Nonlinear computer-generated holograms

We propose a novel technique for arbitrary wavefront shaping in quadratic nonlinear crystals by introducing the concept of computer-generated holograms (CGHs) into the nonlinear optical regime. We demonstrate the method experimentally showing a conversion of a fundamental Gaussian beam pump light into the first three Hermite-Gaussian beams at the second harmonic in a stoichiometric lithium tantalate nonlinear crystal, and we characterize its efficiency dependence on the fundamental power and the crystal temperature. Nonlinear CGHs open new possibilities in the fields of nonlinear beam shaping, mode conversion, and beam steering.     

All-optical adaptive scanning acoustic microscope

We have constructed a fast laser-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) microscope, which may be thought of as a non-perturbing scanning acoustic microscope. The instrument is capable of rapid high resolution vector contrast imaging at several discrete frequencies, without any damage to the sample. Tailoring the generating optical distribution using computer-generated holograms allows us to both focus the acoustic waves (increasing their amplitude) and to spread the optical power over the sample surface (preventing damage). Accurate quantitative amplitude and phase (velocity) measurements and unique acoustic contrast mechanisms are possible with our instrument based on this technology due to the non-perturbing nature and the instrument geometries.However, the complexity of the optical generation profile leads to a strong dependence on material properties such as the SAW velocity and material anisotropy. We address these issues in this paper, and demonstrate how a spatial light modulator may be used to adapt the generating optical distribution to compensate for the material properties. This facilitates simpler alignment and velocity matching, and, combined with an acoustic wavefront sensor, will allow real-time adjustment of the generating source to enable imaging on anisotropic materials.     

基于相位复原技术测试高数值孔径光学成像系统

干涉测量的方法已被广泛应用于光学系统的波前测试中。但是由于高数值孔径的标准具加工成本高、风险大,使用干涉测量的方法对高数值孔径光学系统进行测试存在困难。运用相位复原技术对高数值以小孔衍射光束作为高精度测试基准波前进行孔径光学系统波前测试,可以解决上述问题。对不同频率波前形成的点扩散函数模拟,分析了实际测试所需的实验条件。由于缺乏高精度的对比实验条件,引入一种新的误差分析方法,搭建检测平台完成对显微镜光学系统的波前测试。通过验证实验,证明了该测试方法的可靠性。     

一种三次非旋转对称的相位板的检测系统设计

作为零位干涉检测方法中非常有前途的一种方法.计算全息可以用于非旋转对称的非球面的检测.以三次相位板为例,阐述了利用计算全息图检测非旋转对称的非球面的基本原理.分析并推导了三次相位传播过程引入的高阶波像差的理论公式,给出了三次相位板的检测系统的没计结果.详细讨论了计算全息图衍射级次的分离以及计算全息图的二元化,给出了振幅型的计算全息图的图样.计算全息图的刻线最小问隔是40μm,计算全息图的制作精度对检测结果的波前误差的影响仅仅为0.005λ.对检测系统作了详细的公差分析,结果表明所有调整公差对整个检测系统的影响和方根值为83.954 nm.     

Wavefront Shaping for Fast Focusing Light through Scattering Media Based on Parallel Wavefront Optimization and Superpixel Method

When light travels in biological tissues,it undergoes multiple scattering and forms speckles,which seriousl.y restricts the penetration depth of optical imaging in biological tissues.With wavefront shaping method,by modulating the wavefront of incident light to compensate for the wavefront aberration,light focusing and scanning imaging through scattering media can be achieved.However,wavefront shaping must be accomplished within the speckle decorrelation time.Considering the short speckle decorrelation time of living tissues,the speed of wavefront shaping is rather essential We propose a new iterative optimization wavefront shaping method to improve the speed of wavefront shaping in which the existing parallel optimization wavefront shaping method is improved and is combined with the superpixel method.Compared with the traditional multi-frequency parallel optimization method,the modulation rate of our method is doubled.Moreover,we combine the high frame rate amplitude modulator,i.e.,the digital micromirror device(DMD),with the superpixel method to replace the traditional phase modulator(i.e.,spatial light modulator),which further increases the optimization speed.In our experiment,when the number of the optical modes is 400,light focusing is achieved with only 1000 DMD superpixel masks and the enhancement factor reaches 223.Our approach provides a new path for fast light focusing through wavefront shaping.     

Diffractive optics: Design, realization, and applications

This paper presents methods for designing and recording optimal computer-generated diffractive optical elements. The design method is based on an analytic ray-tracing procedure for minimizing aberrations. The recording involves computer-generated masks and multiple lithographic processes in order to form reflective and transmissive multilevel, surface relief-phase, diffractive elements. As a result, the elements can have high diffraction efficiencies over a broad range of incidence angles. Even generalized diffractive elements that operate with highly uniform diffraction efficiency and polychromatic radiation can be designed and recorded by optimizing the shape and height of the relief gratings. To illustrate the effectiveness of the diffractive optical elements, they have been incorporated into a number of applications, involving visible as well as infra-red radiation. Some that deal with coordinate transformation, beam shaping, and polarization control are briefly reviewed.     

利用Offner光学系统进行图像恢复和光学检测

设计了一种Offner光学系统,用于基于相位差异技术的图像恢复和光学系统波像差的辅助检测。该Offner光学系统采用同轴抛物面反射镜作为Offner反射镜,以高速CCD相机和Shack—Hartmann波前探测器作为接收元件,能完好地消除复色光源在图像恢复过程中带来的色差;设计的RMS波像差小于a／50（A=632．8nm）,结构简单,容易实现。利用该系统分别以分辨率板和光纤光源为目标进行了图像恢复实验,经过恢复后的图像分辨率提高了19％。此外,利用该系统,采用相位差异算法解算了系统波像差,并与Shack—Hartmann波前探测器的测量结果进行了比较。比较显示两者的RMS波像差测量值相差5％,证明该系统同样能够进行光学波前检测。     

Limitations of the Shack–Hartmann sensor for testing optical aspherics

Aspheric lenses and surfaces are increasingly used in modern high-quality optics. Therefore, new measuring methods for an accurate quantification of these aspheres are also necessary. The current approach to quantify aspheres is to apply null systems such as computer-generated holograms as a part of a null lens in a interferometer. An alternative to this method is the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor. The dynamic range of this sensor can be adjusted by the optical parameters of the applied microlens array. Hence, large wavefront aberrations can be measured directly without a null lens. However, there are basic limitations in the dynamic range of a Shack–Hartmann sensor (SHS) depending on the curvature of the incident wavefront. In this paper, an analytical expression to determine the strongest wavefront curvature which can be measured with a defined microlens array of an SHS is derived. It allows to calculate the microlens parameters required to measure the wavefront of a test lens. Particularly, the influence of rotational symmetric aspherical wavefront shapes to the dynamic range of an SHS has been studied. A comparison between interferometry and the SHS has been accomplished. Numerical solutions using scalar diffraction theory illustrate the analytical predictions.     

Frequency bandwidth of light focused through turbid media

We study the effect of frequency detuning on light focused through turbid media. By shaping the wavefront of the incident beam light is focused through an opaque scattering layer. When detuning the laser we observe a gradual decrease of the focus intensity, while the position, size,and shape of the focus remain the same within experimental accuracy. The frequency dependence of the focus intensity follows a measured speckle correlation function. We support our experimental findings with calculations based on transport theory. Our results imply wavefront shaping methods can be generalized to allow focusing of optical pulses in turbid media.     

Superposition of orbital angular momentum of photons by a combined computer-generated hologram fabricated in silica glass with femtosecond laser pulses

This paper introduces a novel method to realize the superposition of orbital angular momentum of photons by combined computer-generated hologram （CCGH） fabricated in silica glass with femtosecond laser pulses. Firstly, the two computer-generated holograms （CGH） of optical vortex were obtained and combined as a CCGH according to the design. Then the CCGH was directly written inside glass by femtosecond laser pulses induced microexplosion without any preor post-treatment of the material. The vortex beams with different vortex topological charges （including new topological charges） have been restructured using a collimated He-Ne laser beam incidence to the CCGH normally. A theoretical and experimental explanation has been presented for the generations of the new topological charges.     

Spectral line‐by‐line shaping for optical and microwave arbitrary waveform generations

Spectral line‐by‐line shaping is a key enabler towards optical arbitrary waveform generation, which promises broad impact both in optical science and technology. In this paper, generation of optical and microwave arbitrary waveforms using the spectral line‐by‐line shaping technique is reviewed. Compared to conventional pulse shaping, significant new physics arises in the line‐by‐line regime, where the shaped pulse fields generated from one laser pulse now overlap with those generated from adjacent pulses. This leads to coherent interference effects related to the properties of optical frequency combs which serve as the source in these experiments. We explore such effects in a series of experiments using several different high‐repetition‐rate optical combs, including harmonically mode‐locked lasers and continuous‐wave lasers that are externally phase modulated either with or without the help of an optical cavity. As an application of line‐by‐line pulse shaping, we describe generation of microwave electrical arbitrary waveforms that can be reprogrammed at rates approaching 10 GHz.     

基于叠层衍射成像的二元光学元件检测研究

本文提出了一种基于叠层衍射成像(ptychography)的二元光学元件的检测方法,该方法可实现对二元光学元件表面微观轮廓的检测以及特征尺寸的标定.相比于传统的二元光学元件检测方法,其使用无透镜成像技术,简化了系统结构并可适用于特殊环境下的检测.该方法可直接通过采集多幅衍射图,利用叠层衍射成像迭代算法可精确地复原大尺寸待测元件的表面微观轮廓,提高大尺寸器件的检测效率.本文模拟仿真了台阶高度与噪声大小对纯相位台阶板复原结果的影响,并在光学实验中选取计算全息板为样品,复原样品的表面微观轮廓信息以及得到台阶高度.以白光干涉仪检测结果为标准,该方法在精度要求不太高的前提下,可获得令人满意的成像质量.     

Femtosecond pulse processing

We discuss Fourier methods for shaping and processing femtosecond optical signals. Examples of applications in optical communications and in generation of terahertz radiation are presented.     

Direct amplitude detection of Zernike modes by computer-generated holographic wavefront sensor: Modeling and simulation

A fast holographic wavefront sensor is proposed using a computer-generated hologram (CGH). This CGH is a multiplexed hologram of different Zernike mode–amplitude combinations, and is designed in such a manner as to get the corresponding spots on the detector according to the presence and strength of a particular aberration. Interference between the aberrated wavefront (with a single mode–amplitude combination) and the Fourier transform of an image with single bright pixel (defined as dot image) is numerically calculated for one hologram. Different mode–amplitude combination and corresponding different positions of bright pixels (dots) are taken to compute various holograms and then all the holograms are multiplexed to get the final hologram. When the aberrated wavefront with a particular mode–amplitude combination is incident onto the multiplexed hologram, the corresponding dot is generated in the Fourier plane. A lens performs the Fourier transform in optical domain and provides the instant detection of amplitude of the respective Zernike mode. The main advantage of the scheme is to avoid the need of any computations, which makes it really fast. The simulation results are presented with the cross-talk analysis for few Zernike terms.     

大口径光学元件波前功率谱密度检测

波前功率谱密度（PSD）被用于评价惯性约束聚变激光驱动器光学元件在中频区域的波前误差。高功率固体激光装置对大口径光学元件波前质量的要求有别于传统光学系统,要求对波前误差进行较高空间频率的测量。探讨了大口径光学元件波前的高空间分辨率检测技术,采用大口径相移干涉仪作为波前检测仪器,通过傅里叶变换获得波前一维功率谱密度分布。对惯性约束聚变激光驱动器的典型光学元件进行了波前功率谱密度的的检测和分析。     

基于Wigner分布函数的光学元件评价方法

为了有效地表征和评价光学元件局部小尺度波前畸变,提出了能同时反映空间频率和空间位置的Wigner分布函数评价方法。通过理论分析Wigner分布函数与功率谱密度之间的关系,得到了局部波前畸变的评价方法和指标。模拟计算和实验结果验证了该方法的有效性,并表明:该方法不但能判断光学元件的中频误差是否满足惯性约束聚变系统要求,而且还能确定不满足要求的特定区域,从而有效地指导光学元件的返修。     

光学材料光学均匀性检测方法分析

光学均匀性是光学材料的重要指标,直接影响到透射光学系统的波面质量,改变系统的波相差。惯性约束聚变（Inertial Confine Fusion,ICF）激光驱动器的研制要求对材料的光学均匀性进行高精度的检测,同时兼顾洁净度要求。实验中利用斐索干涉仪实现了大口径光学材料光学均匀性的检测,并与国外检测数据进行了对比,对检测过程中的影响因素主要包括样品的厚度测量偏差及折射系数偏差进行了分析。结果表明,样品的厚度测量偏差及折射系数偏差对结果的影响较小,可以忽略。同时用两种干涉仪专用软件对大量样品测量数据进行处理,对比了不同干涉仪光学均匀性的计算结果,表明这两种情况下对光学均匀性的处理结果相符,解决了大口径光学坯件光学均匀性的检测问题。     

Blur Reduction in the Focal Plane of Optical Receivers by Exploiting the Negative Refractive Behavior of Photonic Crystals

We present a passive method for reducing the size of a focal spot blurred by wavefront distortions in an optical system. The key to this reduction lies in the rather unique behavior of photonic crystals to exhibit negative refraction. First, we review the design of such a photonic crystal structure and analyze its dispersion property to find the proper condition where negative refraction occurs. The predictions derived from theoretical infinite structures are confirmed by rigorous electromagnetic analysis using both the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) methods in combination with more realistic finite structures. Second, we discuss an unconventional approach to exploit the negative refractive behavior in reducing the focal spot area spread caused by a blurred wavefront. A proof-of-principle calculation of this approach is performed with the ray trace method to visualize the reduction of the illumination area while preserving the propagation angle of the incoming beam. Finally, we investigate the crystal’s performance when its two-dimensional structure is exposed to conical illumination.     

基于空间光调制器的波面重建优化方法研究

针对不同非球面面形的实时检测需求,研究了基于空间光调制器的标准波面重建技术.基于空间光调制器波面重建的原理设计了干涉测量系统,依据空间光调制器的自身特点选取修正离轴计算全息编码方式实现对标准球波面的编码.针对实验中空间光调制器作为全息再现介质引起重建波面质量下降问题,提出了错位叠加优化方案,并将这一过程进行了模拟实验....     

用计算全息标校补偿器的技术

用计算全息(CGH)模拟理想非球面主镜的反射波面,用补偿器对该计算全息进行检验,只要计算全息的制作误差能够满足要求,就能实现直接对补偿器的标校。介绍了计算全息标校补偿器的原理、方法,并进行了误差分析。实验采用电子束制作的计算全息实现了对850 mm F/2抛物面主镜补偿器的标校,补偿器产生的标准非球面精度不低于计算全息模拟的主镜面形精度,均方根(RMS)误差为0.012λ。研究表明,用计算全息模拟主镜反射波面对补偿器进行标校是一种行之有效的方法,结合先进的微电子制造技术,可实现对补偿器的高精度标校。