红外光谱法研究交联淀粉的退化行为

用红外光谱研究了交联淀粉的退化过程, 结果表明, 交联淀粉具有与原淀粉大分子类似的退化过程, 即淀粉大分子临近的链段间形成双螺旋局部有序化结构, 再进一步规则地排列成结晶有序的结构. 由于交联键的限制, 交联淀粉的有序化过程相对较慢、 程度较低, 而且当交联度过高时无法形成结晶结构.     

分子动力学方法研究单链聚乙烯的结晶过程

用分子动力学方法（ＭＤ）研究了单链聚乙烯在不同温度（１００Ｋ、２００Ｋ、３００Ｋ、４００Ｋ、５００Ｋ）下的结晶过程,并用能量和结构参数进行了描述．结果表明伸直分子链的结晶过程都经历了三个阶段,首先是伸直链的卷曲与聚集,然后通过链段的排列形成规整的片晶结构,最后是结晶形成的片晶在结构与能量上的涨落变化。研究表明,结晶温度越高,分子链的内聚速度越快．研究发现,分子链在内聚阶段经历一个局部凝聚的中间状态,在结晶温度很低（１００Ｋ）时,局部凝聚的结构是有序的．而在５００Ｋ时,该结构为无规线团．结晶温度的差异,一般来说,将导致得到的片晶厚度的不同．对于模拟的单链,随着结晶温度的降低而形成了较厚的片晶．该行为与聚乙烯本体结晶中片晶厚度对结晶温度的依赖性相反．在有序化阶段和之后的片晶调整运动阶段,分子链线团的回转半径基本保持不变．这与宏观多链体系的结果相同．另外,在模拟中发现,尺寸微小的单链聚乙烯晶片的扭转运动     

聚合物/富勒烯共混体系双分子穿插对有机体相异质结太阳能电池性能的影响

有机体相异质结太阳能电池有源层形貌直接影响器件能量转换效率.在聚合物/小分子共混体系中,当小分子尺寸小于聚合物侧链间距时,且与聚合物相互作用能形成基态-电荷转移态复合物时能够形成双分子穿插结构.双分子穿插结构改变了共混体系的薄膜形貌,不利于器件的光电转换过程.本文从双分子穿插结构形成过程入手,论述了双分子穿插行为对共混体系结晶行为及相分离行为的影响,以及对器件光电转换过程中激子扩散与分离及载流子传输等物理过程的影响;详细阐述了现阶段抑制双分子穿插行为的化学、物理方面的主要方法及相关原理.同时,我们进一步提出了该领域尚待解决的问题并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

单分子链穿插进入双链凝聚线团的分子动力学方法模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟了聚乙烯(含300个CH₂单元)单链凝聚线团与一个双链处于平衡态的凝聚线团相互穿插的融合过程,考察分析了体系结构演变的能量信息及第三个链的引入对原来两链穿插状态的影响.研究发现,在两部分线团凝聚成一体后,各分子链一方面在表面势能各向异性的作用下试图挤入体系内部,另一方面在构象熵的驱动下又尽可能地占据体系的空间,线团的穿插是在两者共同作用下逐步完成的.第三个链的融入使得原来两个链的质心距离有所增加,链段的邻接程度减弱.     

链解缠结聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的结晶行为研究

采用冷冻萃取聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)溶液(0.1～10g/dL7种不同浓度,3种不同性能溶剂)的方法制备了解缠结PET试样.与链相互穿透且缠结的熔体骤冷试样相比,解缠结PET试样的结晶能力明显增强,且随着制样溶液浓度的降低,链间解缠结程度增加,PET的结晶能力逐渐增强,有序结构含量明显增加,但是如果制样溶液浓度太低,溶液中链间距离太大,则又不利于萃取过程中链间的有序堆砌而结晶.采用接触浓度c*附近的溶液,既可确保链间的有效解缠结又有利于链间的有序堆砌而结晶.PET的结晶能力甚至还受制样所用溶剂性能的影响,这是因为溶剂性能影响了溶液中链间的相互作用以及链的解缠结程度.     

高分子结晶的链内成核模型

高分子的微观晶体生长动力学理论是高分子科学的重要研究课题之一。本文系统地介绍了近年来发展起来的高分子晶体生长动力学模型—链内成核模型。该模型能够对高分子结晶过程中的链折叠现象、分子分凝现象、二元链长共结晶现象、Regime转变现象和半晶织构现象给出较为合理的解释。这些现象为高分子结晶所特有,揭示了高分子有序化相转变行为的特殊性。在结语部分,本文还对比描述了以链间成核模式为主的一些情景,并对链内成核模型的进一步发展做了展望。     

PBT／PET共混体系的协同效应

ＰＢＴ、ＰＥＴ具有良好相容性，且两种聚合物分子链间存在相互作用，它们的共混体系在熔体降温结晶过程中以及溶液中均表现出协同效应。虽然ＰＢＴ、ＰＥＴ在共混体系中各自形成晶区，但熔体降温结果过程中只能观察到一个结晶放热峰，当ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ共混物中两组份分子链段数目相近时，熔体降温结晶峰温较低，峰形变宽，共混体系的结晶程度降低在溶液中两组份分子链段数目相近时，共混物特性粘度（η）值最大，分子链的均方根末端     

表面上锚定聚乙烯链聚集的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了锚定于二维无限大表面上的聚乙烯分子链的聚集和有序化过程.聚乙烯链与表面的相互作用采用一个以平面法向距离为函数的势能表达式S(z).以均方回转半径垂直于表面的分量s²⊥作为指标,考察了模拟过程中表面势能函数的强度效应和模拟体系的温度效应.研究了锚定聚乙烯在表面上聚集的有序化过程,考察了锚定聚乙烯链的聚集成核的动力学过程,聚集体的形貌及分子量依赖性.发现锚定聚乙烯在300K时只在锚定点附近形成一个局部有序结构,然后以此为核进行生长.在模拟得到的有序程度不同的聚集体结构中,锚定点都位于聚集体链轴的端面.     

长链正烷烃的受限结晶研究进展

聚合物的结晶过程和最终凝聚态结构直接影响材料的加工使用性能.作为高分子材料的最大品种,聚烯烃由于分子量大,分子量分布较宽,结晶过程中形成多种亚稳态,因而从分子水平上阐明其结晶机理存在困难.与聚乙烯链结构相似的长链正烷烃可作为聚烯烃的模型化合物,研究其受限结晶行为能为复杂的聚合物受限结晶提供理想的模型体系.长链正烷烃的受限空间可以分为一维受限薄膜、二维受限微孔、三维受限微乳液或微胶囊等.相对于本体,长链正烷烃在每个受限体系中的结晶行为各不相同,这主要来源于受限体系对成核、结晶以及相转变的影响.本文重点综述了长链正烷烃在3种受限体系中的结晶特点,并结合各个体系中聚合物的结晶特点,阐述了长链正烷烃作为聚合物模型化合物的合理性.     

PET/PC共混体系的酯交换反应对其高压结晶行为的影响

利用转矩流变仪、DSC、SEM及WAXD等表征手段研究了PET/PC共混体系的酯交换反应对其高压结晶行为的影响.SEM观察表明,PET和PC熔混时的酯交换反应有利于PET/PC体系在高压结晶时生成厚度较大的伸直链晶体,且可以促进其高压下酯交换反应的发生.楔形伸直链晶体和弯曲伸直链晶体的存在证明链滑移扩散和酯交换反应两种机制对体系中聚酯伸直链晶体的增厚有贡献.拟合分峰法和War-ren-Averbach傅里叶分析法的计算结果表明,随PET/PC体系熔混时酯交换反应程度的增加,高压结晶共混物的结晶度降低,PET的平均微晶尺寸增大,点阵畸变平均值则减小,而微晶尺寸分布变宽.提出了在共聚物组分都具备结晶能力时,结晶诱导化学反应和化学反应诱导结晶两种过程在一定条件下可同时发生的观点.     

链缠结对高聚物热转变行为的影响

用冷冻升华方法,由等规聚苯乙烯、聚环氧乙烷的稀溶液制备单链、寡链附聚粒子．附聚粒子的热分析表明,冷结晶温度降低、结晶速度加快、晶体增厚明显．这些结果是因为附聚粒子没有或有很少链间缠结．附聚粒子形成较小尺寸的晶体,因而熔点较低,相应的热结晶温度移向低温．在平衡熔点以上放置短时间,链相互贯穿、缠结,又回复到本体的熔融、结晶行为     

Kinetic studies of structure formation during anionic adiabatic polymerization of ε-caprolactam

The kinetics of crystallization and structure formation of polycaproamide (PCA) during anionic adiabatic polymerization of ε-caprolactam was studied. The adiabatic crystallization was shown to comprise three successive stages. In the first stage PCA forms dendritelike structures, the space between which is filled with the monomer. In the second stage rather rapid crystallization proceeds to give large loose spherulites. The dendritic structures serve as nuclei for development of spherulites. In the third stage slow secondary crystallization occurs. It is accomplished by crystallization of the residual amorphous substance located both in the dendritic nucleus and throughout the volume of the spherulites. This process is followed by the partial disappearance of the dendritic nuclei and by thickening of lamellae, which results in a substantial densification of initial structures and appearance of fine spherulites. As a result, a fine spherulitic structure with 50% crystallinity is formed.     

DTA-untersuchungen von der Kristallisation des glasigen Selens mit S- und Te-Beimischungen

The DTA method has been used for determination of the initial crystallization temperatureT _A of the vitreous selenium with admixtures of sulphur (crystallization inhibitor) and tellurium (crystallization catalyst). It was found that both admixtures raise the value ofT _A. The obtained results suggest that each foreign atom distorts the structures of the chain in vitreous selenium and consequently inhibits the nucleation. The values of the heat of transformation and degree of crystallization have been also determined.     

EFFECTS OF DILUTION DURING CROSSLINKING ON STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION IN CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE NETWORKS. II. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH THEORY

ABSTRACT

Modern rubber elasticity theory was applied to the strain-induced crystallization results summarized for cis-1,4-polyisoprene in the preceding paper. The calculations adopted the basic assumptions made in the Flory crystallization theory, in some cases retaining the original affine elasticity model and in others adopting the new constrained-junction model. Of the two sets of theoretical stress-strain isotherms thus obtained, those from the constraint theory gave a good account of the experimental results. One major accomplishment was documenting the expected decrease in the constraint parameter κ with increase in dilution during crosslinking. This decrease is due to the fact that the diluting solvent decreases chain interpenetration, which in turn decreases entanglement constraints on the junction fluctuations.     

Influence of Sedimentation on Crystallization of Charged Colloidal Particles

The method of density matching between the solid and liquid phases is often adopted to effectively eliminate the effect of sedimentation of suspensions on dynamic behavior of a colloidal system. Experiments on crystallization of charged colloidal microspheres with di-ameter of 98 nm dispersed in density-matched and -unmatched media (mixtures of H₂O and D₂O in proper proportion) are compared to examine the influence of sedimentation. Reflection spectra of colloidal suspensions were used to monitor the crystallization process. Results showed that the crystal size of the density-unmatched (namely, in the presence of sedimentation) sample grew faster than that of the density-matched (in the absence of sedi-mentation) case at the initial stage of the crystallization, and then the latter overtook and outstripped the former. To explain these observations, we assume that in the settling of crystals sedimentation facilitates result in more particles getting into the crystal structures. However, as the crystals increase to varying sizes, the settling velocities become large and hydrodynamic friction strips off some particles from the delicate crystal structures. Overall, the sedimentation appears to accelerate the crystal size growth initially and then retard the growth. In addition, the crystal structures formed under microgravity were more closely packed than that in normal gravity.     

Crystallization of silver carboxylates from sodium carboxylate mixtures

Silver carboxylates can be made by the reaction of silver nitrate and the corresponding sodium carboxylates. The length of the alkyl chain has a significant impact on the product behavior. In this study, 18, 20, and 22 carbon chains (stearate, arachidate, and behenate, respectively) have been selected. All three sodium carboxylates are very insoluble in water at room temperature. Solutions are obtained above the Krafft temperature, which precipitates lamellar crystals if cooled at the proper cooling rate. Depending on the chain length, metastable morphologies, such as vesicles and tiny fibers, can be seen consecutively before hexagonal plates form. The carboxylate with the shorter chain length reaches equilibrium more quickly. All three silver carboxylates also take on a lamellar structure. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) shows that the d spacing of the crystals increases as the chain length increases. Cryo-TEM illustrates that the crystallites are the result of micelle nucleation and micelle aggregation. In addition, the crystallization process in the presence of silver bromide nanocrystals has been investigated. In the initial stage, an epitaxial interface is formed between the silver carboxylate crystallites and the cubic silver bromide grains. Budlike and strandlike structures grow because of it. The consequent strand enclosure restrains the crystal growth, which reduces the size and changes the morphology of the crystals.     

Interrelation between crystallization and liquid crystal formation: A calorimetric and polarizing microscopical study on a monotropic polymer system

The crystallization of the monotropic liquid crystal forming polyether, poly-n-nonyl-4 4′-biphenyl-2-chloroethane, was investigated using DSC calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. The principal theme was the nature of crystallization from the nematic liquid crystalline state, which in the monotropic system could be directly compared with the more familiar crystallization from the isotropic melt using one and the same compound. Novel, polarizing optical structures were observed that combine features of both the usual LCPs (fine “grains”) and those of the conventional crystallizeable polymers (spherulites) with differing degrees of prominence of each according to crystallization conditions. The considerations of such structural observations, combined with the calorimetric results and the newly gained information on the kinetics of the crystallization process, reveal an acceleration of the overall crystallization rate at the stage where liquid crystal formation sets in as assessed by calorimetry but not as registered with the polarizing microscope, leading to wider issues regarding the conception of “amorphous crystalline ratio” and its extension to the liquid crystal state. Beyond polymers, the new findings lead to the more general considerations on metastable phases, specifically to their emergence and competition with the phases of ultimate stability. In this respect the present study on a monotropic LCP provides an illustrative example of a more general treatment presented previously. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Growth stages in epitaxial crystallization of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate)

The electron microscope study of the isothermal epitaxial crystallization of PBLG on 001 cleavage surface of NaCl or KCl from 0.01% chloroform solution with various n-octane contents has shown that the epitaxial growth process could be divided in two stages. In the first stage a rapid growth of a lamellar layer 20–40 Å thick could be observed; the PBLG molecules in αhelix conformation are oriented along <110> substrate directions. The dimensions and perfectness of alignment of these lamellae along the <110> direction depends on the molecular weight of the PBLG. In the second stage of PBLG epitaxial crystallization the relatively slow thickening of some initial lamellae takes place and one can observe many types of secondary structures. With increasing thickness of the epitaxial structures and increasing molecular weight of the PBLG the degree of orientation in relation to <110> substrate direction diminishes. The two growth stages in PBLG epitaxial crystallization are related to different kinds of orienting and attracting forces of the alkali halide substrate.     

Role of chain interpenetration in layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolytes

The effects of temperature, pH, and salt concentration on the layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDEM) were investigated by use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). At pH 4, the frequency change (Deltaf) gradually decreased to a constant, indicating that the polyelectrolyte complexes of the layer were not dissolved. As the layer number increased, the -Deltaf oscillatedly increased, indicating that the thickness of the multilayer increased. At the same time, the dissipation change (DeltaD) oscillatedly increased with the layer number, indicating the chain interpenetration or complexation that led to the alternative swelling-and-shrinking of the outermost layer. For the same layer number, as the temperature increased, the amplitude of DeltaD increased, indicating that the chain interpenetration increased. The thickness also increased with temperature. Further increasing the pH to 7 led to a thicker layer, reflected in the larger amplitude of DeltaD. At pH 10, the polyelectrolytes no longer formed multilayers on the surface because of the lack of electrostatic interactions. On the other hand, the addition of NaCl also led to a thickness increase. The amplitude in DeltaD increased with NaCl concentration, indicating that the chain interpenetration increased. Our experiments indicated that the LBL deposition of polyelectrolytes was dominated by the chain interpenetration. Also, the polyelectrolyte complexes in the layer can redissolve into solution from the surface at a high temperature or a high salt concentration.