Ion-exchange separation of metal cations on a dodecylsulphate-coated C 18 column in the presence of complexing agents

Summary The mechanism of the separation of selected transition and heavy metals on a C 18 column permanently coated with sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) in the presence of complexing agents (tartrate and oxalate anions) was investigated. The effect of the ligand concentration and of the mobile phase pH on the retention of analytes was studied in the first place. Relations were established between the capacity factor of the analytes and the ligand concentration in the mobile phase on the assumption that the retention is governed by an ion-exchange mechanism. It was found that in most cases the reciprocal value of the capacity factor is a linear function of the ligand concentration (at constant concentration of the eluting cation), which is consistent with the derived relations.     

Extraction separation of rare-earth elements by amines in the presence of complexing agents

The extraction separation of La and Sm by benzyldibutylamine (BDBA) from an aqueous solution containing 6 mol·dm^–3 NaNO₃ and 0.5 mol·dm^–3 HNO₃ is not very efficient. It may remarkably be improved by addition of a complexing agent, 2-hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA). The effect of preferential La extraction into the organic phase together with the effect of preferential complexation of Sm in the aqueous phase may lead, by proper choice of the complexing agent concentration, to a 7–10 fold increase in _La/Sm values. The procedure described here enables fairly good separation of a major from minor elements.     

Ion-chromatographic separation of metal cations in the presence of a-hydroxyisobutyric acid

Separations of metal cations on a column packed with the strongly acidic cation exchanger Separon SGX CX were investigated in the presence of -hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) in the mobile phase. A retention model based on the general theory of side equilibria was elaborated and relations describing dependences of capacity factors of analytes on the compositon of the mobile phase were derived. Effects of HIBA concentration and pH of the mobile phase on the analyte retention were studied in detail. Stability constants of divalent metal cations (Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺) with HIBA were calculated from the experimental dependences of the reciprocal values of capacity factors on the ligand concentration.     

Ion-interaction chromatographic studies on metal ions completed with Plasmocorinth B dye

The ion-interaction chromatographic behaviour of Plasmocorinth B (a disulphonated azo dye) and of its complexes formed with metal ions in oxidation states + 2 and + 3 (Cu²⁺ Ni²⁺, Al³⁺, CO³⁺, Fe³⁺, Ga³⁺) was investigated. The effect of cationic ion-pairing agents (tetramethyl-, benzyltrimethyl- and tetrabutylammonium) was also evaluated in the presence of alkali metal ions competitors (Li⁺ and Na⁺). The effects of organic modifier and of pH were also considered. The remarkably different behaviour of the ligand and the complexes suggests the formation of M(II)L⁻ and M(III)L₂²⁻. The stoichiometry of complexes was confirmed by applying the electrostatic theory derived from Gouy-Chapman and a modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm to the experimental data.     

Molecular clips based on diphenylglycoluril and benzocrown ethers: promising complexing agents for the alkali metal cations

The interaction of new molecular clips containing diphenylglycoluril and benzocrown ethers moieties with alkali metals ions was studied. Stability constants were determined by spectrophotometric titrations with chloride salts in methanol. Complex stability and cation binding selectivity were shown to be dependent on the size of the crown ether moiety. The “sandwich-type” 1:1 (clip to cation) complexes and the “classical” 1:2 complexes were found. Their ratio varies depending on the molecular clips nature and on the cation type. It was found an unexpected selectivity of the molecular clip with benzo-15-crown-5 moieties toward K⁺ and Rb⁺ cations. The molecular structure of the clip complex with benzo-15-crown-5 fragments and sodium picrate was determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure and solution-state structure were proven to be similar.     

Microamount extraction separation of Eu(III) in the presence of lanthanide macroamounts and complexing agents in the aqueous phase

Parallel extraction (coextraction) of several elements is a phenomenon in technological processes where extraction is applied as a separation method. On the basis of the stability constants, it is possible to derive simple expressions for the prediction of effects of a complexing agent. The proposed mathematical model, the validity of which was verified by comparison with experimental data, proved to be a suitable approximation of real systems. From the technological point of view, the method presented enables to simulate the purification process of a macrocomponent according to the known dependences D_Mi,Ma=f(c _Ma ^o ).     

The separation of beryllium from polyvalent cations with a diallyl phosphate complexing resin

The complexing polymer sodium diallyl phosphate (NaDAP) when used in conjunction with disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (Na₂EDTA) separates beryllium quantitatively from alkaline earths (Ca and Sr), ferric and divalent cations of the first transitional period, aluminium and lanthanides, cadmium and mercury(II), bismuth and polonium(IV). The high affinity of NaDAP for beryllium should permit its concentration by several orders of magnitude, when present as a minor or trace component in a mixture of polyvalent cations. The results are compared with those obtained using sulphonated resin.     

Synthesis and evaluation of 3-acyltetronic acid-containing metal complexing agents

Potential metal chelators containing one or several acyltetronic acid moieties were prepared from cyclic or acyclic amines and polyamines, and from bis(phenols) by reaction with 1–4 equiv of 3-bromoacetyltetronic acid in the presence of potassium carbonate. The affinity constants of the chelating agents for toxic metallic cations Cd²⁺, Cs⁺, and Pb²⁺ and for dimethylarsinic acid were measured, at pH 7.5 and 9.3. Compound 4, an acyclic triamine containing four acyltetronic moieties, was found to complex efficiently all the tested species.     

Ion chromatographic separation of alkali metal and ammonium cations on a C18 reversed-phase column

The separation of alkali metal (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺) and ammonium cations on a C₁₈ reversed-phase column using three anionic surfactants [sodium 1-eicosyl sulphate, sodium dodecyl benzenesulphonate and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)] is described. Two methods were examined: (a) “permanent” coating, with the use of a C₁₈ reversed-phase column previously coated with the surfactants; and (b) dynamic coating, with addition of the surfactants to the mobile phase. With method (a) the separation of the six cations was achieved with SDS. However, the retention times gradually decreased owing to dissolution of the SDS coating. Good separation was obtained with method (b), where 10 mM HNO₃ containing 0.1 mM SDS was used as the mobile phase with conductivity detection, and it was applied satisfactorily to real samples. The effect of system peaks on determination is also discussed.     

Epoxy resin modified with amine as an effective complexing agent of metal cations

A simple synthesis of a material capable of metal cation removal is proposed. The material was a derivative of epoxy resin containing amine groups. It is insoluble in water and in this study it was characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The sorbent obtained was tested for its ability to remove coper(II), cadmium(II) and lead(II) from water solutions. The tests were performed for different concentrations of metal ions (10–200 mg L^?1) and at different pH (2.0–9.0). The effects of temperature and stirring time, as well as reusability of the sorbent were also studied in batch experiments. In the optimum conditions, the decrease in the cation concentration in aqueous solutions was observed in the order Cu>Pb>Cd but for each ion the decrease was at least 50% of the initial concentration. The sorbent has demonstrated high effectiveness in cation sorption and after regeneration it can be applied repeatedly in the process described.      

The ion chromatographic separation of high valence metal cations using a neutral polystyrene resin dynamically modified with dipicolinic acid

A neutral polystyrene resin column, dynamically loaded with dipicolinic acid at a concentration of 0.1 mM in 1 M potassium nitrate eluent, was investigated for the separation characteristics of a number of high valence metal cations over the pH range 0-3. The metal species studied were Th(IV), U(VI), Zr(IV), Hf(IV), Ti(IV), Sn(IV), V(IV) and V(V), Fe(III) and Bi(III), of which Ti(IV), Sn(IV), V(IV) and Fe(III) did not show any retention. For the remaining metal ions, significant retention was obtained with good peak shapes, except for Th(IV), which moved only slightly from the solvent front with some tailing. The retention order at pH 0.3 was Th(IV) < V(V) < Bi(III) < U(VI) < Hf(IV) < Zr(IV). A notable feature of this separation system was the high selectivity shown for uranium, zirconium and hafnium, the last two being nearly resolved in 15 min on the relatively short 10 cm column.     

Syntheses of diethyleneoxy bridged cryptophanes and their complexing abilities with alkali metal and alkylammonium cations

Abstract

The anti- and syn-diethyleneoxy bridged cryptophanes (3a and 3b) were prepared by the direct trimerization of 1,5-bis[(4-hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-3-oxapentane, which was obtained by the reaction of diethyleneglycol ditosylate with vanillyl alcohol and/or by stepwise methods from vanillyl alcohol. The syn isomer (3b) showed highly selective complexing abilities for cesium, and the tetraethylammonium and triethylmethylammonium cations as compared with those of the anti isomer (3a).     

Liquid chromatographic separation and UV determination of certain antihypertensive agents

Three antihypertensive agents were extracted and isolated from commercial formulations. These were purified and characterized by melting point, lambdamax and IR. The percentage recovery by extraction process was in the range 81-91%. Active ingredients from binary formulations were separated by RP-HPLC using methanol-water (50:50 v/v) and by TLC using CHCl3-CH3OH (6:1) as mobile phase. Detection was by UV at 210 nm in HPLC, and by iodine vapors in TLC. The solvent conditions from TLC were transferred to open column chromatographic separation. Quantitative determination was carried out using TLC and column chromatography supplemented with UV spectrophotometry. Recovery was in the range 82-93%. Two combination of drugs, viz. amlodipine+ramipril and amlodipine+enalapril, were separated by the three modes of liquid chromatography. The percentage recovery was in the range 80-92% by open column.     

Ion chromatographic separation of hydrogen ion and other common mono- and divalent cations

We introduced an approach to the ion chromatographic determination of common mono- and divalent cations including hydrogen ion and demonstrated the ability of a C30 column dynamically coated first with dodecylsulfate and then with 18-crown-6 ether to separate the cations by ion-exchange mechanism. Using an ethylenediamine solution containing a small concentration of 18-crown-6 ether and lithium dodecylsulfate at pH 6.2 as eluent, the cations were eluted in the order Li < Na+ < NH4+ < H+ < K+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ with symmetrical peaks. The conductivity vs. concentration plots were linear about three orders of magnitude, from millimolar to micromolar; and the detection limits were all < 0.6 microM. Rainwater was analyzed directly using this ion chromatographic system with satisfactory results.     

Adsorption of tetracycline onto goethite in the presence of metal cations and humic substances

Adsorption of tetracycline, one of the most widely used antibiotics, onto goethite was studied as a function of pH, metal cations, and humic acid (HA) over a pH range 3-10. Five background electrolyte cations (Li(+), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+)) with a concentration of 0.01 M showed little effect on the tetracycline adsorption at the studied pH range. While the divalent heavy metal cation, Cu(2+), could significantly enhance the adsorption and higher concentration of Cu(2+), stronger adsorption was found. The results indicated that different adsorption mechanisms might be involved for the two types of cations. Background electrolyte cations hardly interfere with the interaction between tetracycline and goethite surfaces because they only form weak outer-sphere surface complexes. On the contrary, Cu(2+) could enhance the adsorption via acting as a bridge ion to form goethite-Cu(2+)-tetracycline surface complex because Cu(2+) could form strong and specific inner-sphere surface complexes. HA showed different effect on the tetracycline sorption under different pH condition. The presence of HA increased tetracycline sorption dramatically under acidic condition. Results indicated that heavy metal cations and soil organic matters have great effects on the tetracycline mobility in the soil environment and eventually affect its exposure concentration and toxicity to organisms.     

The effect of surfactants,cations and complexing agents on the spectrophotometric determination of microgram amounts of uranium in waters

Summary Cationic, anionic and non-ionic detergents, phosphate, soap, citric acid, Alamine-336 and mineral oil at concentrations of 100 mg/l do not interfere in the bromo-PADAP method for uranium. Iron(III), nickel(II), copper(II), chromium(III) and vanadium(V) give additive errors, but do not interfere when present at the concentrations usual in waters. Vanadium(V) interference can be minimized by reducing vanadium(V) to (IV). Sodium tripolyphosphate (100 mg/l) and sodium pyrophosphate (20 mg/l) interfere badly, but the addition of 2 mg of thorium restores recovery to 97–98%. NTA and EDTA interfere slightly, giving recoveries of 96–97%. Provided that the water is not grossly contaminated by metals, uranium can be determined in fresh water at concentrations of 20g/l and in saline waters at 60g/l.

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Die Wirkung von Schaummitteln, Kationen und Komplexbildnern auf die spektrophotometrische Bestimmung von Mikrogrammengen Uran in Wässern

Zusammenfassung Kationische, anionische und nicht-ionisierbare Detergentien, Phosphate, Seifen, Zitronensäure, Alamin-336 und Mineralöl in Mengen von 100 mg/1 stören die Uranbestimmung mit 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diäthylamino- phenol (Brom-PADAP) nicht. Eisen(III), Nickel(II), Kupfer(II), Chrom(III) und Vanadin(V) verursachen additive Fehler, stören aber in Konzentrationen, wie sie üblicherweise in Wässern auftreten, nicht. Die Störung durch Vanadin(V) kann durch dessen Reduktion zur 4wertigen Form minimalisiert werden. Natriumtripolyphosphat (100 mg/l) und Natriumpyrophosphat (20 mg/l) stören stark, aber der Zusatz von 2 mg Thorium gewährleistet Ergebnisse von 97–98%. NTA und ÄDTA stören geringfügig und führen zu Resultaten von 96–97%. Vorausgesetzt, das Wasser ist nicht sehr stark durch Metalle verunreinigt, läßt sich Uran in frischen Wasserproben in Mengen von 20 mg/l, in Salinenwässern in Mengen von 60 mg/l bestimmen.