尾流散射光性质的一维小波变换分析

船舶尾流具有特殊的声学、电学、磁学和光学特性。选用一维小波变换含离散小波变换、连续小波变换、小波包变换、复小波变换对测量的尾流光学性质进行了分析，其结果表明：不同条件下尾流散射光信号具有不同的自动阈值，经小波变换后保留的能量比例、小波系数置零比率不同，变换的小波系数染色模式、系数曲线、最大系数线区别明显。一维连续小波变换显示出细节信号具有一定周期性，说明在测量过程存在周期性的干扰因素。通过小波分解的各层细节信号，为在测量结果中消除或降低这些因素的影响指明了方向。一维连续小波变换结果显示，在不同压强下小波系数大小及分布、极大值分布都有明显区别。一维小波包变换的压缩信号保留了原始信号绝大部分的能量，选择的系数可作为不同压强下尾流气泡幕的特征系数，而一维复小波变换变换的模、模角以及系数随时间轴的分布，其相对大小都不相同。经小波分析，可以提取出散射光信号的共性，也可以直观地展示不同散射光信号的区别。     

含气量对液体中空泡声波频谱特性的影响

通过压电陶瓷（PZT）水听器获取了液体中激光空泡脉动辐射的声波,并计算了激光空泡在第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量,结合空泡含气量对空泡最大半径及脉动周期影响的分析,进而分析了含气量对空泡声波频谱特性的影响。分析结果表明:激光空泡第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量随着作用激光能量的增加而增加,含气量的多少将直接影响空泡运动的剧烈程度;含气量越多,空泡脉动越缓慢,脉动周期越长,空泡脉动辐射声波的峰值频率有向低频移动的趋势。     

含气量对液体中空泡声波频谱特性的影响

通过压电陶瓷（PZT）水听器获取了液体中激光空泡脉动辐射的声波,并计算了激光空泡在第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量,结合空泡含气量对空泡最大半径及脉动周期影响的分析,进而分析了含气量对空泡声波频谱特性的影响。分析结果表明：激光空泡第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量随着作用激光能量的增加而增加,含气量的多少将直接影响空泡运动的剧烈程度;含气量越多,空泡脉动越缓慢,脉动周期越长,空泡脉动辐射声波的峰值频率有向低频移动的趋势。     

舰船尾迹和海面红外仿真成像

舰船在军事领域有着极其重要的地位,其尾迹对海面的温度和高度都会造成相较明显的变化,且具有持续时间长、不易消除等特点,所以模拟舰船尾迹和海面红外辐射图像可以更为直观地识别舰船目标,具有强烈的军事需求。以MODTRAN软件模拟的不同背景环境下大气对8μm～14μm波段的透过率为数据基础,结合Cox-Munk坡度概率分布模型并考虑海浪遮挡因素建立了一种舰船尾迹红外辐射模型,模拟了不同背景环境、不同探测距离的红外尾迹图像。仿真结果表明：相同探测条件下,随着探测距离增大,舰船尾迹辐射亮度减小,但粗糙海面对红外辐射的遮挡作用显著减弱,海面舰船尾迹更易被识别;大气传输模型对红外成像结果影响较大,夏季背景辐射能量大且海面平均遮挡作用小,舰船尾迹红外成像更为清晰。     

模拟气泡幕激光近轴前向散射照度分布

从Mie散射理论出发,利用单气泡散射理论模型研究了激光前向散射特性以及激光前向散射光轴周围激光照度分布状态。选用波长为632.8 nm的激光,在不同介质和不同压强下测量并分析了气泡幕的散射光照度。研究表明,激光前向散射光主要分布在离光轴0.588的范围内,其沿激光光轴呈轴对称分布,并且沿光轴方向截面分布为高斯分布;在考虑水体自身散射时,0.006 MPa、0.008 MPa和0.010 MPa下,各个散射角被散射掉的光大概占激光前向散射照度的35%、45%和55%,可得到无论考虑水体自身散射与否,激光前向散射光与压强皆成反比。     

油滴撞击油膜层内气泡的变形与破裂过程的数值模拟

旋转工作的机械零部件和机械设备的润滑系统工作过程中普遍存在着油滴和油膜的碰撞行为,这一行为易引起气泡夹带现象.气泡将对油滴撞击油膜时的运动过程和附壁油膜层的形成质量造成不可忽视的影响.基于耦合的水平集-体积分数方法,对油滴撞击含气泡油膜的行为进行数值模拟研究,考察油膜层内气泡的变形运动过程,分析气泡大小和位置等因素对撞击过程中气泡变形特征参数的影响规律,并探讨气泡破裂的动力学机制.研究表明,随着气泡直径的增大,油滴撞击含气泡油膜后气泡会依次出现自由表面破裂、稳定变形以及油膜内部破裂等现象;直径d=20μm的气泡能较稳定地存在于油膜层内,同时该值也是气泡发生自由表面破裂和油膜内部破裂的临界值.此外,气泡所在位置同样对气泡变形历程有一定影响,气泡越接近油膜表面,其变形量越大;位于油膜底层的气泡会附着在壁面上.在自由表面破裂和油膜内部破裂过程中,气泡破裂是由气-液界面不稳定引起的,表面张力对这两种现象起重要作用;而黏性剪切力对油膜内部破裂现象也有着不可忽视的影响.     

圆柱定程干涉法声速测量系统的实验测试

研究了圆柱腔体共振频率的测量方法,测试了新建立的声速实验系统,结果显示圆柱共鸣腔具有较高的信噪比,共振频率的测量不确定度小于5×10^-6。采用Ar气（99.999%）标定了声速共鸣腔的有效长度,不确定度为1.8×10^-5。开展了303～333 K下CO₂的气相声速实验研究,实验结果表明,当实验工质具有较高的纯度（>99.995%）时,气相声速的测量精度优于0.01%。     

Theoretical investigation on resonance characteristics of a vapor bubble based on Laplace transform method

In the present paper, resonance characteristics of the vapor bubble oscillating in an acoustic field are investigated analytically. The analytical solution of the non-dimensional perturbation of the instantaneous bubble radius during the transient process in the initial oscillation stage is explicitly obtained and physically analyzed at the resonance situation based on the Laplace transform method. And the typical oscillation behaviors obtained from the analytical solution are thoroughly exhibited and analyzed in the time and frequency domains. In addition, the corresponding oscillation behaviors at the non-resonance situation are also investigated for the purpose of comparisons. Through our investigation, several essential conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The analytical solution of the non-dimensional perturbation of the instantaneous bubble radius can be divided into four terms according to the physical meaning. Among them, it is the term related to the acoustic field that causes the progressively violent bubble oscillation. (2) The vapor bubble with a smaller equilibrium radius could respond faster and more significantly to the acoustic field during the oscillation. (3) The bubble oscillation characteristics always exhibit significant differences at the resonance and non-resonance situations in both the time and frequency domains, even if the difference between the natural frequency of the oscillating vapor bubble and the angular frequency of the acoustic field is greatly small.     

Monoenergetic electron parameters in a spheroid bubble model

A reliable analytical expression for the potential of plasma waves with phase velocities near the speed of light is derived.The presented spheroid cavity model is more consistent than the previous spherical and ellipsoidal models and it explains the mono-energetic electron trajectory more accurately,especially at the relativistic region.The maximum energy of electrons is calculated and it is shown that the maximum energy of the spheroid model is less than that of the spherical model.The electron energy spectrum is also calculated and it is found that the energy distribution ratio of electrons △E/E for the spheroid model under the conditions reported here is half that of the spherical model and it is in good agreement with the experimental value in the same conditions.As a result,the quasi-mono-energetic electron output beam interacting with the laser plasma can be more appropriately described with this model.     

声速测量实验原理讨论

对空气中声速测量实验原理进行了讨论,考虑了空气对声波的吸收,分别用平面波和球面波表示发射探头和接收探头之间的声波,导出了接收声压的表达式,分析了声压随探头间距的变化规律.结果表明,尽管声场不是理想驻波,但声压极值随探头间距按半波长周期性的变化规律与驻波共振原理得到的结论相一致,然而3种原理在解释接收声压幅值衰减规律时存在差异,其中球面波原理与实验现象最吻合.     

Pulse chirping effect on controlling the transverse cavity oscillations in nonlinear bubble regime

The propagation of an intense laser pulse in an under-dense plasma induces a plasma wake that is suitable for the acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies. For an ultra-intense laser pulse which has a longitudinal size shorter than the plasma wavelength, λp, instead of a periodic plasma wave, a cavity free from cold plasma electrons, called a bubble, is formed behind the laser pulse. An intense charge separation electric field inside the moving bubble can capture the electrons at the base of the bubble and accelerate them with a narrow energy spread. In the nonlinear bubble regime, due to localized depletion at the front of the pulse during its propagation through the plasma, the phase shift between carrier waves and pulse envelope plays an important role in plasma response. The carrier–envelope phase(CEP) breaks down the symmetric transverse ponderomotive force of the laser pulse that makes the bubble structure unstable. Our studies using a series of two-dimensional(2D) particle-in-cell(PIC) simulations show that the frequency-chirped laser pulses are more effective in controlling the pulse depletion rate and consequently the effect of the CEP in the bubble regime. The results indicate that the utilization of a positively chirped laser pulse leads to an increase in rate of erosion of the leading edge of the pulse that rapidly results in the formation of a steep intensity gradient at the front of the pulse. A more unstable bubble structure, the self-injections in different positions, and high dark current are the results of using a positively chirped laser pulse. For a negatively chirped laser pulse, the pulse depletion process is compensated during the propagation of the pulse in plasma in such a way that results in a more stable bubble shape and therefore, a localized electron bunch is produced during the acceleration process. As a result, by the proper choice of chirping, one can tune the number of self-injected electrons, the size of accelerated bunch and its energy spectrum to the values required for practical applications.     

肥皂泡筏中的力律与肥皂泡半径的关系

利用肥皂泡之间的吸引排斥相互作用和Peierls切割粘合方案研究了不同半径泡筏边界上的肥皂泡所受的回复力与位移的关系曲线.计算得到回复力达到最大值的位置与Bragg所获得的结果一致,结合曲线的物理特征,给出一个新的函数形式来描述此力律曲线,从而得到肥皂泡筏中的力律与肥皂泡半径的关系. 关键词： 位错方程 力律 肥皂泡筏     

基于锁定放大器的声速测量法

介绍一种用锁定放大器替代示波器确定声波相位,进行声速测量的方法.利用锁定放大器的高灵敏度、高信噪比的特点,能有效地提高实验装置的抗干扰性和测量准确度,被测量对象也可由原单一频率的超声波改变为任意频率的声波.本实验不确定度<5%,若采用更精密的仪器,实验不确定度很容易达到0 5%.     

氧化铟锡薄膜的磁感应热声分析

基于优良导体在磁场下的涡流效应理论和固体的热声效应理论,建立了氧化铟锡(ITO)导电薄膜磁-热-声效应的理论模型,推导了导电薄膜热致发声的温度振荡和输出声压表达式。对有基底的ITO导电膜进行了磁场下的热声理论计算和实验测试,结果表明：薄膜的温度振荡值随频率呈上升趋势,与电-热-声模型相比趋势相反;薄膜声压的理论值与实验值在频域内的变化趋势基本吻合,验证了理论模型的正确性。进而,根据磁-热-声的理论模型,分析了线圈相关参数对薄膜声压级的影响,结果表明：薄膜声压级随着线圈匝数的增加而增大,随着薄膜与线圈中心距离的增加而减小,随着线圈半径的增加而减小。文中的研究结果拓展了导电薄膜在扬声器等领域的应用。     

声速测量实验的探讨

对声速测量的共振干涉法中的相关问题进行了理论探讨,使学生对此实验的物理图像有更清楚的认识.     

用脉冲光声法测量固体介质中声速

提出了一种利用脉冲光声技术测量固体介质中声速的方法,建立了由YAG激光器和超声探测器组成的实验系统,脉冲激光在固体表面产生脉冲超声波,通过测量脉冲声波在固体内多次反射后的出射信号及固体的厚度,即可算出固体介质中的声速.对黄铜及铝的测量结果表明,这是一种准确性较高的固体介质中声速测量方法.该测量方法可作为综合设计性物理实...     

干涉法测量气体低压下声速的实验研究

介绍了干涉法测量气体声速的试验原理和变程干涉声速测量的实验系统,使用本套测量系统测得的气体声速的精度可达5×10-4。根据热力学原理,分析了气体声速与理想气体比定压热容之间的物理关系。在本套实验系统上测得了一批高精度的新环保制冷剂的气相声速数据,并可进一步确定其理想气体比定压热容.     

温盐深剖面仪与Argo数据的冬季印度洋声速剖面分析

通过某一次在东南印度洋调查工作中获得的17站位温盐深剖面仪(CTD)数据,因其表层0～10 m数据缺失,选择利用卫星遥感的海表面温度产品与中国Argo实时资料中心提供的全球海洋Argo网格数据集(BOA_Argo)中逐年月平均数据做比较,发现BOA_Argo数据集反推得到的表层温度是比较准确的.再将CTD数据与对应时间...     

含气量对黏性液体中空泡脉动特性的影响

采用自行研制的高灵敏度光偏转测试系统,研究黏性液体中激光空泡脉动特性.判定了空泡两次脉动对应的最大和最小泡半径,进而计算了激光空泡在前两次脉动过程中泡内的含气量.研究表明：泡内含气量对泡脉动特性有较大影响.随着脉动次数的增加,空泡泡内含气量增大.空泡最大泡半径随含气量的增加而增大.此外,受液体黏性影响,空泡膨胀和收缩过程明显变缓. 关键词： 含气量 黏性 激光空泡 脉动特性     

Molecular dynamics study of helium bubble pressure in titanium

In this paper,the pressure state of the helium bubble in titanium is simulated by a molecular dynamics(MD) method.First,the possible helium/vacancy ratio is determined according to therelation between the bubble pressure and helium/vacancy ratio;then the dependences of the helium bubble pressure on the bubble radius at different temperatures are studied.It is shown that the product of the bubble pressure and the radius is approximately a constant,a result justifying the pressure-radius relation predicted by thermodynamics-based theory for gas bubble.Furthermore,a state equation of the helium bubble is established based on the MD calculations.Comparison between the results obtained by the state equation and corresponding experimental data shows that the state equation can describe reasonably the state of helium bubble and thus could be used for Monte Carlo simulations of the evolution of helium bubble in metals.