水平和竖直细圆管内流动凝结换热特性的对比研究

本文采用基于相平衡理论的最小能量原理,根据当地气液两相流动条件确定气液界面形状,以此为基础,从理论上探讨水平细圆管内流动凝结的特点。通过与竖直条件下管内凝结换热特性的对比,分析重力、气液界面剪切力、表面张力对流动凝结的影响。研究发现,细圆管由竖直变为水平放置时,管径的减小同样导致重力的影响削弱,并且凝结换热得到进一步强化;但由于流型的变化,随管径的减小强化的程度减弱。     

蒸气在倾斜细小直径圆管内的流动凝结换热特性

细小管内的流动凝结换热具有许多超常换热特性,经典的Ｎｕｓｓｅｌｔ分析方法已不能满足需要。在以往研究的基础上,本文进一步通过实验探析换热温差和蒸气流量对不同直径的细小管内流动凝结换热的影响。研究表明,管径越小,换热温差对凝结换热系数的影响程度越低;通过流量和倾角对凝结换热数的影响,分析了重力引发的流动分层和剪切力对凝结液的排除两种因素对细管传热强化的作用机制。本文的实验结果和用于常规尺度下的通用关联式对比表明,采用细管,管内的流动凝结换热得到无可置疑的强化     

微圆管内环状流凝结换热特性的数值模拟

本文提出了微圆管内环状流凝结换热的分析模型,考虑了重力、汽液界面剪切力、表面张力以及界面凝结热阻的作用。文中主要研究凝结换热过程中重力、入口蒸汽Re数及外壁面温度的影响。模拟的结果表明,重力对微圆管流动凝结换热的影响非常小,可被忽略;凝结液的排除主要依赖于汽液界面的剪切应力作用,使Nu随蒸汽进口Re数的增加而明显增大;冷却外壁面的温度对凝结换热也具有一定的影响, Nu将随外壁面温度的降低而增大。     

混合蒸气在圆管外凝结特性的实验研究

在搭建圆管混合蒸气凝结换热实验台的基础上,在圆管外进行了一系列不同气相浓度酒精和水混合蒸气的Marangoni凝结实验。在实验过程中进行了可视化研究并拍摄了大量的凝结图片,研究了酒精蒸气浓度对传热系数的影响及冷却水流量对壁面温度的影响.实验结果表明,传热系数随酒精浓度的提高而降低,酒精浓度为1%时传热系数达到最高值,换热系数比相同工况下纯水蒸气提高近30%.最后,对传热系数随浓度的变化做了定性分析。     

水平微细圆管内膜状凝结换热特性的研究

实验研究了微细圆管内凝结换热特性,实验中采用四种不锈钢管,其内径范围为289-997μm。基于实验结果, 分析了换热温差、蒸汽进口雷诺数Rein和管径对管内膜状凝结换热系数的影响,发现温差对管内膜状凝结换热的影响很小, Nu随蒸汽进口雷诺数Rein增加而增大,随管径减小而降低,而对流换热系数随管径减小而显著增大。     

氨的添加引发水蒸气凝结换热强化的实验研究

研究了添加极少量氨时,氨-水混合蒸气在水平圆管上的凝结传热特性。结果表明:由于氨的添加引发的Marangoni效应,水蒸气的凝结换热在实验工况范围内基本上都得到了强化。随着表面过冷度的增加,凝结换热系数表现出有峰值点的非线性变化规律。当氨蒸气的浓度为0.38%时,混合蒸气的最大凝结换热系数可达纯水蒸气的1.9倍,从液膜热阻和扩散热阻的角度分析了强化换热的机理。     

蒸气流速对存在温度梯度的竖直壁面Marangoni凝结换热的影响研究

本文以水一酒精混合蒸气为工质,对蒸气流速对存在温度梯度的竖直壁面Marangoni凝结换热特性的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:混合蒸气凝结换热系数随蒸气流速的增加而增加,但换热系数对流速的敏感性随酒精蒸气浓度不同而有所区别,在酒精蒸气浓度较低时,流速使换热系数的增加较为明显.对比流速对溶质Marangoni凝结换热特性的的影响,流速对温度梯度和浓度梯度共同驱动的Marangoni凝结换热影响要弱一些.     

蒸气压力和流速对低浓度酒精-水混合蒸气微细竖直管外凝结的影响

本文在不同蒸气压力和流速状态下对低浓度的酒精-水混合蒸气在微细竖直圆管外表面Marangoni凝结传热特性进行了可视化实验研究,观测到不同工况下的凝结形态。结果表明,随着过冷度的增加,凝结传热系数急剧升高,凝结传热系数在达到峰值后开始下降,下降曲率相对较缓;随着压力的增加,凝结传热系数在大的过冷度下增幅较大。蒸气流速的影响与压力的影响类似。可视化研究表明蒸气压力和流速大小对凝结速率影响较大。     

水蒸气在竖直微细管外凝结传热特性研究

针对不同压力和不同流速下的饱和水蒸气在竖直微细圆管(内外径分别为0.571 mm和0.793 mm)外的凝结传热特性分别进行了实验研究,分析了蒸气压力和蒸气流速对凝结传热特性的影响。实验结果表明,凝结传热表面传热系数随着蒸气流速的增加而增加,在较高的蒸气压力下增加的更明显,且大于相同实验条件下的Nusselt理论分析解。在蒸气流速为2 m·s~(-1)时,凝结传热系数随压力的变化不大;在4 m·s~(-1)和6 m·s~(-1)时,随着蒸气压力的升高,凝结表面传热系数明显增大。     

细圆管内纳米颗粒悬浮液强化对流换热的探讨

实验研究了细圆管内去离子水和氧化铜纳米颗粒悬浮液的对流换热特性。根据实验数据,得到纳米颗粒悬浮液相对于去离子水的对流换热强化特性。结果表明,氧化铜纳米颗粒的加入强化了去离子水的换热性能,其强化程度随Re的变化因管径而异,并且与流态有关。     

Modeling of vapor condensation in a longitudinally finned minichannel

Heat transfer with vapor condensation inside a longitudinally finned tube is numerically studied. The proposed model considers vapor condensation on two initial flow areas, namely, annular and rivulet. The model allows prediction of pressure difference along the tube length, vapor velocity profiles in the central channel and an interfin groove, and also a velocity profile in the condensate rivulet at the bottom of the interfin channel, local heat transfer coefficients at different fin points, and average heat transfer coefficients over tube section and length. The calculations showed that in the case of vapor condensation in longitudinally finned tubes of a small diameter it is of fundamental importance to divide the flow tube section into a central channel and interfin channels. The governing vapor velocities in these channels may differ by more than an order of magnitude. The reduced vapor velocity, used in engineering calculations, does not reflect the character of dynamic vapor impact on a condensate film on the most part of the heat transfer surface. For tubes with relatively large fins the proposed model describes vapor condensation almost completely,meanwhile, the mass vapor quality by the time of filling of the grooves reaches 0.01–0.05. The highest heat transfer intensification was obtained for “sharp fins” with a high value of the fin head curvature. Comparison of results of calculation by the model with results of the known experiments on water vapor condensation yields a good qualitative and quantitative agreement for low vapor velocities at the channel inlet (under 30 m/s). The wall thermal conductivity coefficient value affects significantly the condensation efficiency.     

Flow condensing heat transfer of R410A,R22, and R32 inside a micro-fin tube

An experimental study of condensation heat transfer characteristics of flow inside horizontal micro-fin tubes is carried out using R410A, R22, and R32 as the test fluids. This study especially focuses on the influence of heat transfer area upon the condensation heat transfer coefficients. The test sections were made of double tubes using the counter-flow type; the refrigerants condensation inside the test tube enabled heat to exchange with cooling water that flows from the annular side. The saturation temperature and pressure of the refrigerants were measured at the inlet and outlet of the test sections to defined state of refrigerants, and the surface temperatures of the tube were measured. A differential pressure transducer directly measured the pressure drops in the test section. The heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops were calculated using the experimental data. The condensation heat transfer coefficient was measured at the saturation temperature of 48°C with mass fluxes of 50–380 kg/(m²s) and heat fluxes of 3–12 kW/m². The values of experimental heat transfer coefficient results are compared with the predicted values from the existing correlations in the literature, and a new condensation heat transfer coefficient correlation is proposed.     

Heat Transfer Characteristics for Condensation of R134a in a Vertical Smooth Tube

In this study, condensation of pure refrigerant R134a vapor inside a smooth vertical tube was experimentally investigated. The test section was made of a copper tube with inside diameter of 7.52 mm and length of 1 m. Experimental tests were conducted for mass fluxes in the range of 20–175 kg/m²s with saturation pressure ranging between 5.8 and 7 bar. The effects of mass flux, saturation pressure, and temperature difference between the refrigerant and tube inner wall (ΔT) on the heat transfer performance were analyzed through experimental data. Obtained results showed that average condensation heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing saturation pressure or temperature difference (ΔT). In addition, for the same temperature difference (ΔT), heat can be removed from the refrigerant at a higher rate at relatively low pressure values. Under the same operating conditions, it was shown that average condensation heat transfer coefficient increases as mass flux increases. Finally, the most widely used heat transfer coefficient correlations for condensation inside smooth tubes were analyzed through the experimental data. The best fit was obtained with Akers et al.'s (1959) correlation with an absolute mean deviation of 22.6%.     

HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP MEASUREMENTS FOR IN-TUBE CONDENSATION OF CFC-113 USING MICROFIN TUBES AND WIRE INSERTS

Accurate, repeatable heat transfer and pressure-drop measurements have been made for condensation of CFC-113 with downflow inside enhanced microfin tubes and tubes containing twisted-wire inserts. In the latter case measurements have also been made for CFC-113/air mixtures. The heat transfer rate was calculated from the coolant flow rate and temperature rise, the latter measured using a 10-junction thermopile with careful attention paid to adequate coolant mixing and isothermal immersion of the thermopile leads. The surface temperature was found from thermocouples embedded in the tube wall. One plain tube, nine microfin tubes (with different fin heights, helix angles, and number of fins), and four twisted-wire inserts (with different wire densities) were tested. Enhancement ratios (i.e., vapor-side heat transfer coefficient for the enhanced tube divided by that for a smooth tube at the same vapor-side temperature difference and vapor inlet velocity) between 1.6 and 5.6 for the microfin tubes and between 1.2 and 1.6 for the twisted-wire inserts were found, with values depending on vapor-side temperature difference, vapor inlet velocity, and air inlet mole fraction in the case of CFC-113/air mixtures. The microfin tubes showed moderate pressure-drop penalties of around 50% compared to the plain tube, while the twisted-wire inserts showed increasing pressure-drop penalty with increasing wire density.     

非共沸工质R134a /R245fa的管内冷凝换热特性研究

为研究非共沸工质的冷凝换热特性,本文基于Nusselt理论,建立了竖直圆管内非共沸混合蒸汽的冷凝模型,研究了不同质量比例的R134a/R245fa在不同条件下的冷凝换热特性,结果表明:混合蒸汽质量比例不同,两种组分的露点温度不同,混合物的冷凝特性不同,低沸点组分的气-液相份额差是表征传质阻力的关键因素;混合蒸汽质量比例、质量流速、壁面温度、压力是影响非共沸混合工质冷凝换热的重要因素。     

一种内螺纹强化管的冷凝实验研究

实验研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A、R22在水平强化管内冷凝换热特性,探索了热流密度、水流速度对换热特性、压降的影响。实验测试管为内螺纹强化管,长度为5.2 m,外径为9.52 mm。实验结果表明:制冷剂R410A、R22的传热系数和压降随热流密度的增大而增大,同时内螺纹管的换热系数还随管外冷却水流量的增加而升高,压降随冷凝温度的升高而降低,而R410A比R22有更好的换热效率和较小的压降。     

水蒸汽在水平三维微肋管内的凝结换热及阻力特性

本文以水蒸汽为工质对水平三维微肋管内凝结换热及阻力特性进行了实验研究．与光管和二维管相比，在相同条件下，实验中效果最好的T3管全长平均凝结换热系数分别提高了113％～410％和20％～65％，同时，与二维管相比流动阻力增加较小，最大值不超过6．3％．比较另两种管型（T1，T2管）也证明三维管以较小的流阻增加为代价换取了明显的强化效果．     

新型制冷机冷凝器壳侧的传热强化研究

针对现行制冷机冷凝器的不足 ,设计了适用于冷凝传热的新型折流杆冷凝器的壳程内部结构 ,并分析了其传热强化机理。在重力控制条件下 ,对不同内部支承结构与管束组合的冷凝器进行了传热实验研究 ,得到了水蒸汽在冷凝器壳侧的冷凝传热特性曲线。采用冷凝传热强化因子的概念 ,建立了预测该种折流杆冷凝器壳侧冷凝传热膜系数的计算公式 ,为折流杆冷疑器在制冷系统中的设计应用提供了理论依据。