Applications of the direct Trefftz boundary element method to the free-vibration problem of a membrane

In this paper, the direct Trefftz method is applied to solve the free-vibration problem of a membrane. In the direct Trefftz method, there exists no spurious eigenvalue. However, an ill-posed nature of numerical instability encountered in the direct Trefftz method requires some treatments. The Tikhonov's regularization method and generalized singular-value decomposition method are used to deal with such an ill-posed problem. Numerical results show the validity of the current approach.     

Theory of direct optical transitions in an optical indirect semiconductor with a superlattice structure

Starting from a model of an indirect optical semiconductor with two bands, the electron states are calculated in the presence of an additional periodic one-dimensional potential (superlattice) in the semiconductor material. These states are used to determine the transition probability connected with the absorption of a photon. This transition corresponds to an optical direct transition — no phonon takes part in this process. The optical direct and optical indirect transitions are compared. For optical frequencies near the band gap one expects only direct transitions, whereby the optical indirect transitions may be neglected.     

Asymmetric step-like characteristics in a tilted rocking ratchet potential

The overdamped Langevin dynamics has been employed to study the directional transport of particles driven in a tilted rocking ratchet potential. The system subjected to a constant direct force undergoes an asymmetrical dynamic transition from a static state to a sliding state at two different critical forces that are consistent with the predicted values. When an additional alternating force is applied to the system, the time-averaged velocity shows several steps of equal height as the direct force increases. These steps are similar to the Shapiro steps in an rf-driven Josephson junction, and appear whenever the system's natural frequency given by the direct force matches an integer multiple of the applied frequency. When the alternating force exceeds a certain critical value which can be also estimated for a slow rocking, a directional motion known as the rectification effect occurs even at zero direct force.     

AN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF A TIME-VARYING SOURCE

This paper presents an analytical investigation of the direct method of measurement of the source impedance of a linear time-variant source. The direct method yields a frequency-dependent effective source impedance which is routinely used in a time-invariant analysis to determine the insertion loss of two different acoustic loads applied to the same source. In such an analysis the strength of the source is assumed to be invariant with load. It is shown here that there is generally no precise correspondence between the effective source impedance as given by the direct method and the characteristics of the actual source. Furthermore, it is shown that the effective source impedance values given by the direct method are functions of the acoustic load and the location of the injected signal as used in the measurement. However, the effective source resistance is always found to be positive, in accordance with experimental measurements. In this regard the direct method is an improvement on the indirect method, where physically implausible negative resistance values are often found. Finally, it is shown that the effective impedance values as given by the direct method when used with a time-invariant analysis give rise to very accurate predictions of insertion loss, even when the strength of the actual time-variant source is allowed to vary with the acoustic load.     

Femtosecond direct space-to-time pulse shaping in an integrated-optic configuration

We demonstrate femtosecond operation of an integrated-optic direct space-to-time pulse shaper for which there is a direct mapping (no Fourier transform) between the spatial position of the masking function and the temporal position in the output waveform. The apparatus is used to generate trains of more than 30 pulses as an ultrafast optical data packet over approximately an 80-ps temporal window.     

Comparison between relay propagation and direct propagation of Gaussian-Schell-model beam in turbulent atmosphere along a slant path

The relay propagation of Gaussian-Schell-model in turbulent atmosphere along a slant path is studied in this paper. Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle and a quadratic approximation, an analytical formula of average intensity for Gaussian-Schell-model beams in turbulent atmosphere along a slant path is derived, and some special cases are discussed. From the study and the comparison with the direct propagation, we can see that the relay propagation has an advantage over the direct propagation. When the altitude of the target is low, the peak intensity of relay propagation is much larger than that of direct propagation. However, because of the limitation of the relay system aperture for relay propagation and the variation of coherence length for direct propagation, the difference in peak intensity between the two propagations decreases with the increase of the target altitude.     

Femtosecond optical packet generation by a direct space-to-time pulse shaper

We demonstrate femtosecond operation of a direct space-to-time pulse shaper in which there is direct mapping (no Fourier transform) between the spatial position of the masking function and the temporal position in the output waveform. We use this apparatus to generate trains of 20 pulses as an ultrafast optical data packet over an ~40-ps temporal window.     

Off-shell corrections to the glauber theory of nuclear multiple scattering

We study the first-order off-shell corrections to Glauber's multiple scattering model. These consist of a direct and a rescattering term, and are obtained from the eikonal corrections studied in a previous paper by a simple substitution. For an independent particle nuclear model the direct term becomes identical to an expression previously derived by Moniz. We show that the rescattering term is in general not small compared to the direct term. For high incident energy a comparison is made with other corrections to the Glauber model. An optical potential is proposed which consists of the Glauber potential and its off-shell, eikonal, Fresnel and spatial correlation corrections.     

The direct correlation function of a one-dimensional Ising model

The strictly finite range of the direct correlation function for a homogeneous nearest neughbor Ising chain is shown to persist in the presence of arbitrary site-dependent coupling constants and an arbitrary external field. A method is developed to examine the range of the direct correlation function for many-neighbor interactions. It is found from numerical examples that, in general, third-neighbor and higher interactions induce long-range direct correlations, as does the presence of a field in the second-neighbor case.     

Investigation of lateral interactions in chemisorption

It is believed that lateral interactions play an important role in chemisorption site selection. With the advent of angular resolved and polarization dependent photoemission spectroscopies, one is able to compare computed band structure with angular resolved photoemission data. This advance coupled with theoretical calculations provides an excellent opportunity for investigating direct (adsorbate-adsorbate) and indirect (through-substrate) lateral interactions at surfaces. We have modelled the chemisorption of oxygen on Al(111) using direct lateral interactions only (isolated monolayer). The calculated results provide a good framework for interpreting the data. For O₂ monolayer the direct lateral interactions are also appreciable and lead to significant dispersion in the calculated energy bands. We have also computed the electronic structure for two dimensional isolated layers of CO in ordered configurations observed on a Pd(100) surface. The shape and width of the 4σ-derived band is satisfactorily accounted for by this direct lateral interaction only model. Having demonstrated that direct lateral interactions lead to observable band dispersions, it is suggested that they might influence normal vibrational frequencies and ought to be included.     

介质型快中子探测器中子直照响应模拟研究

 介质型快中子探测器的中子直照响应对其设计和实际应用具有重要影响。利用Geant4编制Monte-Carlo模拟程序对此型探测器的中子直照响应进行了计算。模拟了探测器芯子常用材料在中子入射时带电重粒子的发射情况,发现电荷收集极、卡阈吸收片和后高压绝缘层材料的选择对中子直照响应特性有直接影响。在现有的以聚四氟乙烯为卡阈吸收片和后高压绝缘层材料的探测芯子中,直照响应给总的中子灵敏度带来约6%的贡献。提出了一种使用高电阻率石墨作为卡阈吸收片和后高压绝缘层材料的探测芯子的优化结构,可有效降低中子直照响应。     

Experimental study of coherence vortices: local properties of phase singularities in a spatial coherence function

By controlling the irradiance of an extended quasimonochromatic, spatially incoherent source, an optical field is generated that exhibits spatial coherence with phase singularities, called coherence vortices. A simple optical geometry for direct visualization of coherence vortices is proposed, and the local properties and the spatial evolution of coherence vortex are experimentally investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first direct and quantitative experimental measurement of a generic coherence vortex.     

Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a bearing-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz–360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The bearing-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally,the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.     

Effect of the external electric field on the kinetics of recombination of photoexcited carriers in a ZnSe/BeTe type II heterostructure

The kinetics of the radiative recombination of photoexcited electrons and holes for a spatially direct transition in a ZnSe/BeTe type II heterostructure in an external electric field has been analyzed. A strong decrease (more than two orders of magnitude) in the photoluminescence intensity, as well as a decrease in the duration of the relaxation of the direct transition, is observed when the electric field is applied. The energy levels and wavefunctions of electrons and holes in the ZnSe/BeTe heterostructure subjected to the electric field have been numerically calculated. It has been shown that the observed decrease in the photoluminescence intensity and duration of the relaxation of the direct transition is due to both an increase in the radiative recombination time and an increase in the rate of escape of photoexcited holes from the above-barrier level in the ZnSe layer to the BeTe layer.     

The effect of gap junctional distribution on defibrillation

We summarize a mathematical theory for direct activation and defibrillation of cardiac tissue. We show that the direct stimulus and defibrillation thresholds are likely to be strongly affected by the gap junctional distribution and density, suggesting an indirect experimental test of the theory. (c) 1998 American Institute of Physics.     

Study of Some Factors Affecting Thermodynamic Properties of the Insulating Phase of the Periodic Anderson Lattice Model

Within the framework of slave-boson mean-field theory, we study the thermodynamic properties of the periodic Anderson lattice model with half-filled conduction band and one 4f electron at each primitive cell and the degeneracy N_d = 2. It is found that after taking into account the direct nearest-neighbor f-f hopping, such a periodic Anderson lattice model can exhibit both an insulating ground state and a heavy-fermion metal ground state depending on the value of the bare f energy level E_f, the hybridization matrix element V, and the direct f-f hopping strength δ. This is unlike the case neglecting the direct f-f hopping, in which such a periodic Anderson lattice model will predict an insulating ground state only.     

激光直写邻近效应的校正

邻近效应是限制光刻系统分辨力的一个重要因素,它也限制了激光直写在亚微米和亚半微米光刻中的应用。分析了激光直写邻近效应产生的原因,指出它和电子束直写及投影光刻的区别,提出了一种简便有效的邻近校正方法。实验表明,通过光学邻近校正（ＯＰＣ）,利用微米级激光直写系统,制作出了０．６μｍ的实用光刻线条     

Photon contribution to the “super-hard” pomeron

It is shown that direct photons provide a leading twist mechanism for diffractive jet production in which the jets carry away all of the momentum lost by the proton. Two-photon processes are thus expected to asymptotically dominate “super-hard” pomeron events in ep collisions. We report the expected rates from these events for recent ZEUS and H1 data cuts. We also estimate the direct photon contribution to the “super-hard” pomeron events observed by the CERN UA8 group for collisions. It is again argued that direct photons are the leading mechanism for these events. We find that direct photons are an appreciable fraction of the events seen by UA8.     

Inverted yablonovite fabricated by the direct laser writing method and its photonic structure

Three-dimensional photonic crystals with an inverted yablonovite structure have been fabricated by the direct laser writing method based on the two-photon polymerization of a photosensitive material. The correspondence of the structure of the samples to the inverted yablonovite lattice has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The photonic band structure of inverted yablonovite, as well as a number of related photonic materials with an fcc lattice, has been calculated. It has been found that the photonic properties of opal and yablonovite are opposite: the complete photonic band gap appears in inverted opal and direct yablonovite and is absent in direct opal and inverted yablonovite. A method for the fabrication of ideal three-dimensional photonic structures having the complete photonic band gap in the infrared and visible spectral ranges has been discussed.     

甚多束激光直接驱动靶面辐照均匀性研究

针对甚多束激光辐照下的直接驱动靶面光强均匀分布开展了系统研究. 利用球谐模分析选定了可实现均匀辐照的靶面弹着点极角分布, 并通过数值模拟确定了以等效48束激光直接驱动辐照下靶面三环弹着点极角位置分别为22.4°, 47.7°和73.6°. 基于特定装置构型分析了实现极向直接驱动时对各路激光指向的修正, 并对光束截面焦斑进行了优化, 实现了极向直接驱动下的靶面均匀辐照.