麻粒岩中的水对大陆下地壳性质和演化的启示

大陆下地壳是地球深部最重要的层圈结构之一，是壳幔物质发生交换和相互作用的直接场所. 麻粒岩是大陆下地壳的主要组成物质，其成岩模式和组成特点对于更好地理解大陆下地壳的性质、形成和演化具有重要的意义. 流体是下地壳内非常活跃的一种介质，不仅会对下地壳内许多性质产生显著影响，还可能对麻粒岩的成因和下地壳的形成方式有重要制约. 麻粒岩在某种程度上可以看作是大陆下地壳的代名词，变质作用造成的麻粒岩组成上的许多特点，如亏损生热元素（HPE）和大离子亲石元素（LILE）等，被广泛地认为是影响下地壳化学成分的直接因素. 文中综述了近些年来对大陆下地壳、麻粒岩和流体作用的若干进展和三者之间日趋突出的争议和问题，结合对中国东部一些典型产地产出的麻粒岩捕虏体/地体麻粒岩中主要组成矿物（斜方辉石， 单斜辉石， 斜长石和石榴石）的Fourier变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析结果，指出这些矿物中的结构水可能构成了大陆下地壳内最重要的水储库. 这些水的存在和发现，可能为研究下地壳内的流体活动、麻粒岩相变质作用和大陆下地壳的一些典型的地球物理学特征（如地震活动和电导率异常现象）提供新的途径，同时也表明大陆下地壳内的许多地质作用过程和原先的一些认识都可能要重新评估.     

我国大陆下地壳的再循环研究取得重大进展

物质的再循环是地球动力学的主要过程之一.大陆下地壳是否能够再循环返回地幔是地球动力学和地球化学一个长期未解决的难题,这一问题对于认识大陆地壳的形成和演化以及壳幔交换作用至关重要.     

汉诺坝地区下地壳与壳-幔过渡带岩石波速实验研究

通过对汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中镁铁质麻粒岩相斜长辉石岩、榴辉岩相石榴辉石岩和辉石岩捕虏体,以及普通的太古代地体麻粒岩,进行高温高压下的波速测定和研究表明:高V p (7.0～8.0km/s)镁铁质捕虏体揭示现今下地壳和壳-幔过渡带组成特征,为幔源岩浆底侵导致地壳垂向增生和壳-幔过渡带形成提供了新证据;低V p (<7.0km/s)太古代地体麻粒岩,乃早期下地壳或上部下地壳的特点.     

全球麻粒岩相地体与大陆下地壳成分模型

在出露地表的中、高压相麻粒岩地体代表下陆壳的认识基础上，建成全球麻粒岩相地体地球化学成分数据库（共１６８５套分析数据）。利用ＩＢＭ４３８１大型计算机对全部数据进行了多元变量统计分析，成功地建立了迄今为止精度最高的太古代、后太古代和全球大陆下地壳化学成分模型。     

橄榄岩-熔体反应过程中微量元素和同位素组成的转变

地幔橄榄岩-熔体反应不仅能使主量元素亏损的高镁橄榄岩转变为主量元素饱满的低镁橄榄岩,而且能够引起橄榄岩的微量元素和同位素组成的明显变化.由于参与反应的熔体的来源和性质的差异,反应所产生的结果亦截然不同.模拟计算表明,来自再循环的地壳物质部分熔融所产生的熔体能够造成橄榄岩微量元素和同位素组成的明显富集,而来自软流圈的玄武质熔体则可造成橄榄岩微量元素和同位素组成的相对亏损.橄榄岩-熔体反应过程能够合理地解释目前所发现的岩石圈地幔样品的主、微量元素和同位素组成的巨大变化,所以,存在于岩石圈地幔中的橄榄岩-熔体的相互反应可能是岩石圈演化的重要方式之一.     

基于全信息模型的膜下滴灌甜菜水氮供应指标优化

采用膜下滴灌节水栽培模式,通过建立甜菜水、氮供应与产质量回归模型,并采用模拟寻优的方法,研究了甜菜水氮耦合产质量达到最优时的适宜施氮量和灌水量.结果表明:甜菜产量与灌水量、施氮量的回归模型为Y=-0.127 N×N+44.356 N-0.004 N×W+10.797 W-0.004W×W,采用模拟寻优方法得出最佳灌水量...     

基于岩石物性和地下水矿化度约束的三维电性模型地下水分布特征研究

研究柴达木盆地研究区地下水空间分布特征。本文首先通过岩石物性分析,获得了研究区典型岩石电性特征,为后续三维电性模型分析提供了可靠的电性依据。然后采用三维非线性共轭梯度反演算法获得了研究区音频大地电磁三维电性结构模型,并依据经验公式计算了研究区地下水矿化度。最后结合三维电性模型和地下水矿化度综合分析了研究区地下水空间分布特征。成果表明,研究区有利的富水区域为绿梁山以东,大头羊洪积扇以南区域的第四系卵、砾石层,位于现代河床及冲洪积扇中缘区域为淡水区域的主要富集区,受绿梁山阻挡,在山前平原一带以及绿梁山南侧泄出带附近为咸水区域。     

地幔岩包体中的Ni，Fe，Au，Mo含量及其意义——以山东和辽宁地区的比较分析为例

目的 探讨华北南北两缘辽宁宽甸及山东临朐两地新生代地幔岩包体中成矿元素含量与矿床分布之间的关系.方法 利用地幔岩包体常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学分析,结合区域矿产类型及矿产分布进行研究.结果 辽宁宽甸岩石圈地幔经历了较高程度的部分熔融,后期交代作用较之山东临朐较弱;山东临胸部分熔融程度较之辽宁宽甸较低,进行的交代作用较强.辽宁宽甸的地幔岩包体成矿元素Ni,Fe,Au及Mo平均值分别为2 561×10-6g/g,7.07%,4.17×10-9g/g,0.19×10-6g/g;山东临朐的地幔岩包体的成矿元素Ni,Fe,Au及Mo平均值分别为1 967×10-6g/g,6.60%,10.7×10-9g/g,0.37×10-6g/g.中国华北地块南北两缘地幔岩包体中的成矿元素Ni,Fe含量明显表现为北缘高南缘低,而Au,Mo含量则为南缘高北缘低.结论 岩石圈地幔岩Ni,Fe,Au,Mo等成矿元素含量的高低与成矿省情况基本是耦合的.地幔岩包体中Ni,Fe,Au,Mo等含量的高低对地壳矿产分布有指示意义.     

Polybaric partial melting in the continental mantle: Evidence from mantle xenoliths from Qilin Guangdong Province

The extremely low Ti content (160–245 μg/g) in clinopyroxene in some spinel peridotites from Qilin, South China is indicative of high degree of partial melting, inconsistent with their relatively high clinopyroxene modes (7.4%–12.4%). These clinopyroxenes show fractionated HREE patterns ((Gd/Yb)_n<0.2), suggesting the involvement of garnet in the melting regime. These REE patterns can be modeled as residues of 22%–23% fractional melting from a primitive mantle, first in garnet stability field (12%) then continuing in spinel stability field (10%–11%) after breakdown of garnet to pyroxenes and spinel. Such a polybaric melting suggests the lithospheric thinning and rapid mantle upwelling in south China during the Cenozoic. This is consistent with the dominant MORB-OIB isotopic signature and high thermal gradient of the lithospheric mantle in this region, and supports the contention that the formation of South China Sea basin is related to southward migration of continental lithosphere extension, rather than passive back-arc basin.     

Thermodynamic evolution of lithosphere of the North China craton： Records from lower crust and upper mantle xenoliths from Hannuoba

Lithospheric thinning in East China attracts much attention of geologists. In many cases where a lithospheric thinning is inferred, the trigger for instability is a preced-ing episode of crustal thickening by the continental colli-sion[1]. Lithospheric processes (e.g. lithospheric thinning) could be recorded by the thermal history of the lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths. Xu et al.[2] suggested that the cooling (from >1200 to 850℃) recorded by spinel harzburgite from Northeast China …     

Discovery of mantle and lower crust xenoliths from early Cretaceous volcanic rocks of southwestern Tianshan, Xinjiang

In Tuoyun area of southwestern Tianshan, mantle and lower crust xenoliths are present in the volcanic rocks with ages of 101–123 Ma. Mantle xenoliths include mineral megacrysts such as kaersutite and pargasite, feldspar, biotite, and rare pyroxene and rock fragments such as perodotite, pyroxenite, amphibolite, and rare glimmerite. Lower crust xeno-liths are mainly banded and massive granulite. The volcanic rocks were produced by within-plate magmatism. Occurrence of hydrous and volatile mineral megacrysts, amphibolite, and some pyroxenite containing hydrous and volatile minerals indicates that mantle metasomatism was intense. Undoubtedly, this discovery is very important to understanding of the crust-mantle structure and geodynamic background in depth in southwestern Tianshan and geological correlation with adjacent regions.     

Water in granulites: implications for the nature and evolution of the lower continental crust

The tower continental crust is one of the most important sphere-layers in the deep earth, and is the direct place where the crust-mantle interactions occur. Granulttes are the dominated rocks in the lower crust, and have critical implications for the knowledge of the composition, nature and evolution of the deep crust; fluids are important mediums influencing many geochemical, geophysical and geodynamical characteristics of the lower crust, and may also play a fundamental role in the petrogenesis of granulites and the formation of the lower crusts. In this paper, we review recent advances involved with the deep continental crust, granulites and fluids, and some longstanding debates. Combined with the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis performed on the mineral assemblages (cpx, opx, plag and grt) in lower crustal granulite xenoliths and terrains (exposed section) from east China, it is suggested that structural water, dominated by OH, in these nominally anhydrous phases may constitute the most important water reservoir in the deep crust. This structual water may help to understand many lower crustal geological processes and phenomena (e.g. seismic activities and electrical conductive anomalies), and influences from these water must be taken into consideration.     

Water in granulites: implications for the nature and evolution of the lower continental crust

The lower continental crust is one of the most important sphere-layers in the deep earth, and is the direct place where the crust-mantle interactions occur. Granulites are the dominated rocks in the lower crust, and have critical implications for the knowledge of the composition, nature and evolution of the deep crust; fluids are important mediums influencing many geochemical, geophysical and geodynamical characteristics of the lower crust, and may also play a fundamental role in the petrogenesis of granulites and the formation of the lower crusts. In this paper, we review recent advances involved with the deep continental crust, granulites and fluids, and some long-standing debates. Combined with the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis performed on the mineral assemblages (cpx, opx, plag and grt) in lower crustal granulite xenoliths and terrains (exposed section) from east China, it is suggested that structural water, dominated by OH, in these nominally anhydrous phases may constitute the most important water reservoir in the deep crust. This structual water may help to understand many lower crustal geological processes and phenomena (e.g. seismic activities and electrical conductive anomalies), and influences from these water must be taken into consideration.     

Recycling lower continental crust in the North China craton

Foundering of mafic lower continental crust into underlying convecting mantle has been proposed as one means to explain the unusually evolved chemical composition of Earth's continental crust, yet direct evidence of this process has been scarce. Here we report that Late Jurassic high-magnesium andesites, dacites and adakites (siliceous lavas with high strontium and low heavy-rare-earth element and yttrium contents) from the North China craton have chemical and petrographic features consistent with their origin as partial melts of eclogite that subsequently interacted with mantle peridotite. Similar features observed in adakites and some Archaean sodium-rich granitoids of the tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite series have been interpreted to result from interaction of slab melts with the mantle wedge. Unlike their arc-related counterparts, however, the Chinese magmas carry inherited Archaean zircons and have neodymium and strontium isotopic compositions overlapping those of eclogite xenoliths derived from the lower crust of the North China craton. Such features cannot be produced by crustal assimilation of slab melts, given the high Mg#, nickel and chromium contents of the lavas. We infer that the Chinese lavas derive from ancient mafic lower crust that foundered into the convecting mantle and subsequently melted and interacted with peridotite. We suggest that lower crustal foundering occurred within the North China craton during the Late Jurassic, and thus provides constraints on the timing of lithosphere removal beneath the North China craton.     

Repeated modification of lithospheric mantle in the eastern North China Craton: Constraints from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of dunite xenoliths in western Shandong

Four dunite xenoliths from the Tietonggou intrusion of western Shandong,China,were subjected to SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating to constrain timing of the North China Craton(NCC) destruction,a topic of much controversy.Cathodoluminescence images revealed that 15 of the 18 zircon grains from the xenoliths display striped absorption.The rest showed oscillatory growth zoniation.All the zircons had variable contents of Th(49-3569 ppm;average,885 ppm) and U(184-5398 ppm;average,1277 ppm),and variable Th/U ratios(0.15-2.04).These zircon characteristics indicate a magmatic origin.The zircon age data can be divided into five groups:131-145,151-164,261-280,434-452,and 500-516 Ma.Group I(131-145 Ma) is consistent with timing of formation of the Tietonggou high-Mg diorites.Group II(151-164 Ma) is similar in age to Middle-Late Jurassic magmatism in the eastern NCC,which included both mantle-derived and intensive crust-derived magmatism.Group III(261-280 Ma) is similar in age to the Emeishan large igneous province,and Group IV(434-452 Ma) is similar in age to Paleozoic high-silica magmatism in the eastern NCC.Group V(500-516 Ma) may correspond to the global Pan-African event.Results indicate repeated modification of lithospheric mantle in the eastern NCC,and suggest that the most intensive modification occurred in the late Mesozoic(131-164 Ma).     

The distribution of water in the continental lithospheric mantle and its implications for the stability of continents

The lithospheric mantle is one of the key layers controlling the stability of continents. Even a small amount of water can influence many chemical and physical properties of rocks and minerals. Consequently, it is a pivotal task to study the distribution of water in the continental lithosphere. This paper presents a brief overview of the current state of knowledge about (1) the occurrence of water in the continental lithospheric mantle, (2) the spatial and temporal variations of the water content in the continental lithospheric mantle, and (3) the relationship between water content and continent stability. Additionally, suggestions for future research directions are briefly discussed.     

Metastable garnet in oceanic crust at the top of the lower mantle

As oceanic tectonic plates descend into the Earth's lower mantle, garnet (in the basaltic crust) and silicate spinel (in the underlying peridotite layer) each decompose to form silicate perovskite-the 'post-garnet' and 'post-spinel' transformations, respectively. Recent phase equilibrium studies have shown that the post-garnet transformation occurs in the shallow lower mantle in a cold slab, rather than at approximately 800 km depth as earlier studies indicated, with the implication that the subducted basaltic crust is unlikely to become buoyant enough to delaminate as it enters the lower mantle. But here we report results of a kinetic study of the post-garnet transformation, obtained from in situ X-ray observations using sintered diamond anvils, which show that the kinetics of the post-garnet transformation are significantly slower than for the post-spinel transformation. Although metastable spinel quickly breaks down at a temperature of 1,000 K, we estimate that metastable garnet should survive of the order of 10 Myr even at 1,600 K. Accordingly, the expectation of where the subducted oceanic crust would be buoyant spans a much wider depth range at the top of the lower mantle, when transformation kinetics are taken into account.