依据各向异性分形理论的固定结合面椭圆弹塑性法向接触刚度建模及仿真分析

依据各向异性分形几何理论,将结合面接触点拓展为椭圆形,结合微凸体接触点面积大小分布函数以及概率论相关理论获得关于椭圆形接触点接触面积以及离心率的二维联合分布密度函数,应用赫兹接触理论,进而建立了依据各向异性分形理论的结合面椭圆弹塑性法向接触刚度模型,并采用MATLAB软件对影响结合面法向刚度的相关因素进行了数值仿真及结果分析.结果表明:结合面椭圆形接触点离心率分布情形对结合面总刚度具有明显影响,结合面总刚度随形状参数α的增大而增大,却随着形状参数e的增大而减小;结合面法向刚度随法向载荷的增大而增大;在同一载荷作用下,结合面法向接触刚度随塑性指数增大而增大,随分形粗糙度的增大而减小,但是随分形维数的增大而先增后减.该模型对模型优化进而提高计算精度提供了一定的理论依据.     

包含几何误差的机械结合面法向刚度研究

对包含几何误差的机械结合面进行离散化,离散后的微表面的基准平面高度满足结合面几何误差分布.每个微表面内,微凸体的高度只受粗糙度的影响.基于接触理论建立了微表面的法向刚度模型,通过对微表面模型集成获得了结合面的法向刚度模型.通过对所建模型的数值仿真,揭示了结合面法向刚度与间隙的非线性关系,几何误差的幅值和波长对法向刚度的影响以及非线性刚度对结合面振动特性的影响.计算结果表明:法向刚度随着间隙的减少而迅速增加,几何误差会导致结合面宏观上的局部接触和应力集中;在相同干涉量下,法向刚度随着几何误差幅值的增加而增加,但与结合面的波长没有关系;非线性刚度会导致结合面固有频率的下降和振动位移的不对称.     

基于三维各向异性分形理论的固定机械结合面法向接触刚度建模研究

将结合面接触点拓展为椭圆形,基于KE有限元模型,类比球形微凸体在弹塑性接触变形阶段法向载荷、接触面积以及变形量之间的关系,采用代入法得到了表征椭圆抛物面形微凸体弹塑性接触变形机制的对应关系式.假设结合面接触点离心率分布与接触点面积分布相互独立,根据概率论以及接触点的面积大小分布函数,获得了关于结合面接触点面积与离心率的二维联合分布密度函数,进而依据三维各向异性分形几何理论建立了包含微凸体完全弹性、弹塑性以及完全塑性三种变形机制的结合面法向接触刚度分形模型.所建模型理论刚度与实验数据的对比结果,表明了模型的正确性及有效性,能较好的预测在轻载状态下的固定结合面法向接触刚度.     

考虑摩擦因素的结合面切向接触刚度分形预估模型及其仿真分析

为建立更完善和精确的结合面接触刚度模型,本文根据分形理论和摩擦学原理,从微观角度建立了考虑摩擦因素的结合面切向接触刚度分形预估模型.通过数值仿真分析研究了接触载荷、分形维数、摩擦系数和接触面积等因素对结合面切向接触刚度的影响.分析结果表明:结合面切向接触刚度随法向载荷和分形维数的增加而增大,而随分形尺度参数的增大而减小;摩擦系数对结合面切向接触刚度的影响较大,不同实际接触面积下的切向刚度相差较大;当分形维数较小时,摩擦系数对结合面切向刚度的影响将降低.这些研究对于进一步开展结合面的动力学特性研究具有重要意义.     

粗糙表面法向接触刚度的分形模型

提出了以往有关粗糙表面法向接触刚度理论研究工作的缺陷与不足,并在一定的前提假设下,基于球体与平面的接触理论和粗糙表面的分形接触理论,从理论上给出了具有尺度独立性的粗糙表面法向接触刚度分形模型,并进行了数字仿真研究。     

机械结合面切向接触阻尼计算模型

针对两粗糙表面在法向力和切向力共同作用下相互接触时结合面切向阻尼的问题进行了研究。首先,根据KE模型对单个微凸体在弹性、弹塑性、塑性变形阶段的切向接触行为进行了分析,获得了微凸体在三个变形阶段的黏滑特性;然后,基于GW统计模型建立了一种在微凸体法向弹性、弹塑性和塑性变形机制基础上,考虑微凸体黏滑摩擦行为的机械结合面切向接触阻尼统计模型;最后,分别讨论了机械结合面的法向预载荷、切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值对机械结合面切向阻尼的影响。研究表明:结合面切向接触阻尼系数随着结合面法向载荷的增大而增大,随着切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值的增大而减小;在高频率、大幅值下,结合面切向接触阻尼系数几乎与动态位移幅值和激振频率无关。为了验证模型的准确性,构建了动态切向力作用下的结合面切向阻尼试验,其试验结果与理论仿真变化规律与量级基本一致,从而证明了本文所提出的切向阻尼模型的有效性。      

介观双粗糙弹塑性流体动力润滑界面法向接触刚度模型

弹性流体动力润滑状态通常出现在机械高副零部件的点/线接触部位,如齿轮、轴承和蜗轮蜗杆等.宏观上点/线接触在介观层面表现为两粗糙表面的接触,在微观层面上则又表现为微凸体间的接触.由于在中/重载荷作用下,粗糙表面上的微凸体发生接触后会产生弹塑性/塑性变形,从而使得两粗糙表面的弹流润滑接触转变为弹塑性流体动力润滑接触.此外,界面的接触刚度决定了机械装备的整机刚度.为了精确获得弹性流体动力润滑状态下界面法向接触刚度及其主要影响因素,基于界面的法向接触刚度由固体接触刚度和润滑油膜刚度两部分构成的思想,根据固体弹塑性理论和流体动力学理论,分别对界面间微凸体侧接触及部分膜流体动力润滑进行分析,从微观入手揭示双粗糙表面弹塑性流体动力润滑接触机理,进而建立考虑微凸体侧接触弹塑性变形的流体动力润滑界面法向接触刚度模型.通过仿真分析,揭示了法向载荷、卷吸速度、表面粗糙度及润滑介质特性等因素对润滑界面法向接触刚度的影响规律.研究表明：在相同速度、粗糙度及润滑油黏度的工况下,固体接触刚度和油膜接触刚度均随着法向接触载荷的增加呈非线性增大;在相同载荷、速度及润滑油黏度的工况下,接触表面粗糙度越大,表面形貌对于润滑...     

基于泛形理论的粗糙表面法向接触刚度研究

基于泛形理论和赫兹接触理论,通过泛形海岛分布描述粗糙表面的形貌从而建立结合面弹性接触模型,求解结合面的法向接触刚度。假设粗糙接触表面微凸体的高度满足高斯分布,通过赫兹接触理论建立单个微凸体的微观接触模型,利用粗糙表面的泛形复杂度D与面积度量尺码的最小下确界as确定表面形貌。泛形复杂度反映微凸体在粗糙表面上占据的空间大小程度;度量尺码下确界是接触过程中的最小接触面积。通过泛形复杂度和面积最小下确界推导出粗糙表面法向接触刚度的解析表达式。数值算例结果表明：在相同的面积尺度区间内,粗糙表面的法向接触刚度随着泛形复杂度的增加而增加,反之减小。当接触表面的泛形复杂度不变时,粗糙表面的法向接触刚度随最小下确界的减小而增大。泛形复杂度的较大时,最小下确界的变化对于接触刚度的影响更加明显。通过与已发表的文献结果对比分析之后,发现采用泛形海岛模型所得到的结合面接触刚度与文献中实验结果吻合较好。     

固定接触界面法向静弹性刚度

基于Hertz接触理论推导了两个微凸体之间互相作用的法向接触静弹性刚度.根据修正后的一个微接触点的平截面积尺寸分布,给出了界面的总法向接触静弹性条件刚度、总条件载荷的解析解.将法向静弹性刚度的解析解嵌入到有限元软件中,获得整机的理论模态.通过实验对解析解进行了定量验证.以机床结合部为研究对象,在理论振型与实验振型一致的...     

考虑局部切向约束接触问题的直接刚度法

针对工程中大量存在的切向滑移受到约束的接触问题,提出了基于Lagrange乘子的点-面及点-点接触直接刚度法,该方法生成的接触协调条件可以直接组装到结构刚度阵中,从而可直接用于考虑存在结构几何非线性及材料非线性的接触问题分析中。采用这一算法进行了考虑拱坝横缝张合效应的地震响应分析,结果表明考虑切向滑移约束对接触中的张开度有明显影响。     

磨削粗糙表面法向接触刚度研究

为更加准确地描述机械磨削表面的接触刚度,本文在现有统计分析理论的基础上,提出了一种新的粗糙表面接触模型。模型针对接触表面微凸体形貌,将原有的球体假设采用cos函数曲线回转体代替,在假设形貌的基础上重新解算了微凸体弹塑性变形的临界压入深度,推导出了接触区域真实接触压力与接触刚度关系表达式。通过数值仿真方法得到了不同塑性指数下平均距离、接触刚度与接触压力之间的变化关系。对比结果显示,随着塑性指数的增大,本文模型的平均距离与球形模型的平均距离之间的差值逐渐增大。在接触刚度方面,本文模型相比球形模型更加贴近实验结果,并且随着塑性指数的增加,球形模型与本文模型之间的差值越来越大。本文模型结果与实验数据的相对偏差能够控制在5%以内,从而验证了本文模型的正确性,为更加准确地描述磨削表面零件的接触行为提供理论基础。     

Modeling 3D revolute joint with clearance and contact stiffness

The clearances in the kinematic joints are due to deformations, wear, and manufacturing errors; the accurate modeling of these effects in multibody analysis is a complex issue but in many practical applications, it is mandatory to take into them into account in order to understand the actual behavior of mechanical systems. In this paper, the authors present a general computer-aided model of a 3D revolute joint with clearance suitable for implementation in multibody dynamic solvers. While a perfect revolute joint imposes kinematic constraints, the proposed revolute joint with clearance leads to a force constraint. The revolute joint has been modeled by introducing a nonlinear equivalent force system, which takes into account the contact elastic deformations. The model depends on the structural and geometrical properties of materials in contact that have been investigated using finite element models. The purpose is to give a general approach to study the influence of actual joints on kinematic, dynamic, and structural behavior of mechanisms. The proposed model has been applied in dynamic simulations of a spatial slider-crank mechanism.     

Dynamic analysis of the double crank mechanism with a 3D translational clearance joint employing a variable stiffness contact force model

Nonlinear Dynamics - Oblique collisions are more likely to happen in the realistic translational joint with clearance, compared to the full front impacts. It can be a quite demanding task to...     

Theoretical analysis of the dynamic behavior of hysteresis elements in mechanical systems

Many machine elements in common engineering use exhibit the characteristic of “hysteresis springs”. Plain and rolling element bearings that are widely used in motion guidance of machine tools are typical examples. The study of the non-linear dynamics caused by such elements becomes imperative if we wish to achieve accurate control of such machines.

This paper outlines the properties of rate-independent hysteresis and shows that the calculation of the free response of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) mass-hysteresis-spring system is amenable to an exact solution. The more important issue of forced response is not so, requiring other methods of treatment. We consider the approximate describing function method and compare its results with exact numerical simulations. Agreement is good for small excitation amplitudes, where the system approximates to a linear mass-spring-damper system, and for very large amplitudes, where some sort of mass-line is approached. Intermediate values however, show high sensitivity to amplitude variations, and no regular solution is obtained by either approach. This appears thus to be an inherent property of the system pointing to the need for developing further analysis methods.     

A contact force model in the dynamic analysis of contactable cracks

In this paper a finite element method in the time domain is proposed to analyze the dynamic response of contactable cracks. By this method, the contact normal stress caused by impact or contact of the crack faces can be directly obtained and then the motion of the model containing the contactable cracks can be calculated, and the processes of contact, slip and separation of the crack faces can also be correctly determined and simulated. The method proposed can be used to study the scattering problems of an elastic wave caused by the crack and the dynamic extension problems of the crack arising from impact or cyclic loading. Numerical examples indicate that the method is efficient and accurate enough. It is also shown that the effect of dynamic contact of crack faces on the motion of itself and the area near the crack is significant by comparing the results with the contact considered and neglected.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the contact between a solid-rubber tire and a chassis dynamometer

We consider the problem of modeling the test where a solid-rubber tire runs on a chassis dynamometer for determining the tire rolling resistance characteristics.We state the problem of free steady-state rolling of the tire along the test drum with the energy scattering in the rubber in the course of cyclic deformation taken into account. The viscoelastic behavior of the rubber is described by the Bergströ m–Boyce model whose numerical parameters are experimentally determined from the results of compression tests with specimens. The finite element method is used to obtain the solution of the three-dimensional viscoelasticity problem. To estimate the adequacy of the constructed model, we compare the numerical results with the results obtained in the solid-rubber tire tests on the Hasbach stand from the values of the rolling resistance forces for various loads on the tire.     

On prestress stiffness analysis of bolt-plate contact assemblies

Bolt connections are among the most important connections used in structures. The stiffnesses of the bolt and of the connected members are the primary qualities that control the lifetime of the connection. The stiffness of the bolt can be estimated rather easily, in contrast to the member stiffness, but with finite element (FE) and contact analysis, it is possible to find the stiffness of the member. In the case of many connections and for practical applications, it is not suitable to make a full FE analysis. The purpose of the present paper is to find simplified expressions for the stiffness of the member, including the case when the width of the member is limited. The calculation of the stiffness is based on the FE, including the solution to the contact problem, and we express the stiffness as a function of the elastic energy in the structure, whereby the definition of the displacements related to the stiffness is circumvented. The contact analysis is performed using a method where iterations are not necessary, and the results are compared to alternative available results. New practical formulas for the stiffnesses are suggested.     

Study of the effect of contact force model on the dynamic response of mechanical systems with dry clearance joints: computational and experimental approaches

The main objective of this work is to present a computational and experimental study on the contact forces developed in revolute clearance joints. For this purpose, a well-known slider-crank mechanism with a revolute clearance joint between the connecting rod and slider is utilized. The intra-joint contact forces that are generated at these clearance joints are computed by considering several different elastic and dissipative approaches, namely those based on the Hertz contact theory and the ESDU tribology-based cylindrical contacts, along with a hysteresis-type dissipative damping. The normal contact force is augmented with the dry Coulomb’s friction force. In addition, an experimental apparatus is used to obtained some experimental data in order to verify and validate the computational models. From the outcomes reported in this paper, it is concluded that the selection of the appropriate contact force model with proper dissipative damping plays a significant role in the dynamic response of mechanical systems involving contact events at low or moderate impact velocities.     

Steady-state responses of mechanical system attached to non-smooth vibration absorber with piecewise damping and stiffness

Meccanica - The steady-state dynamic characteristics of non-smooth vibration absorbers are investigated. The complexification-averaging method is used to obtain the steady-state response equation...