Electrohydraulic effect in heterodisperse water-plant systems. II. Chemical nature of the suspended particles

On the basis of the results of acid hydrolysis, chromatographic analysis of the hydrolysates, and a study of IR spectra, it has been established that the suspended particles liberated under the action of electrohydraulic shocks on heterodisperse water—plant systems consist of small fragments of the lignocarbohydrate complex of the plant tissue.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. FAX (3712) 62 73 48. Division of Wood Chemistry, Irkutsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Solar and Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, FAX (395-3) 46 25 57. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 435–439, May–June, 1994.     

Electrohydraulic effect in water-plant heterodisperse systems. IV. Alkaline hydrolysis of a solid residue

The alkaline hydrolysis of plant material subjected to electrohydraulic shock leads to an increase in the yield of phenolcarboxylic acids. This may be a consequence of the cleavage of ester and ether bonds in the lignins of the samples investigated.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 40 64 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 753–755, September–October, 1997.     

Electrohydraulic effect in water-plant heterodisperse systems I. Compositions of the solid residue and the aqueous phase

The electrohydraulic (EH) treatment of water-plant heterodisperse systems leads to the partial degradation of the main components of the plant materials: lignin, cellulose, and carbohydrates. The presence of p-hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl structures has been established on the basis of the results of the GLC analysis of the ether-extracted phenolic products of plant materials subjected to EH treatment. It has been shown that part of the carbohydrates passes into the aqueous phase in the form of free monosaccharides: pentoses and hexoses. Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. Siberian Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere, and the Propagation of Radio Waves, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 707–711, November–December, 1992.     

Electrohydraulic effect in water-plant heterodisperse systems I. Compositions of the solid residue and the aqueous phase

The electrohydraulic (EH) treatment of water-plant heterodisperse systems leads to the partial degradation of the main components of the plant materials: lignin, cellulose, and carbohydrates. The presence of p-hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl structures has been established on the basis of the results of the GLC analysis of the ether-extracted phenolic products of plant materials subjected to EH treatment. It has been shown that part of the carbohydrates passes into the aqueous phase in the form of free monosaccharides: pentoses and hexoses.Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. Siberian Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere, and the Propagation of Radio Waves, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 707–711, November–December, 1992.     

Electrohydraulic effect in aqueous-plant heterodisperse systems III. A study of the composition of the solid phase and the aqueous phase

By changing the conditions of the electrohydraulic treatment of aqueous plant heterodisperse systems comparatively high degradation of the lignin component of plant tissue has been achieved. In addition to free monosaccharides, their reduced forms have been detected in the aqueous phase. Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 795–798, November–December, 1994.     

Electrohydraulic effect in aqueous-plant heterodisperse systems III. A study of the composition of the solid phase and the aqueous phase

By changing the conditions of the electrohydraulic treatment of aqueous plant heterodisperse systems comparatively high degradation of the lignin component of plant tissue has been achieved. In addition to free monosaccharides, their reduced forms have been detected in the aqueous phase.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 795–798, November–December, 1994.     

Taylor dispersion in systems of sedimenting nonspherical Brownian particles : II. Homogeneous ellipsoidal particles

An Aris-type moment scheme is applied to calculate the Taylor-Aris dispersion tensor for the sedimentation of small homogeneous ellipsoidal (and other orthotropic) particles settling under the influence of gravity in a quiescent viscous fluid and undergoing rotational and translational Brownian motions. This generalizes to triaxial particles a prior dispersion result for centrally symmetric bodies of revolution, such as spheroids. An independent Langevin-type dispersivity calculation is shown to yield results identical to those obtained by the moment scheme. The components and of the transversely isotropic dispersion dyadic, parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the direction of the gravitational field, are shown to be given by the Taylor—Aris-type formulasHere, is the mean settling velocity of the particle, and and

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and (d₁,d₂,d₃) respectively the appropriate diffusivity components along the principal axes of the particle. The dimensionless coefficient γ, which is of order unity, is given by the formulaThis anisometric parameter vanishes identically for spherical particles and other hydrodynamically isotropic particles (e.g., cubes, tetrahedra, octahedra, etc.) whose translational and rotational hydrodynamic resistances are independent of the orientation of the particle relative to the directions of its linear and angular velocity vectors. Upon utilizing the translational and rotational Stokes-Einstein equations, explicit numerical values of and are furnished for ellipsoids of revolution of various aspect ratios and sizes when settling in water. Physical restrictions pertaining to sedimentation-vessel apparatus size and the requirement of reasonable sedimentation times greatly restrict the range of particle sizes whose anisometric properties may be experimentally investigated by this new particle-shape characterization technique.     

Intercomparison of suspended particles sampling methodologies

Sampling and sample preparation/processing are known to carry large, but typically unknown uncertainty contribution to the final analytical data and there is a lack of qualitative and quantitative data on the comparability of results achieved by the different sampling methods. To this end, an intercomparison programme was founded by the European Commission, in which different institutions participated using their own ”in-situ” methods (”ANPA”, ”EDF” and ”MIDIYA”) for collection of water and suspended material in freshwater bodies. The main criterion for this intercomparison was the agreement among the ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations in the dissolved phase (Bq l^–1), those associated with the suspended particles (Bq g^–1) and the concentrations of total suspended material (TSM) in the water body (mg l^–1). The results show that the sampling systems provide TSM concentration results with low accuracy; on the contrary, they are recommended for the determination of ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in the dissolved phase. Concerning the determination of radiocaesium activity concentration in the suspended particles, the ”EDF” system provides the more reliable results. Received: 10 December 2001 Accepted: 4 March 2002     

Laser-ultramicroscopic method of determining suspended particles in high-purity liquids

Two main types of impurities in high-purity liquids have been determined. One consists of suspended particles of sub-mum size, and optical counters are the most suitable for their determination. Their main characteristics are given. The errors of suspended particle determination are discussed. The data on particles dispersion composition and concentration in some high purity liquids as well as on their nature are given.     

Acoustic control of suspended particles in micro fluidic chips

A method to separate suspended particles from their medium in a continuous mode at microchip level is described. The method combines an ultrasonic standing wave field with the extreme laminar flow properties obtained in a silicon micro channel. The channel was 750 microm wide and 250 microm deep with vertical side walls defined by anisotropic wet etching. The suspension comprised "Orgasol 5 microm" polyamide spheres and distilled water. The channel was perfused by applying an under pressure (suction) to the outlets. The channel was ultrasonically actuated from the back side of the chip by a piezoceramic plate. When operating the acoustic separator at the fundamental resonance frequency the acoustic forces were not strong enough to focus the particles into a well defined single band in the centre of the channel. The frequency was therefore changed to about 2 MHz, the first harmonic with two pressure nodes in the standing wave, and consequently two lines of particles were formed which were collected via the side outlets. Two different microchip separator designs were investigated with exit channels branching off from the separation channel at angles of 90 degrees and 45 degrees respectively. The 45 degrees separator displayed the most optimal fluid dynamic properties and 90% of the particles were gathered in 2/3 of the original fluid volume.     

Adsorption-entanglement layers in flowing high molecular weight polymer solutions II. The effect of the nature of the surface

Adsorption-entanglement layers are thick, i.e. multimolecular, layers formed at solid surfaces from solutions of high molecular weight polymers in a state of flow. This publication, the second part of a series of four, is concerned with the effect that the chemical nature of the surface has on formation of these layers. It is shown that for the solutions of polyethylene (PE) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) the layers form most readily on carbon surfaces. Further it is shown that in the case of PE, addition of aluminium stearate can prevent formation of the layers along steel surfaces.These and other effects reported in the paper all bear on actual situations encountered in rheological practice and in particular on the measurement of viscosities. It is concluded that the marked dependence of layer formation on the chemical nature and treatment of the surface is responsible for the differences in viscosity measurements featuring in earlier works by different authors.     

Freshwater suspended particles: An intercomparison of long-term integrating sampling systems used for environmental radioactivity monitoring

Summary Sampling and sample preparation are known to carry large, but typically unknown uncertainty contributions to the final analytical data and there is a lack of qualitative and quantitative data on the comparability of results achieved by different sampling methods. To this end an intercomparison exercise was carried out to compare different methods for the collection of suspended material used for the monitoring of environmental radioactivity in freshwater bodies.This paper presents the results of this intercomparison exercise in which “in situ”particulate sampling devices were compared in field exercises performed in the Kiev Reservoir (Ukraine) and in the Po River (Italy). The main criterion for this intercomparison was the agreement among the¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations associated with the suspended particles expressed as Bq^. g^-1and among the (C/N) molar ratios measured on the suspended particles. In addition, an estimate of the uncertainties associated with each measuring method has been performed.     

DNA diffusion in aqueous solution in presence of suspended particles

Although nanoparticles, which are comparable in size to polymer chains, are widely used as fillers to polymer matrices for developing functional and high performance materials, the dynamics of polymers constrained between solid particles has not been well elucidated. In this study, dynamics of individual polymer under such condition was investigated with fluorescent microscopy using DNA solutions as model systems. For individual T4 and λ DNA molecules in aqueous suspensions of spherical polystyrene particles with diameter of 1 μm, it was found that (i) the radius of gyration of DNA is independent of the particle volume fraction, ?_p, (ii) DNA diffusion is not sensitive to ?_p up to a certain critical ?_p where the average distance between particle surfaces is close to DNA size, and (iii) the DNA diffusion becomes slower at higher ?_p. The diffusion coefficient of DNA was larger, by a factor of 2, in the suspensions at intermediate ?_p than in the corresponding confined geometry (channel/slit between fixed walls), whereas this difference asymptotically vanished with increasing ?_p. This result suggested that the DNA diffusion in the suspensions with intermediate ?_p is accelerated by the particle motion. In fact, the diffusion coefficient measured for DNA in the suspensions was semiquantitatively described by the Rouse constraint‐release model considering the matrix effect on the probe chain diffusion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1103–1111, 2009     

The origin of the surface charge on particles suspended in organic liquids

Donor-acceptor interactions between a solid surface and an organic liquid lead to the creation of surface charge and counterions in the liquid. In simple systems, the energy levels of the solid and the liquid determine the direction of electron transfer and the sign of the surface charge. Our experimental results show that the surface charge and counterions can be formed either by a direct electron transfer as in the case of the metal-organic liquid or by an ion transfer due to the heterolysis of the donor-acceptor complex formed at the surface. The latter case includes many inorganic solid materials. Inorganic oxides bearing hydroxyl groups acquire their charge by a proton transfer mechanism. The proton affinity of the liquid was found to correlate with the sign of the surface charge on various inorganic solids. This result was consistent for both aprotic donor and amphoteric liquids. The various mechanisms leading to the formation of the surface charge in organic liquids are reviewed and a systematic approach to the phenomenon is provided.     

Surface tension minimum in ionic surfactant systems II. The effect of oil reservoirs

A model is developed to examine the effect of an oil reservoir on the surface tension of the air—water interface in the presence of ionizable surfactant. The minimum in the surface tension as a function of pH previously found for the case where there is no oil (and ascribed to the presence at low pH of undissolved surfactant) can also occur in the presence of an oil phase even when the system does not have an aqueous solubility edge.The oil—water interface is also discussed. The theory predicts the spontaneous emulsification of the oil—water systems over a range of pH.     

Studies on Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Part IV. Chemical nature of the active site

The determination of the number of sites active in the polymerization of ethylene on the surface of α-TiCl₃–Al(CH₃)₃ dry catalysts leads to the conclusion that this number is small in comparison to the total surface of the catalyst. Qualitatively this conclusion is also reached by two other independent methods. Infrared spectra of the catalyst before and after polymerization do not show a change in the type of bonds present in the surface. Electron microscopy proves that no active sites are formed on the basal plane of the α-TiCl₃ which constitutes 95% of the total surface. The results strongly favor the lateral faces of α-TiCl₃ as the preferred location of active centers. The lateral faces contain chlorine vacancies and incompletely coordinated titanium atoms. This must then be the essential conditions for the formation of active centers. The propagation of the polymer chain has been repeatedly shown to follow an insertion mechanism. The active site, therefore, necessarily contains a metal–carbon bond. The study of catalysts derived from TiCl₃CH₃ leads to the conclusion that a Ti? C bond on titanium of incomplete coordination is the active species in these cases. The alkylation of surface titanium atoms was proven to be an intermediate step in the catalyst formation from TiCl₃ and AlR₃. Survival of titanium–alkyl bonds on the lateral faces, where titanium atoms are incompletely coordinated explains best, in the light of our data, the activity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Coordination of aluminum alkyl compounds in or around the active center probably complicates the structure of the active centers.     

Studies on the nature of hydrated zinc oxide. Part II

Summary Three samples of hydrated zinc oxide have been precipitated with (1) 10% deficient alkali (2) just equivalent and (3) 10% excess alkali. The adsorption of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions by these three samples have been studied at two different temperatures. It has been found that adsorption of hydroxyl ions is maximum with sample (1) whereas sample (3) adsorbs hydrogen ions preferentiably. Ageing and heating decreases the adsorption of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Ageing is more prominent for sample (3). The effect of ageing of the different samples has been explained from the amphoteric behaviour of the hydrated zinc oxide.

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Zusammenfassung Drei Proben von hydratisiertem Zinkoxyd wurden mit 10% Unterschu? (1) mit ?quivalenter Menge (2) und mit 10% überschu? (3) an Alkali ausgef?llt. Die Adsorption von Wasserstoff und Hydroxylionen wurde an diesen Proben bei zwei verschiedenen Temperaturen untersucht. Probe 1 adsorbiert die Hydroxylionen maximal, w?hrend Probe 3 bevorzugt den Wasserstoff adsorbiert. Altern und Erhitzen vermindert die Adsorption, Alterung ist besonders für die Probe 3 ausgepr?gt. Der Effekt der Alterung der verschiedenen Proben wurde wiederum durch den amphoteren Charakter des Zinkoxyds erkl?rt.

     

Chemical analysis on the microgram scale. II

Summary The separation and identification of lead, mercurous mercury, silver and tungstate on the microgram scale are described, these ions being treated as Group II of a non-H₂S schematic analysis.

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Zusammenfassung Trennung und Nachweis der Elemente Blei, Quecksilber(I), Silber und Wolfram werden für die Ausführung im Mikrogramm-Maßstab beschrieben. Diese Ionen werden als 2. Gruppe eines Analysenganges behandelt, der nicht dem Schwefelwasserstoffgang entspricht.

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Résumé On décrit la séparation et l'identification du plomb, du mercure mercureux, de l'argent et du tungstène à l'échelle du microgramme, ces ions étant considérés comme formant le groupe II d'une analyse schématique sans H₂S.