing interferometry）. The absolute zero angle can be defined at the biggest fringe amplitude point, so this method can also achieve absolute angle measurement. In order to verify the method, we construct an angle measurement system. The Fourier-transform method is used to analysis the interference signal. Rotation angles are experimentally measured with a resolution of 10^-6 rad and a measurement range of approximately from -0.0007 to ＋0.0007 rad.     

一种光学频率梳绝对测距的新方法

采用光学频率梳的高精度绝对距离测量技术在航空航天、科学研究和工业生产等领域都发挥着重要作用.提出一种利用光学频率梳技术,通过检测光强实现绝对距离测量的新方法,研究了光学频率梳发出脉冲的时间相干性,分析了光强与被测距离之间的关系、干涉条纹峰值点位置与被测距离之间的关系.建立了基于Michelson干涉原理的测距系统,通过测量光强信息得到被测距离.以高精度纳米位移平台的位移量作为长度基准进行了绝对测距实验,在每个被测距离点都重复进行了10次实验,将10次实验测得的光强值取平均后用于距离的计算.实验结果表明,该方法可以实现绝对距离测量,在10μm测量范围内,最大误差为47 nm.因此,该方法可以应用于大尺寸高精度的绝对距离测量.     

基于复合干涉的光纤低相干干涉传感系统研究

研究一种能够进行远程及绝对测量的光纤低相干干涉传感系统。该系统包含两个光纤干涉仪,其中一个光纤干涉仪置于被测场中感应被测量的变化,可实现远程测量;另一个光纤干涉仪解调被测量的值。运用波分复用技术,使用于解调的光纤干涉仪同时工作于低相干干涉和高相干干涉状态。用低相干干涉信号决定被测量的幅值,对被测量实现绝对测量,并使测量量程不受波长限制;同时,用高相干干涉信号对被测量进行高精度的测量。系统的测量量程为6mm,测量分辨率小于1nm,位移实验结果的线性相关系数R为0.99。     

基于合成波长法的飞秒激光外差干涉测距方法

本文提出了一种基于合成波长法的飞秒激光外差干涉测距方法.系统采用两个带通滤波器产生两个具有一定波长差的单波长,用于产生合成波长.本方法结构简单,能量利用率高.与双频激光干涉仪在40 mm范围内的比对结果表明,该方法比对残差的标准差为91 nm.     

准绝对式光学编码器的编译码原理

介绍了准绝对式光学编码器的测量原理,根据其码盘特点,设计了实用的编码算法.利用计算机编程辅助实现了最高17位的索引码道编码设计,并提出一种译码的方法,可以实现从循环二进制码到自然二进制码的快速转换,为其进一步工程实现提供理论基础.     

Direct measurement of Raman tensor in solids

It is argued that the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiation at optical frequencies induced by an electric field at a different frequency provides a valid and convenient way to obtain an absolute measure of the Raman scattering tensor of optical phonons in solids.     

Ultralow-birefringence measurement in optical fibers by the twist method

We describe a simple method for measuring ultralow birefringence in optical fibers. It allows one to measure birefringence in the range of 4x10(-6) 1.25x10(-8) , which corresponds to the 0.2580-m range of the polarization beat length at the wavelength of 1 microm . A fiber section of a length shorter than the polarization beat length can be used for measurement. The measuring procedure involves measurement of the light intensity only and does not require an analysis of the light-polarization state. Experimental results for an optical fiber with a beat length of 1.9m are presented.     

Robust and precise length stabilization of a 25-km long optical fiber using an optical interferometric method with a digital phase-frequency discriminator

We have developed an optical fiber length stabilization system for the distribution of reference millimeter wave signals in a long-baseline phased-array radio telescope. The fiber length was compared with an absolute wavelength reference laser using a Michelson interferometer. We used a digital servo system including a digital phase-frequency discriminator with a wide phase dynamic range and a digital signal processor (DSP) for the digital servo system. All-digital servo system made it possible to realize a robust and precise length stabilization of a 25-km long optical fiber. PACS 42.62.Eh; 42.81.Uv; 95.55.Jz     

基于重采样技术的调频连续波激光绝对测距高精度及快速测量方法研究

调频连续波激光测距方法可以实现高精度的大尺寸绝对距离测量, 且测量过程无需合作目标, 在大空间坐标精密测量领域有很高的研究价值. 而如何提高测量分辨率和实用化一直是近年来调频连续波激光绝对测距研究的热点. 本文研究了调频连续波激光测距的原理, 基于双光路调频连续波激光测距系统, 提出了通过信号拼接提高测量分辨率的信号处理优化方案, 该方案可以提高测距分辨率, 且可以降低对激光器的性能要求; 提出了可实现高速测量的简易测量方法. 设计加工了双光路光纤调频连续波激光测距系统, 利用该系统进行了测距分辨率及测距误差标定实验, 实验结果表明: 优化方案可以有效地提高测量分辨率和测量效率, 在26 m测量范围内, 测距分辨率达到了50 μm, 测距误差不超过100 μm; 快速测量方案有较高实用价值.