Multiple-pulse coherence enhancement of solid state spin qubits

We describe how the spin coherence time of a localized electron spin in solids, i.e., a solid state spin qubit, can be prolonged by applying designed electron spin resonance pulse sequences. In particular, the spin echo decay due to the spectral diffusion of the electron spin resonance frequency induced by the non-Markovian temporal fluctuations of the nuclear spin flip-flop dynamics can be strongly suppressed using multiple-pulse sequences akin to the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence in nuclear magnetic resonance. Spin coherence time can be enhanced by factors of 4-10 in GaAs quantum-dot and Si:P quantum computer architectures using composite sequences with an even number of pulses.     

Concentrated spin glass state in solid solutions of antiferromagnetic garnets

Conclusion Experimental data obtained in the present work provide evidence for the fact that in magnetic dielectrics with competing exchange interactions, and in particular, in compounds with the garnet structure, various disordered phases of the spin glass type may be realized. The peculiarity of these phases lies in the fact that they occur in magnetically concentrated systems, and their nature is not related to any of the mechanism of spin glass state noted in the introduction. For this reason, physical properties of solid solutions of antiferromagnetic garnets, in which spin glass state is observed, apparently, differ from the corresponding characteristics of traditional spin glasses. In particular, our measurements have shown that the character of the maximum in dependence in MnFeG does not depend on whether the sample was cooled in a magnetic field below T_o or in the absence of the field. We were also not successful in observing any signs of relaxation behavior in MnFeG magnetization when the field was turned on and off. In CaFeCrG, there is no frequency dependence of the maximum of (T).On the other hand, the microscopic mechanism of formation of a spin glass state in the garnets studied is undoubtfully related to frustrations which occur because of the peculiar topology of exchange interactions in the garnet structure. In this sense, MnFeG, CaFeCrG, and MnFeCrG may be characterized as topological spin glasses occurring in solid solutions of those antiferromagnetic garnets which have different propagation vectors of magnetic structures.In conclusion, we note that results that we have obtained point to the existence in solid solutions of magnetic dielectrics with antiferromagnetic exchange interactions of compounds with qualitatively new, peculiar magnetic properties, and from this point of view it is of great interest to study them further.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 91–104, October, 1984.     

Electron spin relaxation studies of La@C82 in the solid state by EPR

The temperature dependence of EPR spectrum of La@C₈₂ in the powder of empty C₆₀ and C₇₀ mixed crystals was studied by EPR spectroscopy employing X- and Q-band microwave frequencies. The rigid limit spectra (at 4.2 K for the X-band and at 132 K for the Q-band) could be analyzed by static spectral simulation which yielded the EPR parameters,g _‖=2.0021,g _⊥=1.9970,^La A _⊥=7.8 MHz,^La A _‖～0 MHz and an isotropic¹³C coupling value of about 3 MHz. For higher temperatures an appreciable motional averaging effect was observed and the spectra were analyzed by using dynamic spectral simulation based on the stochastic Liouville equation, where we assumed an isotropic rotational motion with the Brownian diffusion. The calculated spectra reproduced the dominant feature of the temperature dependence of the spectra almost satisfactorily for both the X-and Q-band frequencies with the appropriate rotational correlation times. The Arrhenius plots of the correlation time gave two activation energies of 0.9 kcal/mol and 2.9–3.8 kcal/mol for the temperatures below and above 200 K, respectively.     

Nonadiabatic rate processes on metal surface: Limitation by spin conversion

Rate processes occurring on a metal surface may sometimes be limited by spin conversion. We present a generic model describing this case. The results obtained are compared with the conventional two-state Landau-Zener model and with a multistate model implying one-electron transfer between the reactant and the metal. In this context, the specifics of the dissociative adsorption of O₂ on Ag(111) are briefly discussed. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

A solid state paramagnetic maser device driven by electron spin injection

In response to an external, microwave-frequency magnetic field, a paramagnetic medium will absorb energy from the field that drives the magnetization dynamics. Here we describe a new process by which an external spin-injection source, when combined with the microwave field spin pumping, can drive the paramagnetic medium from one that absorbs microwave energy to one that emits microwave energy. We derive a simple condition for the crossover from absorptive to emissive behavior. Based on this process, we propose a solid-state, paramagnetic device in which microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation is driven by spin injection.     

Sensitivity enhancement in structural measurements by solid state NMR through pulsed spin locking

Free induction decay (FID) signals in solid state NMR measurements performed with magic angle spinning can often be extended in time by factors on the order of 10 by a simple pulsed spin locking technique. The sensitivity of a structural measurement in which the structural information is contained in the dependence of the integrated FID amplitude on a preceding evolution period can therefore be enhanced substantially by pulsed spin locking in the signal detection period. We demonstrate sensitivity enhancements in a variety of solid state NMR techniques that are applicable to selectively isotopically labeled samples, including 13C-15N rotational echo double resonance (REDOR), 13C-13C dipolar recoupling measurements using the constant-time finite-pulse radio-frequency-driven recoupling (fpRFDR-CT) and constant-time double-quantum-filtered dipolar recoupling (CTDQFD) techniques, and torsion angle measurements using the double quantum chemical shift anisotropy (DQCSA) technique. Further, we demonstrate that the structural information in the solid state NMR data is not distorted by pulsed spin locking in the detection period.     

Gas,liquid and solid state studies of muon spin relaxation in organic radicals

A distinctive field dependence of longitudinal muon spin relaxation in acetone liquid and vapour suggests that modulation of the isotropic hyperfine coupling of the (CH₃)₂COMu radical is the dominant relaxation mechanism. The temperature dependent correlation time extracted from the data then corresponds to the lifetime of the states of internal libration of the molecule. The variation of relaxation rate may also be followed into the solid phase, peaking at the freezing transition.     

Optical detection of spin relaxation processes in the triplet state of the self trapped exciton in alkali halides

The transient response of the triplet self trapped exciton luminescence intensity to a pulsed microwave excitation has been measured for 1.3 K < T < 4.2 K in NaCl, KCl, RbCl, KBr, RbBr and CsBr. The results are quantitatively explained with a theoretical model describing the spin relaxation phenomena as one phonon direct processes. Good agreement is obtained as a function of temperature and magnetic field.     

Nuclear spin conversion in diatomic molecules

A mechanism of the internal interaction in dimers that mixes different nuclear spin modifications has been proposed. It has been shown that the intramolecular current associated with transitions between electronic terms of different parities can generate different magnetic fields on nuclei, leading to transitions between spin modifications and to the corresponding changes in rotational states. In the framework of the known quantum relaxation process, this interaction initiates irreversible conversion of nuclear spin modifications. The estimated conversion rate for nitrogen at atmospheric pressure is quite high (10^?3–10^?5 s^?1).     

Dynamics of spin fluctuations in the Heisenberg paramagnet

The lowest-energy poles of the dynamic spin propagator for the Heisenberg model at T ? T_c are estimated using a gaussian approximation for the second-order memory function. The poles are connected with the observed maxima of the neutron scattering function at large momentum transfer.     

Dynamics of electron spin in undulators

The problem on the evolution of electron spin in inhomogeneous magnetic fields of special type is solved on the basis of the classical Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation. The results obtained are used to analyze the behavior of electron spin in magnetic undulators. Moscow State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 38–40, January, 2000.     

Investigation of the nucleon spin in neutrino processes

The possibility of obtaining new information about the spin properties of the nucleon from observables of the deep-inelastic scattering of neutrinos and antineutrinos on polarized nucleons that is caused by a weak neutral current is discussed.     

Nature of the spin glass state

The nature of the spin glass state is investigated by studying changes to the ground state when a weak perturbation is applied to the bulk of the system. We consider short range models in three and four dimensions and the infinite range Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) and Viana-Bray models. Our results for the SK and Viana-Bray models agree with the replica symmetry breaking picture. The data for the short range models fit naturally a picture in which there are large scale excitations which cost a finite energy but whose surface has a fractal dimension, d(s), less than the space dimension d. We also discuss the possible crossover to other behavior at larger length scales than the sizes studied.     

Nuclear spin conversion of methyl groups

A theory is presented for nuclear spin conversion of methyl groups, where the total spin of the three protons changes fromI=1/2 toI=3/2. The transition may be mediated by the magnetic dipolar interaction of the protons among themselves or with a nearby unpaired electron. In general the excess energy, i.e. the tunnelling energy , is transferred from the spin system to the lattice via the rotor-phonon coupling; for the case of an almost free rotor in the magnetic field of an unpaired electron spin, the direct coupling of the electron-proton interaction to the lattice motion may be the more efficient mechanism. AtT=0 the rate is found to be finite, at high temperatures it shows an Arrhenius behaviour. In the intermediate range, two different power laws may govern the temperature dependence, namely 1/T or 1/T ⁷; the latter is due to two-phonon scattering.     

Spin-to-charge conversion of mesoscopic spin currents

Recent theoretical investigations have shown that spin currents can be generated by passing electric currents through spin-orbit coupled mesoscopic systems. Measuring these spin currents has, however, not been achieved to date. We show how mesoscopic spin currents in lateral heterostructures can be measured with a single-channel voltage probe. In the presence of a spin current, the charge current I(qpc) through the quantum point contact connecting the probe is odd in an externally applied Zeeman field B, while it is even in the absence of spin current. Furthermore, the zero-field derivative ?(B)I(qpc) is proportional to the magnitude of the spin current, with a proportionality coefficient that can be determined in an independent measurement. We confirm these findings numerically.     

Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion

Adiabatic evolution, an important dynamical process in a variety of classical and quantum systems providing a robust way of steering a system into a desired state 1 - 5 , was introduced only recently to frequency conversion 6 - 9 . Adiabatic frequency conversion allowed the achievement of efficient scalable broadband frequency conversion 8 , 9 and was applied successfully to the conversion of ultrashort pulses, demonstrating near‐100% efficiency for ultrabroadband spectrum 10 - 16 . The underlying analogy between undepleted pump nonlinear processes and coherently excited quantum systems was extended in the past few years to multi‐level quantum systems, demonstrating new concepts in frequency conversion, such as complete frequency conversion through an absorption band 17 - 20 . Additionally, the undepleted pump restriction was removed, enabling the exploration of adiabatic processes in the fully nonlinear dynamics regime of nonlinear optics 21 - 26 . In this article, the basic concept of adiabatic frequency conversion is introduced, and recent advances in ultrashort physics, multi‐process systems, and the fully nonlinear dynamics regime are reviewed.     

Dynamics of the infinite-range ising spin glass

The Glauber dynamics of an Ising spin glass with infinite-range interactions and additional static field, h, is investigated near the freezing temperature, T_f. We obtain critical slowing down at and below the de Almeida-Thouless instability line, h_c(T), to order (1?T/T_f)³ with algebraic decay of the spin correlations ～t^?ν, where $\text{ν=}\text{1}\text{2}$ at T_f and $\text{ν≤}\text{1}\text{2}$ for T<T_f.     

Muon spin relaxation in spin gap state of BaVS3

Positive muon spin relaxation measurements were performed on a spin-1/2 system BaVS₃, which shows a metal-insulator transition at T_MI= 70 K. We found a marked muon-spin depolarization below T_X= 30 K without appreciable critical divergence. The possibility of muonium formation in the insulating state rather than electron spin freezing is discussed taking into account the quenching of V spins evidenced by ⁵¹V NMR and NQR measurements. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.