The selective catalytic oxidation of toluene

It was found for the first time that the selectivity of toluene transformations into benzaldehyde and benzoic acid decreased and into maleic anhydride and deep oxidation products increased as the ability of vanadium-containing catalysts of toluene oxidation to generate the singlet form of molecular oxygen grew. A scheme of the formation of the products of toluene oxidation with oxygen was suggested. Quinones were shown to be final rather than intermediate oxidation products. The selectivity of the reaction with respect to mild oxidation products in the presence of V₂O₅, MoO₃, and V₂O₅ · MoO₃ could be increased by changing the temperature of catalyst preparation from 400 to 500°C.     

Synergistic catalytic ozonation of toluene with manganese and cerium varies at low temperature

The temperature of waste gas in refuse transfer station, airport smoking area, and RTO terminal is low,which needs deep oxidation. Catalytic ozonation is one of the most effective treatment techniques in these scenarios. In this study, we reported that catalysts were modified under the condition of magnetic field to simulate the low temperature dynamic conditions of low concentration toluene for catalytic ozonation. This paper aims to explore the relationship between oxygen vacancy and active ox...     

The catalytic oxidation of organic compounds in superacids

Transformations of aromatic and aliphatic organic substances in anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) at room temperature were studied. TFA was found to be capable of activating molecular oxygen dissolved in it. This activated oxygen endows the acid with strong oxidizer properties. Transformations of organic substances in TFA involved the formation of peroxo compounds, and alkylaromatic molecules were only oxidized at the benzene ring, side chains remaining intact. The transformations of toluene and p-xylene in trifluoroacetic acid were similar in a way to the biochemical oxidation of these substrates by mono-and dioxygenases. Mechanisms were suggested for the oxidation of toluene, p-xylene, and propylene by active oxygen in superacids.     

铜、锰氧化物的表面过剩氧及其甲苯催化燃烧活性

研究了负载型Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｏ催化剂对烃类深度氧化的活性，并将ＸＲＤ分析、电子探针考察和表面过剩氧浓度的分布测定等结果与催化剂活性进行了关联．以甲苯催化燃烧为模型反应，除用常规的微反考察其动力学性质外，还用脉冲反应技术研究了表面过剩氧的氧化功能和甲苯的吸附等．Ｍｎ／Ｃｕ原子比为０．８８～０．９时，催化剂活性最好．这是由ＣｕＯ和ＣｕＭｎ２Ｏ４的功能匹配决定的，后者提供与催化作用有关的表面过剩氧，前者促进甲苯的吸附．对催化剂的作用机理也进行了初步的探讨．     

Oxidation of toluene on Bi-doped PbO<Subscript>2</Subscript> studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometry

Oxidation of organics in the potential region of O₂ evolution is supposed to proceed through the oxidation of water to hydroxyl radicals, which then may either be further oxidized to give molecular oxygen or interact with organic molecules in an oxygen transfer reaction. Therefore, the electrode material must ensure (1) the preferential adsorption of the organic compound, (2) the production of adsorbed hydroxyl radicals able to react with this compound in a selective oxidation reaction (with as little as possible oxygen evolution), and (3) a long-term stability. In the present paper, the oxidative decomposition of toluene in sulfuric acid solution on PbO₂ coatings deposited on Ti substrate from acidic nitrate + fluoride baths containing Pb²⁺ and Bi³⁺ is investigated by voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and UV spectrophotometry. The chemical composition and structure of the catalytic coatings is characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The catalytic activity is estimated both from current density vs potential and polarization resistance vs potential plots using measurements on the same electrodes in sulfuric acid without toluene to eliminate the oxygen evolution reaction that proceeds in parallel to the oxidation of toluene. A skeletal reaction mechanism of the process is proposed to account for the steady-state and transient response of the catalytic electrodes during oxidation of toluene.     

铜锰双金属氧化物催化的液相甲苯氧化反应

 工业上甲苯氧化反应采用均相醋酸钴催化剂,以溴化物为促进剂在乙酸溶液中进行. 乙酸和溴化物的使用使催化剂的分离和回收非常困难,并非常容易腐蚀设备; 另外很容易形成大量有毒废液对环境造成污染. 本文以共沉淀法制备的铜锰氧化物为催化剂,在无溶剂的条件下进行了甲苯液相氧化反应,得到了较好的催化效果. 催化剂最佳Cu:Mn摩尔比为1:1, 此时催化剂的主要物相为Cu1.5Mn1.5O4.     

Mn含量对CeO2-ZrO2-MnOx催化剂甲苯氧化净化性能的影响

采用氧化还原沉淀法制备了一系列CeO_2-ZrO_2-MnO_x催化剂(CZM_X,X为Mn在催化剂总金属中的摩尔含量),探讨了Mn含量对CZM_X催化甲苯燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,CZM_(0.6)催化剂具有最好的活性,在230℃下即可实现甲苯的完全转化。XRD表征结果发现,随着锰掺杂量的增加,CZM_X催化剂结晶度先降低后增加。H_2-TPR表征结果表明,随着Mn含量的增加,Ce-Zr-Mn之间的相互作用力先增强后减弱。CZM_(0.6)结晶度最差,金属之间相互作用力最强,表面氧物种更易溢出;同时,Raman和O_2-TPD表征结果也证明CZM_(0.6)催化剂上具有较高的表面氧空位浓度,有利于催化剂表面活性氧物种的迁移,促进了甲苯的氧化。此外,通过in-situ DRIFTS对中间产物进行观测,发现苯甲酸盐是CZM_(0.6)催化剂上甲苯氧化反应的重要中间体;在O_2参与下,苯甲酸盐可迅速转化为CO_2和H_2O。     

Pt/ZrO2:An Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Toluene in Aqueous Solution

The heterogeneous oxidation of toluene in aqueous medium has been investigated. Artificially contaminated water with aromatic compound (toluene) was exposed to a simple platinized zirconia (1% Pt/ZrO₂) catalyst in the presence of molecular oxygen. This selective oxidation of toluene to benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid provides a step for removing toluene from wastewater or converting it into less harmful substances. Different parameters, e.g. the reaction time, temperature, pressure, the amount of catalyst and agitation, etc influenced the toluene conversion and selectivity. Typical batch reactor kinetic data were obtained and fitted to the classical Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model, Mars‐van Krevelen model as well as to the Eley‐Rideal model of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. The Eley‐Rideal model was found to give a better fit. 1% Pt/ZrO₂ was observed to be the most active for oxidation of toluene at 333 K in oxygenated atmosphere [p(O₂) ca. 101 kPa] with a nominal stirring speed ≧900 r/min. It was found that catalytic oxidation may be an effective method for the removal of volatile organic compounds from aqueous solutions and comparable to other advanced oxidation processes.     

Oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons with oxygen in a radiofrequency plasma

The reactions of three aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, and styrene, with oxygen in a radiofrequency (r) plasma were investigated. Benzene was oxidized to yield phenol as a single volatile organic product. Similarly, toluene gave the ring oxidation products, cresols, as well as considerable amounts of methyl oxidation products, consisting mainly of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. In contrast, the oxidation of styrene took place predominantly on the olefinic double bond to produce styrene oxide On basis of the products and effects of reaction variables, r power and flow rates of hydrocarbons and oxygen, on the reaction rate, the oxidation mechanism was discussed, particularly focusing on the intermediate species responsible for the formation of major products.     

Highly Efficient,Green Oxidation of Alcohols using Novel Heterogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst

MnFe1.4Ru0.45Cu0.15O4 was an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of various types of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds using atmospheric pressure of oxygen under mild conditions.Furthermore,this catalyst was effective towards alcohol oxidation using wate as solvent instead of toluene.     

Catalytic oxidation of Fe(II) aqua ions with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of Pd(II) tetraaqua complex and an aromatic compound

The effect of a series of aromatic compounds (toluene, benzyl alcohol, benzonitrile, phenylacetonitrile, and o-cyanotoluene) in a concentration of 0.01 M on the oxidation of Fe(II) aqua ions with oxygen in the presence of Pd(II) tetraaqua complex at 25–70°C was revealed. In the presence of an aromatic compound, palladium black is not formed, which results in an increased yield of Fe(III) in the Pd-catalyzed oxidation of Fe(II) with oxygen in a perchloric acid medium. A scheme involving the formation of a complex of palladium species in an intermediate oxidation state with arene and molecular oxygen was suggested.     

十六烷基膦酸配合的复合氧化物纳米催化剂稳定的O/W乳液中甲苯单一氧化为苯甲醛（英文）

苯甲醛是一种用途广泛的重要化学品,通过O₂氧化甲苯制取苯甲醛是最佳生产途径,也是近几十年来工业界迫切需要的反应之一.虽然该反应在苄基上结合一个氧再脱除两个氢即可,对该反应的多相催化过程也已经研究了几十年,但其性能仍远远低于工业要求.当前的工业过程主要有甲苯氯化水解法和甲苯均相氧化法两种,但都存在严重的环境污染和腐蚀问题,且产品中含有少量卤素,阻碍了其在诸如香水或食品中的高端应用.近年来,以O₂作为氧化剂及Pd,Au,Pt,Ag,Ru等贵金属或它们间的合金为催化剂的甲苯液相氧化反应研究取得了一些很好的进展,但仍然不能在高甲苯转化率下高选择性地得到苯甲醛.本课题组曾报道了一种高效的混相催化体系,以O₂作为氧化剂将甲苯专一地催化氧化为苯甲醛,其中十六烷基膦酸-氧化铁(HDPA-FeO_x)纳米颗粒处在甲苯和水的界面上,稳定了该O/W类皮克林乳液(Pickering).为了进一步提高催化剂晶格氧的移动性以提升催化活性,本文采用Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mo, V和Ti等一系列金属氧化物对催化剂H...     

负载型Pd-Ni双金属纳米颗粒在无溶剂苯甲醇氧化中有效抑制甲苯的生成

醇类化合物的选择性氧化是实验室和工业应用中一类重要的官能团转化反应.以分子氧为氧化剂,在液相无溶剂条件下温和氧化符合绿色化学的要求.负载型Pd基催化剂因其优异的催化活性而在该反应中得到广泛应用.但是,单金属Pd催化剂对反应目标产物醛类化合物的选择性还有待提高.例如,在苯甲醇液相无溶剂氧化中,甲苯是在单金属Pd催化剂上的主要副产物.针对这一问题,除了对载体进行改性和修饰外,开发双金属Pd基催化剂也是一种有效的选择性调控策略.虽然已有的Pd-Au双金属催化剂可以在一定程度上降低甲苯的选择性,但是在较高温度和较高转化率下仍然难以控制甲苯的大量生成.本文采用固相合金化法合成了负载型Pd-Ni双金属纳米颗粒.该方法首先以硝酸镍为镍的前驱体浸渍介孔二氧化硅,然后负载钯纳米颗粒.在高温固相还原条件下,作为种子的钯纳米颗粒和镍通过原子迁移和生长,形成Pd-Ni双金属纳米颗粒.扫描透射电镜、能量色散X射线光谱、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱等表征证实了Pd-Ni双金属纳米颗粒的生成.上述催化剂用于苯甲醇液相无溶剂氧化,催化结果显示Ni的加入可以抑制副产物甲苯的生成,并且随Ni负载量增加,甲苯的选择性(在80%等转化率下)由22.6%(单金属Pd)降低至1.6%(双金属Pd1Ni20).尽管Ni的加入降低了单金属Pd的活性,但是由于提高了目标产物苯甲醛的选择性,醛的最终产率得到提升.进一步催化研究表明,Ni的加入可以抑制无氧氛围下甲苯的生成,说明Ni可以抑制歧化反应和降低表面氢浓度.这种作用可归结于Pd-Ni双金属的协同效应.该效应得到了CO吸附的傅里叶变换漫反射红外光谱和密度泛函理论研究的证实.双金属的几何效应和电子效应均减弱了苯甲醇在双金属纳米颗粒表面的解离吸附和相互作用,导致苯甲醇的吸附减弱,同时C–O键断裂不易进行.另外,由于Ni的亲氧性,双金属纳米颗粒表面有利于氧的吸附,降低吸附氢的浓度,减少C–H键生成,从而抑制甲苯的生成.     

磷酸根修饰的Mn掺杂介孔TiO2在VUV-PCO体系高效催化氧化甲苯性能

Vacuum ultraviolet irradiation coupled with photocatalytic oxidation (VUV-PCO) is an efficient and promising method for eliminating pollutants at room temperature; it involves three processes: vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), and ozone catalytic oxidation. Herein, toluene was chosen as the representative volatile organic compound (VOC), which is one of the most important precursors to form fine particulate matter and photochemical smog, because of its high toxicity and extensive existence in industries. All experiments were performed in a fixed-bed continuous-flow reactor that contained units for VUV photolysis and PCO. Mesoporous P-Mn-TiO₂ was prepared by one-step hydrolysis and used as a catalyst for the oxidation of gaseous toluene under VUV irradiation through the VUV-PCO process. The as-prepared P-Mn-TiO₂ samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), ultraviolet-visible light (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine the physicochemical properties of the catalysts and to determine the mechanisms of Mn doping and phosphoric acid modification and the effects of these processes on photocatalytic activity, ozone catalytic activity, and adsorption performance. The results indicated that the synergistic effect of phosphoric acid modification and Mn doping can improve the ozone catalytic activity and photocatalytic performance by increasing the number of oxygen active sites, completely eliminating the outlet ozone, and simultaneously promoting the efficient degradation of toluene. Moreover, doping TiO₂ with Mn³⁺ significantly enhanced light harvesting, and numerous oxygen vacancies can be generated on the catalyst surface because of the presence of doped Mn³⁺ in the lattice, which adsorbs and transforms the oxygen species for toluene degradation. In addition, modification with an appropriate amount of phosphate groups can facilitate O₂ and O₃ adsorption on the TiO₂ surface that can favor photo-induced charge carrier separation, thereby significantly improving the photocatalytic and ozone catalytic activities. The excellent catalytic performance of mesoporous P-Mn-TiO₂ for toluene degradation and outlet ozone elimination was ascribed to the formation of highly reactive oxidizing species such as O(1D), O(3P), and ·OH via the catalytic decomposition of O₃ adsorbed on the oxygen vacancy sites containing Mn and phosphate groups on the catalyst surface. In the VUV-PCO process, toluene was first destructed via VUV photolysis and oxidized by residual O₃ generated from VUV photolysis and the active oxygen species formed in the presence of the catalyst. Finally, toluene and the generated intermediate products were oxidized and degraded to CO₂ and H₂O through VUV-PCO. In addition, the outlet ozone byproduct was simultaneously eliminated by the multifunctional catalyst.      

V-Mo-O催化剂的制备及催化甲苯合成苯甲醛的研究

在低温液相条件下,催化氧化甲苯合成苯甲醛是具有竞争力的苯甲醛合成路线。采用溶胶凝胶法制备了V-Mo-O催化剂,评估了在液相低温条件下选择性氧化甲苯的催化性能。研究表明,钒钼配比和焙烧温度对催化剂性能影响显著,适宜的钒钼物质量的配比为6:7,适宜的焙烧温度为500℃。扫描电镜实验表明,该条件下合成的催化剂呈棒状结构,直径约700nm,长度约6µm。X射线衍射观测到催化剂中拥有Mo6V9O40和MoO3物相。X光电子能谱表征,棒状催化剂外表面覆盖一层主含MoO3物种的薄层,这种不同氧化态钼物种的分层组装可能有助于氧物种的传递,提高了其催化性能。当反应温度为80℃,氧化剂为双氧水,溶剂为冰乙酸时,甲苯在该催化剂上的转化率为38.9%,苯甲醛的选择性为69.7%。     

Selective liquid-phase oxidation of toluene over heterogeneous Mn@ZIF-8 derived catalyst with molecular oxygen in the solvent-free conditions

In this work, liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of toluene was carried out under solvent-free conditions, and highly selective synthesis of benzaldehyde (BAL) and benzyl alcohol (BOL) and benzoic acid (BAC) in the presence of Mn@ZIF-8 calcined material as catalyst with oxygen molecules. As a heterogeneous catalyst, the zeolitic imidazolate framework Mn@ZIF-8 derived material exhibited reasonable substrate-product selectivity (70.3% of selectivity to BAL and BOL, 95.1 % of selectivity to BAL, BOL and BAC) and conversion (6.5%) under optimum reaction conditions. The catalysts were characterized by BET-specific surface area determination, XRD, XPS, FT-IR, TG-DTG and SEM-EDS-Mapping. The results demonstrated that the catalytic capacity of the catalysts was enhanced by the good dispersion of amorphous Mn species in ZIF-8 derivatives and high specific surface area. The possible reaction pathway for the catalytic oxidation of toluene was also suggested. Maybe this method employing Mn@ZIF-8 as efficient catalyst affords a new and environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of BOL and BAL from the selective oxidation of toluene.     

铈钼氧化物表面氧性质和催化性能

在甲苯选择性氧化制苯甲醛反应中,Mo基氧化物是一类重要的催化剂[1]．通常的认识是反应物与催化剂表面晶格氧作用,并通过催化剂本身的还原和氧化的循环过程促使反应进行。生成产物．因此,催化剂表面不同氧物种的热脱附性能应与催化反应性能密切相关．对于Ce-Mo氧化物的TPD-MS研究,尚未见文献报导．为了能获得该方面的信息,本文应用程序升温脱附-质谱检测（TP-MS）联用技术,对Ce-Mo氧化物样品进行了表面氧TPD谱测定和动力学参量等计算,并试图与其催化性能进行关联．1实验部分1．1样品的制备和表征分别将一定质量的硝酸铈铵和仲…     

SiO2-Al2O3玻纤载体负载CuO-CeO2对挥发性有机化合物催化燃烧性能研究

采用等体积共浸渍法制备了CuO-CeO₂整体式催化剂,评价了催化剂对乙酸乙酯、异丙醇及甲苯的催化燃烧性能。采用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）、氢气程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）以及挥发性有机化合物脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征。表征数据显示,氧化铜以高分散态均匀分散存在于载体表面,氧化铈则是小的纳米颗粒,氧化铈颗粒粒径随着Cu/Ce物质的量比的减小而增大。添加铈氧化物会显著增加总酸量,特别是路易斯酸酸位的量,同时增强了乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的吸附量,吸附量的增加提高了催化剂对乙酸乙酯和异丙醇的催化燃烧性能。从甲苯的催化燃烧实验可以看出,大量添加CeO₂稍微增加了甲苯的吸附容量,减弱了催化剂的还原性、降低了活性氧的含量,最终导致甲苯的低转化率。催化行为由氧化铜、氧化铈以及载体三者之间的共同作用决定,这三者的协同作用不仅影响着表面氧的活性同时影响着催化剂对甲苯的吸附能力。     

Capture-bonding Super Assembly of Nanoscale Dispersed Bimetal on Uniform CeO2 Nanorod for the Toluene Oxidation

Elimination of VOCs by catalytic oxidation is an important technology. Here, a general synergistic capture-bonding superassembly strategy was proposed to obtain the nanoscale dispersed 5.8% PtFe₃−CeO₂ catalyst, which showed a high toluene oxidation activity (T₁₀₀=226 °C), excellent catalytic stability (125 h, >99.5%) and a good water resistance ability (70 h, >99.5%). Through the detailed XPS analysis, oxygen cycle experiment, hydrogen reduction experiment, and in-situ DRIFT experiment, we could deduce that PtFe₃−CeO₂ had two reaction pathways. The surface adsorbed oxygen resulting from PtFe₃ nanoparticles played a dominant role, due to the fast cycling between the surface adsorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancy. In contrast, the lattice oxygen resulting from CeO₂ nanorods played an important role due to the relationship between the toluene oxidation activity and the metal-oxygen bonding energy. Furthermore, DFT simulation verified Pt sites were the dominant reaction active sites during this reaction.     

Plasma-Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene on MnxOy at Atmospheric Pressure and Room Temperature

Mn_xO_y/SBA-15 catalysts were prepared via the impregnation method and utilized for toluene removal in dielectric barrier discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption–desorption, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction, and O₂ temperature-programmed desorption methods. The characterization results indicated that manganese loading did not influence the 2D-hexagonal mesoporous structure of SBA-15. The catalyst had various oxidation states of manganese (Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, and Mn⁴⁺), with Mn³⁺ being the dominant oxidation state. Toluene removal was investigated in the environment of pure N₂ and 80 % N₂ + 20 % O₂ plasma, showing that the toluene removal efficiency and CO₂ selectivity were noticeably increased by Mn_xO_y/SBA-15, especially in the presence of 5 % Mn/SBA-15. This activity was closely related to the high dispersion of 5 % Mn on SBA-15 and the lowest reduction temperature exhibited by this catalyst. Mn loading increased the yield of CO₂ in the N₂ plasma and promoted the deep oxidation of toluene. During toluene oxidation, oxygen exchange might follow a pathway, wherein bulk oxygen was released from the Mn_xO_y/SBA-15 surface; gas-phase O₂ subsequently filled up the vacancies created on the oxide. Each of the manganese oxidation states played an important role; Mn₂O₃ was considered as a bridge for oxygen exchange between the gas phase and the catalyst, and Mn₃O₄ mediated transfer of oxygen between the catalyst and toluene.