高师本科"化学教学论"教学改革小议

高等师范院校肩负着为国家培养大批合格中等师资的历史重任。“化　学教学论”是高等师范院校化学专业的一门必修课，这门课对师资培养的重要作用是其他学　科所不能替代的。但对这门课的学习，一般说来，学生兴趣不高，重视不够。从教师教学来　讲，由于这门课与其他专业课相比，有其自身的特殊性，可以说是一门不太好教的课。正因　为如此，怎样搞好“化学教学论”的教学，是本专业的任课教师都在努力探讨的一个现实课　题。通过多年的教学实践，我们逐步摸索出现行“化学教学论”课教学改革的“六字”要点　。“化学教学论”课的教学，一…     

农林类专业中仪器分析实验教学的问题与对策

针对农林类专业中“仪器分析实验”教学实践中遇到的平台条件较低，仪器硬件配置较少，学生基础相对较弱，教学难度大等问题。探究了分类设置实验教学内容，按项目分级设计模块化实验教学课堂，教学团队协同分工实施教学实践，分层创建实验教学资源，过程考核结合目标考核的综合实验教学改革。通过教学改革实践，“仪器分析实验”的教学效果得到有效改观。     

化学教学设计能力评价量表的编制与应用研究

基于学科教学知识（PCK）编制化学教学设计能力评价量表，并对在职高中化学教师的教学设计能力进行评价，分析化学教师在教学设计中存在的问题，为提高在职高中化学教师教学设计能力提供有针对性的建议。研究表明：（1）高中化学教师在课程知识、学生知识及评价知识维度的项目上均处于未掌握等级；（2）高中化学教师在教学目标知识和教学策略知识维度的多个评价项目上处于基本掌握等级。     

大学化学习题型微课的教学设计与实践——以一道易错电化学习题的教学为例

提出以微课视频加自主学习指导书的线上教学方式代替或补充传统的线下习题课教学，探索了微课教学设计中确定分层教学难点的方法。以一道常见易错电化学习题教学为例，介绍了习题型微课的学情分析策略、教学方案设计与教学实践。该习题涉及电池的设计和电池符号的书写、标准电动势的计算、电池反应平衡常数的计算等教学重难点内容。实践表明，利用微课教学模式进行错题分析，弥补了传统习题课学时不足的问题，满足了不同层次学生自主学习的需要，有助于学生的延伸性和创新型学习。     

应用CAI改进大学化学教学

介绍了计算机辅助教学（ＣＡＩ）在大学化学教学中的应用，以及我们应用ＣＡＩ的一些经验方法，并对ＣＡＩ的教学效果进行了分析，提出了使用过程中所存在的问题及建议。     

五说"摩尔"概念的教学

摩尔概念的教学，一直是中学化学的教学难点之一。本文拟从5个方面谈这一重、难点课的教学问题，并与同行们商榷。     

计算机辅助教学对传统普化教学方式的影响

本文讨论了计算机辅助教学（ＣＡＩ）对传统教学方式的影响，并对普通化学教学的影响进行了初步研究，得出了一些有益的结论。     

微课在中学化学教学中的应用——基于硕士学位论文的文献分析

分析和总结了国内中学化学微课教学研究的29篇硕士学位论文，从3个方面概括了微课的开发设计：理论依据、设计模型和设计内容，介绍了微课的教学应用现状。并对微课在化学教学中的应用提出了建议：注重微课精细化、个性化教学；“微课程”的设计与应用；开发微课对教师专业成长的价值；完善微课教学平台。     

反思课堂教学行为提高课堂教学效益——由"全国高中化学优质课(东北大区)观摩课暨实施新课程经验交流研讨会"引发的思考

新课程改革带来了课堂教学的可喜变化，但是我们要冷静地看到课堂教学中仍存在着的许多问题。要真正提高课堂教学效益和质量，就必须看到和正视教学中的问题，并予以认真的反思，同时还应带着思考去观看同行的课，以期真正改进课堂教学行为，提高课堂教学效益和质量，提升教学境界。     

工业生产类化学教学素材的教学价值开发——以硫酸工业为例

工业生产是化学学科对社会贡献的重要体现，是化学教学重要的素材来源。利用工业生产素材进行教学时，首先需要进行素材本体分析，可以从物质转化和基于化学反应原理的反应调控2个角度分析生产过程中的化学知识，并借助历史发展线索了解不同科学技术发展阶段对工业生产中化学反应选择及原理应用的影响。其次，依据不同学段的课标要求，对素材本体分析结果进行筛选重组，确认教学目标。而后，结合素材内容从物质转化和反应调控2个角度抽提教学关键问题，进行能力活动设计。教学实践结果证实了工业生产教学素材开发思路的有效性。     

HEPT类化合物的QSAR研究

为定量结构／活性相关性研究提取了量子化学参数,拓扑指数Am,分子连接性指数^mxt及疏水性常数,同时应用正交变换和最佳变量子集算法（Leaps-and-Bonds)进行了变量压缩和选择,进而实施了多元回归分析,并由此结果进行了HEPT类化合物（1－[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)-thymine derivatives)的结构／活性关系的理论解释,进行了人工神经网络法对于该类化合物的活性预测,其结构明显好于多元回归法。     

Effect of the pH of the medium on the chemical shifts in the PMR spectra and on the distribution of the π-electron density

The dependence of the chemical shifts of the ring protons on the pH of the medium for a number of 4-hydroxyquinoline derivatives was studied by means of PMR spectroscopy. The dipolar and uncharged hydroxy forms exist in equilibrium in aqueous solutions. The effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the character of the dependence of the chemical shift on the pH of the medium in the case of 3-piperidinomethyl-4-hydroxyisoquinoline was investigated. The possibility of the separate protonation of the ring nitrogen and the side-chain nitrogen in 3-piperidinomethyl-4-hydroxyisoquinoline was established. The distribution of the -electron density in 4-hydroxyisoquinoline is in good agreement with its chemical behavior.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1546–1549, November, 1971     

Effect of the pH of the medium on the chemical shifts in the PMR spectra and on the distribution of the π-electron density

The dependence of the chemical shift of the ring protons on the pH of the medium for a number of 3-hydroxyquinoline derivatives was studied by PMR spectroscopy. The regions of ionization of the molecules, which correspond to the ranges of acidic, neutral, and alkaline media, were found. In D₂O, 3-hydroxyquinoline is present only in the uncharged hydroxy form. The presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in 4-dimethylaminomethyl-3-hydroxyquinoline has a substantial effect on the character of the dependence of the chemical shift on the pH of the medium; the existence of separate protonation of the nitrogen atoms of the ring and the side chain of 4-dimethylaminomethyl-3-hydroxyquinoline was established. The distribution of the -electron density in the 3-hydroxyquinoline molecule is in good agreement with its chemical behavior during electrophilic substitution.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1540–1545, November, 1971.     

液滴荧光传感与计算机联用技术在微量分析中的应用

通过在LS55型荧光-磷光-发光分光光度计上加装液滴产生及调节附件,采用计算机采集与分析处理数据,成功地研制了双通道液滴光化学传感装置.利用葡聚糖凝胶对复合维生素B中不同组分的选择性吸附来达到分离与同时检测的目的,并将其用于复合维生素B药片的分析,取得了满意的结果.     

On the theory underlying the Car-Parrinello method and the role of the fictitious mass parameter

The theory underlying the Car-Parrinello extended-Lagrangian approach to ab initio molecular dynamics (CPMD) is reviewed and reexamined using "heavy" ice as a test system. It is emphasized that the adiabatic decoupling in CPMD is not a decoupling of electronic orbitals from the ions but only a decoupling of a subset of the orbital vibrational modes from the rest of the necessarily coupled system of orbitals and ions. Recent work [J. Chem. Phys. 116, 14 (2002)] has pointed out that, due to the orbital-ion coupling that remains once adiabatic decoupling has been achieved, a large value of the fictitious mass mu can lead to systematic errors in the computed forces in CPMD. These errors are further investigated in the present work with a focus on those parts of these errors that are not corrected simply by rescaling the masses of the ions. It is suggested that any comparison of the efficiencies of Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) and CPMD should be performed at a similar level of accuracy. If accuracy is judged according to the average magnitude of the systematic errors in the computed forces, the efficiency of BOMD compares more favorably to that of CPMD than previous comparisons have suggested.     

From the Micro- to the Macro-: Managing the Conservation of the Warship,Vasa

Sweden's famous warship, Vasa, sank on her maiden voyage in August 1628, and remained on the bottom of Stockholm harbour for 333 years. Raised in 1961, she became the first large-scale wooden object to be treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). In the summer of 2000 a number of acidic salt precipitations were noticed on the surface of the ship and on wooden artefacts in the storerooms. An international research project has been established to look into the causes of this problem and suggest possible re-treatments. Meanwhile projects are underway to monitor movements in the ship, to build a better support system, and to replace the thousands of iron bolts holding the structure together, while a sophisticated new climate system has recently been installed in the museum.