以多聚甲醛为还原剂制备新型阳极Pt/CMK-3催化剂

 以多聚甲醛为还原剂,采用液相还原法制备了Pt/CMK-3直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)阳极催化剂,并采用透射电镜和X射线衍射技术对其进行了表征. 结果表明,有序介孔碳CMK-3具有规整的二维有序孔道结构,为DMFC中电子和燃料的传输提供了方便的路径,同时它较大的比表面积使得Pt纳米粒子很好地分散在其表面; Pt/CMK-3催化剂中Pt粒子的平均粒径为2.8 nm, 小于E-TEK公司的商品化Pt/XC-72和以甲醇为还原剂制备的Pt/C-M催化剂,并且粒径分布范围窄,结晶度低. 察了Pt/CMK-3催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能,发现Pt/CMK-3催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能优于Pt/XC-72和Pt/C-M催化剂.     

直接甲醇燃料电池催化活性层的优化

本文考察了直接甲醇燃料电池 (DMFC)不同催化剂载量的膜电极性能 .对催化剂层中Nafion含量进行优化 ,研究了Nafion含量对电池的阻抗的影响 .实验发现 :DMFC适宜的阳极Pt_Ru/C载量为Pt 4mg/cm2 、Nafion质量百分含量为 2 1.4 % ;高电流密度下 ,阴极Pt/C载量为Pt4mg/cm2 、Nafion质量百分含量为 2 1.4 %时 ,有较好的放电性能 ,继续增加Nafion含量 ,阴极的欧姆极化和浓差极化增大 ,电池性能下降     

直接甲醇燃料电池的阳极和阴极催化剂

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)由于其结构简单、能量密度高、易携带、无污染等优点,成为燃料电池未来发展的方向。阳极和阴极催化剂的活性和稳定性是决定DMFC性能、寿命和成本的关键。然而,商业催化剂铂(Pt)的低储量和高成本限制了DMFC的广泛应用,同时,非铂类催化剂的活性和稳定性还需要进一步提高,以达到商业化应用的要求。本文综述了近年来国内外DMFC阳极和阴极催化剂的最新研究进展。首先,对于阳极甲醇氧化催化剂,分别对Pt基催化剂的改性和非Pt类催化剂的研究进展进行了详细介绍;其次,概述了Pt基阴极氧还原催化剂的改性和非Pt阴极催化剂的发展现状;此外,对于催化剂与载体的强相互作用产生的协同效应进行了总结论述;最后,对直接甲醇燃料电池阳极和阴极催化剂的发展前景进行了展望。     

用于燃料电池阳极的有序介孔碳负载的双功能Pt-M (M =Ru,Fe,Mo)电催化剂

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)不仅采用可再生的和环境友好的能源(如氢气和甲醇)作为燃料,而且转换效率高,因此被认为是潜在的能量转换设备.目前PEMFCs大多采用活性炭负载的贵金属作为其阴极和阳极的电催化剂,因此制造成本高,限制了它的实际应用.燃料电池电催化剂研发的一个紧迫的任务就是避免使用采用贵金属.直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFCs)阳极上进行的甲醇氧化反应(MOR)通常采用活性炭或多孔碳材料负载的Pt基双功能催化剂.在此基础上复合第二贵金属(如Ru)可改善其结构、电子和表面化学性质,表现出较高的稳定性和抗CO中毒性能,因而在MOR中具有优异的电催化活性.然而,在DMFCs长期运行期间,该Pt-Ru/C阳极催化剂大多出现严重的金属Ru溶解流失,以及燃料甲醇透过聚电解质膜的现象.因此,进一步提高pt-Ru/C电催化剂的稳定性成为当务之急.另外,考虑到膜电极的成本和PEMFCs的整体效率,在保持较好MOR活性的前提下,减少贵金属用量或采用非贵金属,甚至不用金属,进一步降低其成本也尤为重要,这也将十分有利于基础研究和实际的工业应用.采用软模板或硬模板法制得的有序介孔碳(OMCs)因具有高的比表面积、可调的中孔尺寸和表面官能团性质而广受关注,已经应用于催化剂载体,吸附剂,传感器和电极材料等领域.OMCs可负载Pt制成电催化剂而用于DMFCs/PEMFCs中.本课题组前期以介孔氧化硅SBA-15为硬模板剂,糠醇和三甲苯为初始碳源,Pt和Ru的乙酰丙酮化物为金属前驱体和次级碳源,采用一步法直接制备了OMC负载的高分散、高稳定性的单Pt和Pt-Ru双金属纳米粒子,在MOR中表现出优异的电催化活性和较高的稳定性性能,超过常用的商用催化剂,显示出较大的应用潜力.因此,本文采用类似的方法将高度分散的PtM(M=Ru,Fe,Mo)合金纳米粒子沉积于OMCs上,从而制得PtM-OMC(M=Ru,Fe,Mo)催化剂;同时采用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、X射线吸收近边结构、扩展X射线吸收精细结构谱等手段对其结构组成、形貌和织构等物化性质进行了表征.结果表明,合金化的PtM纳米粒子的平均粒径约2-3 nm,且高度分散于OMC载体孔道内.另外,PtM纳米粒子中第二金属M(Ru,Fe,Mo)大多以还原态形式存在,形成了典型的核(Pt)-壳(M)结构.循环伏安法测量结果表明,在MOR反应中,所制PtM-OMC电极表现出较高的电催化活性和抗CO中毒性能,超过典型的活性炭负载的Pt-Ru催化剂.尤其值得一提的是,Pt-Fe-OMC催化剂不但具有非常高的稳定性,优越的抗CO性能,而且其催化MOR反应活性与PtRu-OMC的相当,因而具有更低的生产成本,所以Pt-Fe-OMC催化剂在DMFCs阳极电催化剂具有很大的应用前景.     

用于燃料电池阳极的有序介孔碳负载的双功能Pt-M(M=Ru,Fe,Mo)电催化剂（英文）

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)不仅采用可再生的和环境友好的能源(如氢气和甲醇)作为燃料,而且转换效率高,因此被认为是潜在的能量转换设备.目前PEMFCs大多采用活性炭负载的贵金属作为其阴极和阳极的电催化剂,因此制造成本高,限制了它的实际应用.燃料电池电催化剂研发的一个紧迫的任务就是避免使用采用贵金属.直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFCs)阳极上进行的甲醇氧化反应(MOR)通常采用活性炭或多孔碳材料负载的Pt基双功能催化剂.在此基础上复合第二贵金属(如Ru)可改善其结构、电子和表面化学性质,表现出较高的稳定性和抗CO中毒性能,因而在MOR中具有优异的电催化活性.然而,在DMFCs长期运行期间,该Pt-Ru/C阳极催化剂大多出现严重的金属Ru溶解流失,以及燃料甲醇透过聚电解质膜的现象.因此,进一步提高Pt-Ru/C电催化剂的稳定性成为当务之急.另外,考虑到膜电极的成本和PEMFCs的整体效率,在保持较好MOR活性的前提下,减少贵金属用量或采用非贵金属,甚至不用金属,进一步降低其成本也尤为重要,这也将十分有利于基础研究和实际的工业应用.采用软模板或硬模板法制得的有序介孔碳(OMCs)因具有高的比表面积、可调的中孔尺寸和表面官能团性质而广受关注,已经应用于催化剂载体,吸附剂,传感器和电极材料等领域.OMCs可负载Pt制成电催化剂而用于DMFCs/PEMFCs中.本课题组前期以介孔氧化硅SBA-15为硬模板剂,糠醇和三甲苯为初始碳源,Pt和Ru的乙酰丙酮化物为金属前驱体和次级碳源,采用一步法直接制备了OMC负载的高分散、高稳定性的单Pt和Pt-Ru双金属纳米粒子,在MOR中表现出优异的电催化活性和较高的稳定性性能,超过常用的商用催化剂,显示出较大的应用潜力.因此,本文采用类似的方法将高度分散的PtM(M=Ru,Fe,Mo)合金纳米粒子沉积于OMCs上,从而制得PtM-OMC(M=Ru,Fe,Mo)催化剂;同时采用N_2物理吸附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、X射线吸收近边结构、扩展X射线吸收精细结构谱等手段对其结构组成、形貌和织构等物化性质进行了表征.结果表明,合金化的PtM纳米粒子的平均粒径约2-3 nm,且高度分散于OMC载体孔道内.另外,PtM纳米粒子中第二金属M(Ru,Fe,Mo)大多以还原态形式存在,形成了典型的核(Pt)-壳(M)结构.循环伏安法测量结果表明,在MOR反应中,所制PtM-OMC电极表现出较高的电催化活性和抗CO中毒性能,超过典型的活性炭负载的Pt-Ru催化剂.尤其值得一提的是,Pt-Fe-OMC催化剂不但具有非常高的稳定性,优越的抗CO性能,而且其催化MOR反应活性与PtRu-OMC的相当,因而具有更低的生产成本,所以Pt-Fe-OMC催化剂在DMFCs阳极电催化剂具有很大的应用前景.     

Pt/C催化剂对甲酸电催化氧化的粒径效应

在甲醇溶剂中,利用SnCl2作为还原剂,通过控制反应条件制备了具有不同粒径Pt粒子的炭载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)的结果表明,Pt/C催化剂中Pt粒子具有高度的均一性和良好的分散度.电化学研究结果显示,对于甲酸的电催化氧化,Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应.当Pt粒子粒径为3.2 nm时,Pt/C催化剂对甲酸的电催化氧化活性最佳.Pt/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的粒径效应与其表面含氧基团含量、Pt粒子的比表面积及相对结晶度相关.     

Ru,Sn和Co促进的Pt/C催化剂电催化氧化甲醇的性能

 采用溶胶法制备了用于阴离子膜直接甲醇燃料电池的Pt-M/C(M=Ru, Sn和Co)阳极电催化剂,并用X射线衍射和X射线能谱技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,制备的Pt-M合金颗粒分布均匀,粒径为2～6 nm, 其组成与前驱体中相应金属的原子比基本吻合. 用循环伏安法测定了催化剂在不同碱性条件下的活性. 结果显示,随着碱性的增加,甲醇的起始氧化电位降低,峰电流和催化剂的活性增大; 相同碱强度下催化剂活性顺序为Pt50Ru50/C>Pt50Sn50/C>Pt75Co25/C, 添加Ru可明显提高Pt/C催化剂的活性. Pt50Ru50/C在1.0 mol/L NaOH+1.0 mol/L CH3OH溶液中的峰电流密度可达634.7 mA/mg.     

Pt/C催化剂对乙醇电氧化的粒径效应

利用有机溶胶方法, 通过控制溶剂挥发温度制备了具有不同粒径大小的Pt/C催化剂. 制得的Pt/C催化剂中, Pt粒子具有非常优异的均一性和良好的分散度. 电化学研究表明, 对于乙醇的电催化氧化, Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应. 当Pt粒子粒径为3.2 nm时, Pt/C催化剂对乙醇的电催化氧化的质量比活性最佳. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的研究显示, Pt/C催化剂对乙醇氧化的粒径效应与其零价Pt含量以及Pt粒子的比表面积密切相关.     

Pt-Ru/C催化剂在甲醇电氧化过程中的组成和结构变化

本文研究了Pt-Ru/C催化剂在甲醇电催化氧化过程中组成和结构的变化。结果表明:在扫描初期,Pt-Ru催化剂的表面处于富Ru状态,Pt-Ru催化剂显示出良好的协同效应,峰电位较低,峰电流密度也较小。随着扫描圈数的增加(1~35圈),催化剂表面Ru原子逐渐溶解,Pt-Ru协同效应减弱,峰电位逐渐增大;同时,随着Ru的溶解,催化剂表面Pt原子含量的增加,催化剂对甲醇氧化的峰电流密度逐渐增大。继续增加扫描圈数(36~80圈),催化剂表面Ru原子含量趋于稳定,但Pt原子发生表面重组,粒子粒径增大,从而导致催化剂对甲醇电氧化性能下降。     

直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂性能的影响因素

考察了温度、电位及中间产物等因素对直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,温度的升高会显著促进Pt催化剂粒子的聚结.对于PtRu催化剂,Ru氧化物/水合氧化物对Pt微晶的聚结具有抑制作用.高温放电实验后,PtRu催化剂的合金化程度有所提高.高电位会加速电催化剂的降解.电极反应中间产物甲酸和甲醛对甲醇电催化氧化反应具有一定的抑制作用,其中甲醛的影响更大.     

Pd-based PdPt(19:1)/C electrocatalyst as an electrode in PEM fuel cell

A carbon supported Pd-based PdPt catalyst with a Pd:Pt atomic ratio of 19:1 was synthesized and applied to a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Three different types of single cells with the electrodes containing (PdPt/C:Pt/C), (Pt/C:PdPt/C) and (PdPt/C:PdPt/C) as their anode and cathode electrocatalysts were fabricated and the performance of them was compared. The single cell using PdPt/C as the anode electrocatalyst showed a high performance comparable to the cell with a commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. This indicates that Pd-based electrocatalysts can be used as an anode electrocatalyst in PEMFC with very small amount of Pt (just about 5 at.%).     

高温热裂解电催化剂Ketjen Black EC300J碳黑负载钴卟啉的氧还原性能

选用具有高介孔表面积和高导电性能的碳黑Ketjen Black EC 300J(简称KB)作为载体,制备了碳黑负载钴卟啉(CoTMPP/KB),经过900℃热处理后得到电催化剂,用于燃料电池阴极氧还原反应.利用循环伏安法(CV)研究了碳载体不同预处理方法以及高温热处理对碳黑负载钴卟啉电催化剂的氧还原催化性能的影响.结果...     

Molybdenum nitride based hybrid cathode for rechargeable lithium-O2 batteries

Molybdenum nitride/nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets (MoN/NGS) are synthesized and used as an alternative O(2) electrode for Li-O(2) batteries. In comparison with electrocatalysts proposed previously, this hybrid cathode exhibits a high discharge potential (around 3.1 V) and a considerable specific capacity (1490 mA h g(-1), based on carbon + electrocatalyst).     

Investigation of carbon-supported Ni@Ag core-shell nanoparticles as electrocatalyst for electrooxidation of sodium borohydride

Carbon-supported Ni@Ag core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized and used as the anode electrocatalyst for direct borohydride-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell (DBHFC). The morphology, structure, and composition of the as-prepared electrocatalysts are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical characterizations are performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), linear scan voltammetry with rotating disk electrode (LSV RDE), and fuel cell test. The catalytic behaviors and main kinetic parameters (e.g., Tafel slope, number of electrons exchanged, exchange current density, and apparent activation energy) toward BH ₄ ^‐ oxidation on Ag/C and Ni@Ag/C electrocatalysts are determined. Results show that the as-prepared nanoparticles have a core-shell structure with the average size approximately 13 nm. The kinetics of NaBH₄ oxidation is faster for Ni@Ag/C than that for Ag/C. Among the as-prepared catalysts, the highest transition electron value and the lowest apparent activation energy are obtained on Ni₁@Ag₁/C; the values are 4.8 and 20.23 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The DBHFC using Ni₁@Ag₁/C as anode electrocatalyst and Pt mesh (1 cm²) as cathode electrode obtains the maximum anodic power density as high as 8.54 mW cm^?2 at a discharge current density of 8.42 mA cm^?2 at 25 °C.     

Advances,opportunities, and challenges of hydrogen and oxygen production from seawater electrolysis: An electrocatalysis perspective

With increasing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, the importance of developing renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels has become a vital global task. Hydrogen produced via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy systems at a large scale is an essential measure to reduce greenhouse gas and particulate emissions. Electrolysers use a substantial amount of water (mainly freshwater) to produce hydrogen and oxygen at the cathode, and anode, respectively. However, seawater is preferred because it is the most abundant water resource. Although many R&D efforts on seawater electrolysis have been carried out since the 1970s, the barriers are the undesired chlorine gas evolution reaction at the anode, and corrosion induced by chloride ions. Unlike the available data for electrocatalyst materials based upon platinum group metals in pure solutions, limited data is available for electrocatalysts in seawater. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis.     

直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂研究进展

总结了近年来直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的研究工作，探讨了甲醇的电催化反应机理，阐述了设计催化剂的基本原则，同时对目前研究的各种催化体系作了比较和评价。对未来甲醇电催化剂的发展作出展望。     

Highly Dispersed and Nano-sized Pt-based Electrocatalysts for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells

Among metals, Pt is so far the best material to be used as anode and cathode in low-temperature fuel cells. However, Pt has the drawback of being expensive and easily CO-poisoned. Thus, to produce useful electrocatalysts, significant efforts have been made worldwide on developing Pt-based catalysts with low Pt contents as well as searching for alternative materials with high catalytic activity for anodic and cathodic reactions in low-temperature fuel cells. This article presents the development of highly dispersed and nano-sized Pt-based electrocatalysts synthesized by several new methods based on our experimental results. In the case of anode materials, our proposed new method consists of the synthesis of Pt-based nanoparticles in order to maximize their surface availability, combined with the use of secondary metals that promote the oxidations of methanol and CO. On the other hand, for the cathode materials, the use of the Pt catalysts mixed with metal oxides enhances their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. We anticipate that the highly dispersed Pt-based nanoparticles introduced in this article will improve the performance of anode and cathode for low-temperature fuel cells.     

Direct-current discharge treatment of polytetrafluoroethylene films

The effect of treatment in a low-pressure dc discharge on the surface properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films modified at the anode and cathode was examined. It was found that the anode treatment of the films considerably improves the adhesive properties of the polymer and makes it possible to obtain substantially lower values of the contact angle and higher values of the work of adhesion and surface energy than in the case of other PTFE surface modification techniques. By means of IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was shown that discharge treatment at the anode and cathode noticeably increases the amount of oxygen-containing groups on the surface of the films.     

PtCeOx/C as a novel methanol-tolerant electrocatalyst of oxygen reduction for direct methanol fuel cells

A prominent methanol-tolerant characteristic of the PtCeO_x/C electrocatalyst was found during oxygen reduction reaction process. The carbon-supported platinum modified with cerium oxide (PtCeO_x/C) as cathode electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells was prepared via a simple and effective route. The synthesized electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the cerium oxide within PtCeO_x/C present in an amorphous form on the carbon support surface and the PtCeO_x/C possesses almost similar disordered morphological structure and slightly smaller particle size compared with the unmodified Pt/C catalyst.     

Morphological and Coordination Modulations in Iridium Electrocatalyst for Robust and Stable Acidic OER Catalysis

Proton exchange membrane water splitting (PEMWS) technology has high-level current density, high operating pressure, small electrolyzer-size, integrity, flexibility, and has good adaptability to the volatility of wind power and photovoltaics, but the development of both active and high stability of the anode electrocatalyst in acidic environment is still a huge challenge, which seriously hinders the promotion and application of PEMWS. In recent years, researchers have made tremendous attempts in the development of high-quality active anode electrocatalyst, and we summarize some of the research progress made by our group in the design and synthesis of PEMWS anode electrocatalysts with different nanostructures, and makes full use of electrocatalytic activity points to increase the inherent activity of Iridium (Ir) sites, and provides optimization strategies for the long-term non-decay of catalysts under high anode potential in acidic environments. At this stage, these research advances are expected to facilitate the research and technological progress of PEMWS, and providing some research ideas and references for future research on efficient and inexpensive PEMWS anode electrocatalysts.