Magnetic resonance spectrum of localized spins in conductive materials in a linear field gradient

For spins localized in a conductive sample the shape of the magnetic resonance spectrum is calculated in the presence of a linear gradient of the constant magnetic field. It is shown that the shape of the spectrum depends on the sign of the gradient. This result allows one to interpret an experimentally observed inequality of intensities of spectra which arise from skin layers on opposite sides of a sample when a linear gradient is applied across a sample with a given thickness. Results of this work will be helpful when the magnetic resonance imaging methods are used in studying conductive systems.     

新一代永磁型磁共振成像系统及其医学应用

简述了世界磁共振成像技术的发展趋势,分析了永磁型共振成像系统的常见不足及其产生的物理原因,据此,提出了解决这些问题的方法,同时,介绍了解决这些问题之后开发出的新一代永磁型磁振成像系统Ｏｐｅｎ Ｍａｒｋ２０００的特点及其在医学上的应用。     

Magnetic fields mapping with the phase reference method

A simple method for imaging the magnetic field produced by arbitrary current distribtions is presented. The method is based on the use of a phase reference image and can be easily adapted to any standard magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Examples are given to application to gradient coil characterization and quantitative field measurements.     

Quantum phase interference and spin-parity in Mn12 single-molecule magnets

Magnetization measurements of Mn12 molecular nanomagnets with spin ground states of S=10 and S=19/2 show resonance tunneling at avoided energy level crossings. The observed oscillations of the tunnel probability as a function of the magnetic field applied along the hard anisotropy axis are due to topological quantum phase interference of two tunnel paths of opposite windings. Spin-parity dependent tunneling is established by comparing the quantum phase interference of integer and half-integer spin systems.     

基于双锥形绕组铁芯变压器的三谐振脉冲变压器

研制了一台基于双锥形绕组铁芯变压器的三谐振脉冲变压器,具有结构紧凑、小巧轻便等优点。铁芯变压器磁芯由0.08 mm的硅钢薄带绕成半月形闭合结构,放置于铝制紧固件中;初次级绕组采用双绕组并联结构,两个锥形高压绕组对称绕制在刻槽的有机玻璃骨架上并将高压从圆筒中轴线引出,改善了绕组电场分布的不均匀性并实现了高压的同轴输出。铁芯变压器、LC调谐回路和27 pF脉冲形成线组成三谐振回路,其中谐振电容为同轴结构电容,谐振电感由直径0.08 mm的漆包线不均匀绕制于刻槽的有机玻璃绝缘体上。实验结果表明,该三谐振脉冲变压器最大工作电压大于800 kV,充电时间约为650 ns,同时也验证了将双谐振铁芯脉冲变压器改造成三谐振脉冲变压器具有可行性。     

基于双锥形绕组铁芯变压器的三谐振脉冲变压器

研制了一台基于双锥形绕组铁芯变压器的三谐振脉冲变压器,具有结构紧凑、小巧轻便等优点。铁芯变压器磁芯由0.08 mm的硅钢薄带绕成半月形闭合结构,放置于铝制紧固件中;初次级绕组采用双绕组并联结构,两个锥形高压绕组对称绕制在刻槽的有机玻璃骨架上并将高压从圆筒中轴线引出,改善了绕组电场分布的不均匀性并实现了高压的同轴输出。铁芯变压器、LC调谐回路和27 pF脉冲形成线组成三谐振回路,其中谐振电容为同轴结构电容,谐振电感由直径0.08 mm的漆包线不均匀绕制于刻槽的有机玻璃绝缘体上。实验结果表明,该三谐振脉冲变压器最大工作电压大于800 kV,充电时间约为650 ns,同时也验证了将双谐振铁芯脉冲变压器改造成三谐振脉冲变压器具有可行性。     

The structure of chaotic magnetic field lines in a tokamak withexternal nonsymmetric magnetic perturbations

We consider the effects of external nonsymmetric magnetostatic perturbations caused by resonant helical windings and a chaotic magnetic limiter on the plasma confined in a tokamak. The main purpose of both types of perturbation is to create a region in which field lines are chaotic in the Lagrangian sense: two initially nearby field lines diverge exponentially through many turns around the tokamak. The equilibrium field is obtained from the equations of magneto-hydrodynamic equilibrium written down in a polar toroidal coordinate system. The magnetic fields generated by the resonant helical windings and the chaotic magnetic limiter are obtained through an analytical solution of Laplace equation. The magnetic field line equations are integrated to give a Hamiltonian mapping of field lines that we use to characterize the structure of chaotic field lines. In the case of resonant windings, we obtained the map by both numerical integration and a Hamiltonian formulation. For a chaotic limiter, we analytically derived a symplectic map by using a Hamiltonian formulation     

Stray field magnetic resonance tomography using ferromagnetic spheres

The methodology for obtaining two- and three-dimensional magnetic resonance images by using azimuthally symmetric dipolar magnetic fields from ferromagnetic spheres is described. We utilize the symmetric property of a geometric sphere in the presence of a large externally applied magnetic field to demonstrate that a complete two- or three-dimensional structured rendering of a sample can be obtained without the motion of the sample relative to the sphere. Sequential positioning of the integrated sample-sphere system in an external magnetic field at various angular orientations provides all the required imaging slices for successful computerized tomographic image reconstruction. The elimination of the requirement to scan the sample relative to the ferromagnetic tip in this imaging protocol is a potentially valuable simplification compared to previous scanning probe magnetic resonance imaging proposals.     

Laser-polarized 129Xe NMR at 1.88 T and 8.5 mT: a signal-to-noise ratio comparison

The signal-to-noise ratio of nuclear magnetic resonance signals from laser-polarized 129Xe gas was investigated at 8.5 mT and compared to that of signals acquired at 1.88 T. A dedicated 8.5 mT resistive magnet was constructed and used to acquire the signals. The SNR for 1 atm of xenon gas with a polarization of 1% was measured to be 1900 at a field of 1.88 T. Under identical acquisition conditions, the SNR at 8.5 mT was about 60 (or 32 times lower). After measuring and including all of the electrical factors of the detection systems at each field strength, theory indicates the SNR value measured at 8.5m T should be about 36 times lower. Considering the widely differing frequencies and completely different detection systems the agreement is quite good and indicates that extrapolating the frequency dependence of the SNR down to very low fields does work as long as the detection system parameters are carefully accounted for. This work suggests that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is achievable on ideal gas samples at 8.5 mT using laser-polarized 129Xe gas down to the practical resolution limit of about 0.5mm, although the SNR will be very low (approximately 1.4). The feasibility of imaging small animals at 8.5 mT is discussed and it is suggested that a field of about 50 mT is required.     

Asymmetric MRI Magnet Design Using a Hybrid Numerical Method

This paper describes a hybrid numerical method for the design of asymmetric magnetic resonance imaging magnet systems. The problem is formulated as a field synthesis and the desired current density on the surface of a cylinder is first calculated by solving a Fredholm equation of the first kind. Nonlinear optimization methods are then invoked to fit practical magnet coils to the desired current density. The field calculations are performed using a semi-analytical method. A new type of asymmetric magnet is proposed in this work. The asymmetric MRI magnet allows the diameter spherical imaging volume to be positioned close to one end of the magnet. The main advantages of making the magnet asymmetric include the potential to reduce the perception of claustrophobia for the patient, better access to the patient by attending physicians, and the potential for reduced peripheral nerve stimulation due to the gradient coil configuration. The results highlight that the method can be used to obtain an asymmetric MRI magnet structure and a very homogeneous magnetic field over the central imaging volume in clinical systems of approximately 1.2 m in length. Unshielded designs are the focus of this work. This method is flexible and may be applied to magnets of other geometries.     

基于AD607芯片的核磁共振模拟接收机

核磁共振波谱和核磁共振成像技术（MRI）已经成为一种广泛应用于物理、化学、材料、生物医学等领域的重要研究工具和医疗诊断手段,但是仪器复杂、价格昂贵. 本文提出了一种改进的基于AD607芯片的模拟接收机设计. 相对于传统的模拟接收机,此设计可以减少接收机使用的外围器件的数量,从而简化设备. 而相对于全数字接收机,本文提出的设计结构简单,并且可以工作在较高的频率. 文章最后给出了核磁共振成像实验的结果.     

Leakage-flux betatron

A betatron on the leakage flux from two windings connected oppositely and laid around a closed magnetic circuit is considered. The governing magnetic field in the interpole gap is created by a leakage magnetic flux between the windings, while the accelerating magnetic flux is generated by the difference of the ampere-turns of the windings in a closed magnetic circuit. Results are presented that were obtained by examining the proposed scheme and by comparing it with the classical betatron scheme. It is shown that the use of a closed magnetic circuit, with the demagnetization of steel, makes it possible to implement, in the most economical way, the potential of the induction method of acceleration.     

双层磁性薄膜系统中铁磁共振性质

利用能量极小原理研究了双层磁性薄膜系统中的铁磁共振特性,给出共振频率与线宽随外加磁场的变化关系.以及考虑应力各向异性、交换各向异性和单轴各向异性后,系统共振频率与线宽的变化情况.数值计算结果表明:外应力场和交换各向异性场对铁磁共振频率、频谱宽度以及磁化行为均有影响.     

利用核磁共振测量乙醇汽油溶液浓度

利用核磁共振成像分析仪测量了不同汽油体积含量的乙醇汽油溶液的核磁共振信号,分析了横向弛豫时间、信号强度与汽油浓度的关系.结果表明乙醇汽油溶液中汽油的体积含量与信号强度呈线性关系,因此利用低磁场核磁共振可以测量乙醇汽油浓度.     

On concomitant gradients in low-field MRI

Growing interest in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultra-low magnetic fields (ULF, approximately muT fields) has been motivated by several advantages over its counterparts at higher magnetic fields. These include narrow line widths, the possibility of novel imaging schemes, reduced imaging artifacts from susceptibility variations within a sample, and reduced system cost and complexity. In addition, ULF NMR/MRI with superconducting quantum interference devices is compatible with simultaneous measurements of biomagnetic signals, a capability conventional systems cannot offer. Acquisition of MRI at ULF must, however, account for concomitant gradients that would otherwise result in severe image distortions. In this paper, we introduce the general theoretical framework that describes concomitant gradients, explain why such gradients are more problematic at low field, and present possible approaches to correct for these unavoidable gradients in the context of a non-slice-selective MRI protocol.     

Microimaging at 14 tesla using GESEPI for removal of magnetic susceptibility artifacts in T(2)(*)-weighted image contrast.

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), T(2)(*)-weighted contrast is significantly enhanced by extremely high magnetic field strength, offering broad potential applications. However, the T(2)(*)-weighted image contrast distortion and signal loss artifact arising from discontinuities of magnetic susceptibility within and around the sample are also increased, limiting utilization of high field systems for T(2)(*)-weighted contrast applications. Due to the B(0) dependence of the contrast distortions and signal losses, and the heterogeneity of magnetic susceptibility in biological samples, magnetic susceptibility artifacts worsen dramatically for in vivo microimaging at higher fields. Practical applications of T(2)(*)-sensitive techniques enhanced by higher magnetic fields are therefore challenged. This report shows that magnetic susceptibility artifacts dominate T(2)(*)-weighted image contrast at 14 T, and demonstrates that the GESEPI (gradient echo slice excitation profile imaging) technique effectively reduces or eliminates these artifacts at long TE in the highest field (14 T) currently available for (1)H imaging.     

Magnetic resonance imaging with stepped B(0) fields

This paper introduces the concept of imaging with stepped magnetic fields within the main B(0) field. The resonance frequency within each step is separated from the next by an amount greater than the imaging bandwidth. Each step thus gives rise to a separate imaging region enabling simultaneous imaging over multiple slices without aliasing. The auxiliary magnetic field regions are produced by coil inserts. The principle is illustrated using simple coil designs which introduce up to two steps into the main B(0) field. Phantoms placed in each uniform region were successfully imaged simultaneously with no aliasing.     

45 kVA单相高温超导变压器交流损耗特性研究

本文研究以多芯不锈钢加强Bi2223/Ag带材绕制的45 kVA单相高温超导变压器的交流损耗特性.变压器绕组置于具有室温孔径的环形玻璃钢杜瓦内,铁芯穿过杜瓦室温孔径以保证铁芯与绕组分离并工作于室温环境.在77 K和工频下,基于Bean模型和绕组中的磁场分布计算了绕组的交流损耗,计算结果与传统电测法和热测法测量的变压器交流损耗结果一致;表明在77K绕组中交流损耗以磁滞损耗为主,涡流损耗和耦合损耗可以忽略不计.     

单边磁共振成像仪磁体系统研究

单边磁共振成像（MRI）系统由于其良好的开放性引起了越来越多的关注,这种系统的成像样品区位于磁体外侧,其形状为薄片形,其磁体结构设计是一个全新的问题. 本文基于鞍点理论,探索这种单边磁体在其外侧产生均匀样品区的可行性,通过对几种单边磁体结构磁场特性的研究,指出适当设计的永磁磁体能够在磁体外侧产生鞍点. 最后给出一种符合成像要求的单边永磁MRI磁体结构. 单边MRI磁体结构的可行性分析及磁体结构的成功设计,为开展完全开放式磁共振成像装置的研究打下了坚实的基础.     

Calculation of magnetic field for 4 T fast cycling superconducting dipole magnet

The problem of optimization of the two-dimensional magnetic field distribution of a dipole magnet with a field of 4 T and aperture diameter of 100–110 mm for a fast cycling synchrotron is considered. A singlelayer winding with a small number of turns is made from a hollow NbTi superconducting cable with an operating current up to 30 kA. The mathematical method providing optimization of the higher harmonics amplitude of the magnetic field by varying the position of current windings is described. The results of calculation of two-dimensional magnetic fields of the superconducting magnet are given.