基于环糊精的农药吸附剂的研究进展

农药的研发与使用极大地提高了农作物的产量,为解决人类温饱、改善人类生活品质做出了贡献。但是,农药广泛残留于农副产品以及土壤和水体中,造成的污染日趋严重。残留的农药通常具有微量致毒、难生物降解、生物累积等特性,对生物健康与生态系统造成了巨大威胁。高效检测微量农药、减小污染危害是亟待解决的问题。吸附法具有成本低、操作简单、稳定性强、可重复性强的特点,在农药分离预富集领域得到了广泛关注。作为一种常用的农药吸附剂材料,环糊精是一类具有空腔的超分子化合物,能够作为主体通过主客体作用形成包合物;另外,可以通过醚化、酯化、氧化等化学反应对环糊精进行后修饰以提高其吸附性能。疏水作用、静电作用、范德华力、氢键作用、立体效应协同促进对农药的吸附。环糊精在农药吸附领域已经取得了一定进展,但是目前还没有基于环糊精的农药吸附剂的综述。该文针对杀菌剂、杀虫剂、除草剂、植物生长调节剂这4类农药,系统性地评述了基于环糊精的农药吸附剂的制备、吸附机理及应用,目前存在个别吸附剂吸附容量不高、降解机理不明确、降解产物对环境不友好、容易造成二次污染的问题,研发高吸附容量、易回收、易分离、易再生的基于环糊精的农药吸附剂是未来的主要研究方向。     

基于钯催化的Catellani反应的Rhazinal的高效全合成

Rhazinal是Rhazinilam家族中的一员,其家族都含有一个因环张力而形成的吡咯-苯胺手性轴,一个高张力的九元内酰胺,一个全碳季碳手性中心以及[3.4]并环结构.Rhazinilam被发现是一个很好的多种癌细胞的抑制剂,具有诱导和促进微管蛋白的聚合、防止解聚、稳定微管的作用.自其被分离之后得到了有机和生物有机化学家的广泛重视,至今已有多个其家族成员的全合成的报道.中国科学技术大学化学系顾振华小组将Pd催化的Catellani反应首次成     

"神秘的燃烧"的研究报告

将经酒精溶液浸泡后的滤纸点燃,要保证酒精燃烧而滤纸不燃烧且现象明显,酒精溶液的配比是关键,笔者设计6个实验组,采用不同配比的酒精溶液,经过实验研究,现象对比,最终得出体积比2:1(95%酒精和水)较合适.     

亲水性修饰的量子点的结构对荧光性能的影响研究

亲水性量子点的荧光性能是其作为生物检测探针的一个重要质量指标. 不同结构的量子点在亲水性修饰过程中, 其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力差异较大. 设计与制备具有不同结构和成分的核、核壳量子点, 再通过双亲性高分子对其亲水性改性, 利用荧光光谱监测亲水性修饰过程中的荧光性能变化来度量所合成量子点的光化学稳定性. 实验结果表明,在表面亲水性修饰过程中, 未包覆壳层的裸核量子点其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力最弱; 包覆壳层的核壳量子点, 其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力增强, 且壳层越多, 抵抗能力越强. 壳层的结构和成分直接影响核壳量子点抵抗荧光淬灭的能力, 具有合理晶格匹配的核壳量子点, 其抵抗荧光淬灭的能力较强. 另外, 通过优化设计与制备的核壳量子点经表面亲水性修饰后, 再偶联叶酸, 构建出特异性生物荧光探针, 对乳腺癌细胞进行靶向性标记后, 利用流式细胞仪进行细胞检测分析. 实验结果表明, 通过优化制备的核壳量子点, 亲水性修饰后仍具有很好的荧光性能, 偶联叶酸后具有较好的细胞靶向性.     

某些助剂对明胶的凝胶强度的影响的研究

众所周知,物理力学性能是照相明胶的一种很重要的属性。在各种彩色及黑白胶片都面向高温快速加工发展的今天,这种属性就显得更为重要。提高胶片的物理力学性能,一方面要从提高明胶本身的胶冻强度着手,例如减少明胶中溶胶组份(分子量小、冷水中溶解度高),提高明胶中的α和β组份的相对含量,减少分子量过大的组份等等。     

DTNB标记的肌酸激酶的水解及氰解反应的研究

本文研究了DTNB标记的肌酸激酶(S,S′-二-TNB-CK)氰解反应,发现在Degani等人的氰解反应的条件下,同时有水解反应存在。当没有KCN存在时,在pH9.5的条件下,DTNB标记的CK可以迅速地被水解,并释放出TNB基团。水解反应呈双相的一级反应,在快相反应中每个酶分子大约释放一个TNB基团。当水解后的产物进一步与KCN反应时,每个酶分子大约又释放一个TNB基团,反应则呈单相的一级反应。上述结果表明在DTNB修饰酶中,两个被修饰的巯基分别处于二聚体肌酸激酶的每一个亚基的活性部位上,其中一个TNB基团在水解反应中迅速被释放出来而另一个以很慢的速度反应并很难反应完全。而水解产物进行氰解时,那个很难被水解的TNB基团此时被释放出来。这表明了肌酸激酶的两个亚基结合是不对称的,因而导致两个活性部位的巯基处于不同的化学微环境中。此外还发现在水解过程或氰解过程中伴随着TNB基团的释放,活性部位部分巯基被还原成游离巯基,同时活力也得到部分恢复并呈正相关作用。这进一步说明CK中可反应的半胱氨酸巯基是酶的必需基因,并处于酶分子的活性部位上。     

氢能的发展机遇与面临的挑战

氢能作为一种重要的清洁可再生能源受到越来越多的关注。本文首先从能源资源、CO₂减排、大规模能源储存3个方面简略地说明了氢能的发展机遇。 随后更多的是对氢能发展面临的一些挑战进行了介绍,这些也是氢能发展的瓶颈,这些问题不解决,氢能难以产业化应用。所以本文围绕着制氢、储运、基础设施、关键设备、安全等一些领域,对国内外的研究状况以及最新动态进行了介绍,并对一些具体问题和技术做了进一步的说明,给出了一些方向和技术指标。另外,对氢能应用,也提出了一些多样化的建议,可供产业化开发参考。     

基于Matlab的二元共聚合反应的竞聚率的求解

以直线交叉法为依据,根据最小二乘原理,采用Matlab GUI工具设计了一款用于计算二元共聚合反应竞聚率的图形用户程序。与传统的求解竞聚率方法相比,该图形用户程序具有设计原理简单、计算快捷的特点;同时程序提供界面简洁、交互友好的数据输入平台,实用性强。实际应用表明:采用该款图形用户程序所测得的数据与微机动态搜索法、Tidwell-Mortimer法相近,而比采用斜率截距法计算竞聚率的最小差方和更小,并且也避免了采用斜率截距法由于所用方程的非对称性造成的计算结果的不一致性。     

青蒿素的生物素标记衍生物的合成

青蒿素1及其衍生物具有特征的过氧桥结构, 并呈现优秀的抗疟生物活性. 为了研究详细的作用机制和确定生物学作用靶标, 本研究从易得的青蒿素衍生物出发, 通过酰胺键相连, 合成了生物素标记的青蒿素衍生物.     

基于网络的有机化学试题库的建设

使用ASP.net和SQL server数据库建立有机化学网络试题库,实现了学生开放性学习和教师客观命题的功能,并将试题库按专业课时分层次管理,实现有机化学课程的标准化考试。     

The isolation and purification of pre-S2 containing hepatitis B virus surface antigen by chemical affinity chromatography

A simple, rapid, and efficient method was developed to isolate and purify pre-S2 containing HBsAgs from the plasma of a single chronic carrier of HBsAg (adw) by ammonium sulfate fractionation, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, and polymerized human serum albumin-affinity column chromatography. About 500 μg of pre-S2 containing HBsAg was obtained from 140 mL of plasma containing 4,200 μg of HBsAg. Two purified pre-S2 containing HBsAgs were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their molecular weights were determined to be 31,000 and 68,000 respectively. No significant amount of HBsAg or its derivative was detected in the final product.     

Determination of total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, supplement ingredients, and soy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: collaborative study

An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate a method for determining total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, dietary supplement ingredients, and soy foods. Isoflavones were extracted using aqueous acetonitrile containing a small amount of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and all 12 of the naturally occuring isoflavones in soy were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection using apigenin as an internal standard. Fifteen samples (6 pairs of blind duplicates plus 3 additional samples) of soy isoflavone ingredients, soy isoflavone dietary supplements, soy flour, and soy protein products were successfully analyzed by 13 collaborating laboratories in 6 countries. For repeatability, the relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 1.07 for samples containing over 400 mglg total isoflavones to 3.31 for samples containing 0.87 mg/g total isoflavones, and for reproducibility the RSDR values ranged from 2.29 for samples containing over 400 mg/g total isoflavones to 9.36 for samples containing 0.87 mg/g total isoflavones. HorRat values ranged from 1.00 to 1.62 for all samples containing at least 0.8 mg/g total isoflavones. One sample, containing very low total isoflavones (< 0.05 mg/g), gave RSDR values of 175 and a HorRat value of 17.6. This sample was deemed to be below the usable range of the method. The method provides accurate and precise results for analysis of soy isoflavones in dietary supplements and soy foods.     

Gelatin scaffolds functionalized by silver nanoparticle‐containing calcium alginate beads for wound care applications

The embedding of silver nanoparticle (nAg)‐containing calcium alginate (CaAlg) beads in gelatin scaffolds was aimed to reduce the burst release and prolong the release of silver (Ag⁺) ions for a long period of time. The reduced sizes of the nAg‐containing CaAlg beads were prepared by an emulsification/external gelation method. The diameter of these beads was ~2 µm. The nAg‐containing CaAlg beads were then embedded into gelatin scaffolds by a freeze‐drying method for evaluating the potential of these scaffolds as wound dressings. The compressive modulus of these scaffolds embedded with nAg‐containing CaAlg beads ranged between 7 and 9 kPa. For release study, the cumulative released amounts of Ag⁺ ions from the nAg‐containing CaAlg beads embedded in gelatin scaffolds were lower than those from the nAg‐containing CaAlg beads. Moreover, the nAg‐containing CaAlg beads embedded in gelatin scaffolds had great antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. Thus, these scaffolds had potential for sustaining the release and use in wound care applications, especially chronic wound. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring Of Nitrifying Processes In Ground Water By Ion Chromatography

Abstract

The removal of ammonia from mineral medium containing known concentrations of ammonia (up to 300 mg/L) and from ground water by biological oxidation was studied. Nitrifying bacteria were isolated from ground water containing ammonia.

Ammonium ion was determined by a standard titration technique while nitrite and nitrate ions were determined by ion chromatography (IC Supersep anion column) using 1.5 mM phtalic acid solution containing 5 % acetonitril as eluent.

Depending on its concentration in water biooxidation of ammonia lasted from 48 hours till three weeks.     

Structural evolution in binary halide systems with cations in the oxidation state +1

We analyze the structural evolution of binary halide systems with a common anion and cations in the oxidation state +1. For eutectic-type liquid-solid diagrams and in diagrams containing incomplete solid solutions or solid solutions with a liquidus minimum, absolute and relative deflections of the experimental liquidus curve from the ideal curve were determined. The major factors are recognized influencing the structural evolution from systems containing solid solutions to eutectic systems with a positive deflection of the experimental liquidus from the ideal curve and then to ideal eutectic systems, as well as from ideal eutectic systems to eutectic systems with a negative deflection of the experimental liquidus from the ideal curve and then to systems containing compounds.     

The Taming of the Maleimide: Fabrication of Maleimide‐Containing ‘Clickable’ Polymeric Materials

Functional polymers are widely employed in various areas of biomedical sciences. In order to tailor them for desired applications, facile and efficient functionalization of these polymeric materials under mild and benign conditions is important. Polymers containing reactive maleimide groups can be employed for such applications since they provide an excellent handle for conjugation of thiol‐ and diene‐containing molecules and biomolecules. Until recently, fabrication of maleimide containing polymeric materials has been challenging due to the interference from the highly reactive double bond. A Diels‐Alder/retro Diels‐Alder reaction sequence based strategy to transiently mask the maleimide group provides access to such polymeric materials. In this personal account, we summarize contributions from our group towards the fabrication and functionalization of maleimide‐containing polymeric materials over the past decade.     

Doubly charged ion mass spectra: V—Oxygen containing hydrocarbons

Doubly charged ion mass spectra were obtained for 46 low molecular weight oxygen containing compounds. A double focusing Hitachi RMU-7L mass spectrometer, operated at 3.2 kV accelerating voltage, was used to measure spectra for aliphatic alcohol, ketone, ether, aldehyde, ester and acid molecules, as well as several aromatic oxygen containing compounds. In general, the spectra were dominated by fragment ions which resulted from extensive H loss and C? C bond rupture as well as O elimination from the doubly charged molecular ions. Total product ion intensities from doubly charged ion spectra of aliphatic oxygen containing compounds were approximately 1% of the corresponding total ion intensity in the benzene doubly charged ion spectrum. Appearance energies for forming prominent doubly charged molecular and fragment ions were determined. Measured values ranged from 26 to 45 eV. A geometry optimized quantum mechanical SCF treatment was used to compute the energies, charge densities and structures for several of these oxygen containing doubly charged ions.     

Freeze-fracture electron microscopic and calorimetric studies on microscopic states of surface-modified liposomes with poly(ethylene glycol) chains

The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the freeze-fracture electron microscopy of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes containing distearoyl-N-monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-succinyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (PEG-DSPE) were carried out. The DSC peak of DPPC liposomes containing PEG-DSPE had a shoulder. The main phase transition temperature of DPPC bilayer membranes containing PEG-DSPE whose molecular weight of PEG is less than 3000 was slightly shifted to a higher temperature, while that containing PEG-DSPE whose molecular weight of PEG is more than 5000 was slightly shifted to a lower temperature. The electron micrographs of freeze-fracture replicas of DPPC liposomes containing PEG-DSPE quenched from 37±2°C exhibited banded and planar textures, suggesting the lateral phase separation in the bilayer membranes.     

A new enone‐containing triglyceride derivative as precursor of thermosets from renewable resources

A novel triglyceride containing α,β‐unsaturated ketone was prepared through photoperoxidation from high oleic sunflower oil by two steps one pot environmentally friendly procedure. This new enone‐containing triglyceride was crosslinked with diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) via aza‐Michael addition. A kinetic study of the reaction of p‐toluidine with either enone‐containing methyl oleate or epoxidized methyl oleate, as model compounds, allowed us to establish the higher reactivity of the former, thus confirming this curing system as an alternative to amine‐cured epoxidized vegetable oils. The thermal properties of thermosets from enone‐ and epoxy‐containing triglycerides with DDM have been evaluated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6843–6850, 2008     

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer by quencher adsorption into hydrogels containing fluorophores

We synthesized anionic hydrogels containing fluorophores and investigated the adsorption of a cationic quencher having an amino group into hydrogels by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET from the fluorophore to the quencher in hydrogels was examined by fluorescence intensity and fluorescence decay using a fluorescence spectrophotometer and femtosecond laser spectroscopy. The fluorescence intensity of the fluorophore‐containing hydrogels decreased rapidly with increasing amounts of adsorbed cationic quencher. The fluorescence emission of the fluorophore in the quencher‐adsorbed hydrogels containing fluorophores decayed more rapidly than that of the original hydrogels. The aforementioned result indicates that the fluorescence of the fluorophore‐containing hydrogels is quenched due to FRET from the fluorophore to the quencher as the cationic quenchers can approach the fluorophores in hydrogels by electrostatic interactions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3245–3252, 2006