化学反应法在毒品检验分析中应用方法实践 ——评《化学之书》

化学反应法是通过对化学物质本身较为复杂性的特点进行探讨、分析,其技术涵盖了化学学科所有领域,而毒品的检验分析工作与化学反应法密切相关,在仪器分析的时期,化学物质的分析主要通过化学显色法、分子光谱法、色谱法与质谱法联合等技术,其中毒品检验分析中毛细管电泳仪器分析的方法是使用率最高的化学反应法,毒品的检验与初次筛选则更多采...     

白千层挥发油化学成分分析

用毛细管气相色谱、气相色谱－ 质谱－ 计算机分析技术, 对植物白千层枝叶挥发油化学成分进行了分析研究, 从这种植物挥发油中分离出８０ 个以上的组分, 确认了其中的３５ 种成分, 所鉴定的组分占挥发油色谱总峰面积的９０ ％ 以上。     

日本遗弃化学武器销毁残渣中元素分析及砷形态分析

本文就日本遗弃在华化学武器销毁残渣元素分布进行了分类分析,并对残渣样品的砷形态进行检测。结果表明,黄剂及红剂销毁残渣样品中主要元素均为铁、铜、砷、钛、铅等,其中砷元素占比较大且危害最深。进一步对样品进行分析结果显示,残渣中砷形态主要为Fe-结合态、Ca-结合态、残渣态等。该实验结果为销毁残渣的二次处理提供了必要的技术支撑,在敦促日方改进销毁技术方面具有重要的现实意义。     

气相色谱-质谱联用分析白兰叶油成分

采用气相色谱－质谱联用技术对苏州产白兰叶油的化学成分进行了分析,分离出３３个峰。鉴定了其中２７种成分,占总峰面积的９７％,并对油中的主要化学成分芳樟醇用气相色谱－傅立叶红外光谱法进行了验证。     

空气动力辅助离子化新型质谱技术用于药物快速实时分析的研究

采用自主研制的新型空气动力辅助离子化质谱技术(AFAI-MS)及其装置,对违法饲料添加的未知药片进行了快速实时质谱分析,并对其中的药效成分进行了结构鉴定研究。通过本技术快速、高效地获取了药片中有效成分的一级质谱、二级质谱、分子离子的精确质量数等关键结构信息。在此基础上,结合"抗胆碱"的药理作用以及网络数据库搜索结果,分析推断出该药效成分为山莨菪碱;并结合对照品比对分析,最终确定该未知药片为山莨菪碱片。本方法为药物相关领域中复杂样品的快速实时检测提供了有效的分析途径,并为打击药品违法添加提供了重要的分析依据。     

肽段固相等电聚焦结合液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析鼠肝蛋白质

利用肽段固相胶条等电聚焦技术对大鼠鼠肝组织蛋白质酶解产物进行预分离,反相色谱分离所得预分离组分后,用LTQ-Orbitrap MS进行分析。共鉴定到2039个蛋白质,包括18个乙酰化蛋白,其中4个乙酰化蛋白未被报道过。对这些蛋白进行了生物信息学分析。结果表明,将肽段等电聚焦与LC-MS/MS结合起来,是一种有效的蛋白质组学分析技术,适合于大规模蛋白质鉴定分析。     

环境水体中酚类EDCs前处理技术及分析方法研究进展

环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)是指干扰生物体内保持自身平衡和调节发育过程中天然激素的合成、分泌、运输、代谢、结合、反应、消除等生物过程的外源性化学物质,这类物质的存在会干扰人类和野生动物的内分泌系统,带来生殖障碍、发育异常、免疫功能减弱等问题。EDCs,尤其是使用最为广泛的酚类EDCs,在水环境中的污染特征研究已是当前科学界和公众共同关注的热点问题之一。环境样品基质非常复杂,使得痕量酚类EDCs的分析检测难度较大。该文对近年来环境水体中酚类EDCs的分析方法进行了综述,分别对样品前处理与检测分析技术进行了介绍,其中前处理技术包括样品萃取、样品净化和样品衍生化,检测分析技术包括化学分析和仪器分析。最后对酚类分析方法进行了展望。     

基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱和电喷雾电离质谱在辣根过氧化物酶糖肽结构分析中的应用

糖链结构的质谱解析是今后糖蛋白分析中的重要研究内容,其中完整糖肽的分析,由于可以同时获得糖基化位点和对应糖链的结构信息,更具有重要意义和研究前景。本工作对质谱软电离技术在完整糖肽分析中的应用进行了研究,其中包括了基质辅助激光解吸电离(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, MALDI)和电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI)技术。通过平行使用两种串联质谱(tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS)分析策略: MALDI-MS/MS和ESI-MS/MS对目标糖蛋白——辣根过氧化物酶进行分析,并讨论了其互补性。结果表明,MALDI和ESI技术各有优劣,结合串联质谱分析,可获得糖肽的糖链结构信息;两条路线互补使用,在揭示蛋白质糖基化修饰(位点和结构)的研究中十分必要。     

环境及生物样品中黑碳的质谱分析技术研究进展

黑碳是由生物质及化石燃料燃烧产生的含碳颗粒,是除CO₂外对全球气候变暖贡献最大的辐射强迫因子。因此,黑碳对全球气候和环境系统具有重大影响。其次,黑碳超小(<100 nm)的粒径使其能够通过呼吸系统进入到人体内,其本身以及表面负载的有毒物质也会对人体健康产生严重危害。为了厘清黑碳对环境和人类健康的影响,研究人员已发展了多种针对黑碳颗粒的分析技术,其中质谱技术凭借出色的抗干扰能力和强大的定性定量分析性能成为研究黑碳环境效应和健康风险最有潜力的技术之一。该文综述了复杂介质中黑碳颗粒质谱分析技术的原理、技术特征和应用实例,并对未来黑碳的分析技术发展进行了展望。     

膜转移提取技术在手印显现中的应用进展

在犯罪现场发现的各类痕迹中,手印是少数可以直接对嫌疑人身份进行认定,并可作为法庭科学证据的痕迹类型之一。然而,犯罪现场的手印往往是肉眼不可见的,即潜在手印。为实现潜在手印的可视化,各类手印的提取及显现技术应运而生。其中,膜转移提取技术结合物理、化学等方法将手印转移到膜材料上进行快速显现,乃至进一步分析。本文系统地介绍了膜转移提取技术在手印显现中的研究进展,并对该技术的发展方向提出了展望。     

Determination of theophylline in serum by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical-ionization (APCI HPLC/MS)

 A method for the determination of theophylline (TH), without derivatization, in serum by isotope dilution mass spectrometry using labelled [1, 3-¹⁵N₂-2-¹³C]theophylline (LTH) as internal standard is described. After deproteinization, the analyte is directly injected into a high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometer operating with atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization (APCI HPLC/MS). The concentrations of TH in sera measured by APCI HPLC/MS are compared with results from gas chromatography – isotope dilution mass spectrometry (GC-ID/MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). The accuracy, precision and recovery of the APCI HPLC/MS and GC-ID/MS methods are discussed. The coefficient of variation (CV) determined from duplicate samples was less than 2%. The detection limit was 10 ng/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1. Received: 17 January 1996/Revised: 26 March 1996/Accepted: 5 April 1996     

N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖水溶液变旋过程的液质联用和旋光研究

研究N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖在水溶液中的变旋行为.通过液质联用及比旋度分析,监测N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖水溶液的变旋情况.得到基于APCI离子源的N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的多级质谱图,确认其水溶液变旋稳定时间及稳定状态下的差向异构体组成比例,并对N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖HPLC图中的差向异构体色谱峰进行指认.为存在变旋行为的糖及糖苷类化合物的研究提供了准确可行的方法.     

Determination of steroid hormones, hormone conjugates and macrolide antibiotics in influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants utilising high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation

In this study we present a high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method which has been elaborated to analyse steroid hormones, hormone conjugates, oral contraceptives and macrolide antibiotics unchanged in unfiltered influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs). HPLC separation of the steroid hormones was achieved in 35 min, as well as those of the antibiotics. The analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction, followed by clean-up using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). For the final quantification HPLC/MS/MS was used. The two ionisation modes, electrospray ionisation (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI), in HPLC/MS/MS were compared for the analysis of steroid hormones. For quantitative results drastic matrix effects were observed while using ESI. These effects were less pronounced while using APCI. These pitfalls were additionally reduced by clean-up using SEC as well as isotope dilution. Additionally, two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions per compound were used to prevent false positive results. Recovery experiments with spiked tap water with concentrations varying from 1 to 1000 ng/L gave constant recovery rates: The recovery rates for the hormones and conjugates ranged from 58 to 107%, those of the contraceptives ranged from 83 to 109%. The relative standard deviation was found to be 7 to 24% and the limits of detection were 0.1 to 4.5 ng/L. The recovery rates of the macrolide antibiotics ranged from 76 to 103%, while the relative standard deviation was found to be 7 to 14% and the limits of detection ranged from 0.6 to 1.8 ng/L. The maximum concentrations found in influents of a STP was 470 ng/L for estriol and 1200 ng/L for erythromycin.     

Unambiguous detection of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (Euphausia superba Dana)

HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/MS, GC MS, HPLC diode array detection (DAD), and NMR were used for the identification of astaxanthin and astaxanthin fatty acid esters in krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Matrix solid phase dispersion was applied for the extraction of the carotenoids. This gentle and expeditious extraction technique for solid and viscous samples leads to distinct higher enrichment rates than the conventional liquid-liquid extraction. The chromatographic separation was achieved employing a C30 RP column that allows the separation of shape-constrained geometrical isomers. A methanol/tert-butylmethyl ether/water gradient was applied. (all-E) Astaxanthin and the geometrical isomers were identified by HPLC APCI/MS, by coelution with isomerized authentical standard, by UV spectroscopy (DAD), and three isomers were unambiguously assigned by microcoil NMR spectroscopy. In this method, microcoils are transversally aligned to the magnetic field and have an increased sensitivity compared to the conventional double-saddle Helmholtz coils, thus enabling the measurement on small samples. The carotenol fatty acid esters were saponified enzymatically with Lipase type VII from Candida rugosa. The fatty acids were detected by GC MS after transesterification, but also without previous derivatization by HPLC APCI/MS. C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C20:0, C20:5, and C22:6 were found in astaxanthin monoesters and in astaxanthin diesters. (all-E) Astaxanthin was identified as the main isomer in six fatty acid ester fractions by NMR. Quantitation was carried out by the method of internal standard. (13-cis) Astaxanthin (70 microg/g), 542 microg/g (all-E) astaxanthin, 36 microg/g unidentified astaxanthin isomer, 62 microg/g (9-cis) astaxanthin, and 7842 microg/g astaxanthin fatty acid esters were found.     

Quantitative screening and matrix effect studies of drug discovery compounds in monkey plasma using fast-gradient liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A higher-throughput bioanalytical method based on fast-gradient (1 min run time) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed for screen-type analyses of plasma samples from early drug discovery studies in support of exploratory pharmacodynamic studies. The HPLC system equipped with minibore column was interfaced with either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray (ESI) ionization techniques. The matrix ion suppression effect of both quantitative HPLC/MS/MS analyses was compared using the post-column infusion system. The use of the described methods provided advantages such as a shorter chromatographic region of ion suppression, less solvent consumption and shorter run times in comparison with standard analytical column HPLC/MS/MS methods. The analytical results obtained by both HPLC/MS/MS methods were in good agreement (within 15% of error) and displayed a good correlation with the pharmacodynamic outcome.     

On the signal response of various pesticides in electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization depending on the flow-rate of eluent applied in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

The API-MS signal response of several pesticides (atrazine, simazine, isoproturon, diuron, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, alachlor, trifluralin) depending on the flow-rate of eluent entering the MS interface was investigated. The investigations were based on API-MS-MS analyses of standard pesticide mixtures in the flow injection mode (FIA) at systematically varied eluent flow-rates using both an ESI interface (Turboionspray) and a heated nebulizer type APCI source. In the result, the individual compounds included in this study showed significant differences in their signal response behaviour depending on the flow-rate of eluent applied. The most hydrophobic compounds among the investigated pesticides (chlorpyrifos and trifluralin) showed drastic losses of sensitivity with increasing eluent flow-rate in both ESI and APCI, while more hydrophilic compounds like atrazine, simazine and isoproturon showed the expected signal response (concentration-sensitive in ESI, mass-flow-sensitive in APCI) at least within a certain range of flow-rates (200-600 microl/min in ESI, 200-2000 microl/min in APCI). These findings lead to the conclusion that application of a programmed HPLC eluent flow-rate may be advantageous to achieve maximum sensitivity of API-MS detection for all pesticides of interest. This is exemplified by the implementation of a flow gradient into an online SPE-HPLC-APCI-MS/MS method for improved analysis of pesticides in drinking water.     

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of aldehydes in biological matrices

Application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for detection of aldehydes in biological samples such as blood, yoghurt, and milk, is reported. Sample preparation is easy, and the presented method is both sensitive and selective. It is based on the widely used dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization, followed by extraction with n-hexane and a simple reversed-phase HPLC separation. Detection is performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in negative ion mode, with detection limits in the low picogram range. Using MS/MS, acetone and propionaldehyde can clearly be distinguished, facilitating propionaldehyde quantitation even in the presence of high acetone levels. Quantitation by direct MS/MS is also feasible, well suited for high-throughput applications, although not as accurate as using HPLC/MS/MS.     

Identification and characterization of impurities in an insecticide,bifenthrin technical

The HPLC‐DAD and GC/MS methods were successfully used for the identification and characterization of the impurities in an agrochemical insecticide, bifenthrin technical. Three impurities ranging from 0.175%–0.541% were detected by the HPLC‐DAD method. The LC/MS technique with ESI or APCI source failed to detect the impurities detected by HPLC‐DAD, due to lack of ionization in ESI or APCI. The three impurities were enriched by prep‐HPLC, and then their structures were elucidated based on the GC/EIMS and CIMS data. The EI mass spectra of bifenthrin and its impurities displayed molecular ion and provided structure indicative fragment ions; the CIMS data further confirmed their molecular weight. The identity of the impurity 1 was further confirmed by the synthesis of the authentic sample followed by NMR and GC/MS data.     

Determination of selenosugars in crude human urine using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

The narrow gap between essentiality and toxicity of selenium requires detailed investigations on selenium metabolism in order to find suitable indicators for the selenium status in the human body. Current methods for quantitative selenium speciation in human urine are based on separation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled online with elemental mass spectrometry (MS), and the potential of molecular MS detection techniques for the reliable identification and quantification of selenosugars in crude human urine has not been utilized. Now we report the development of an HPLC tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) method for the reliable determination in crude human urine of three significant selenium urinary metabolites, collectively termed selenosugars, namely methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-seleno-beta-D-galactopyranoside (SeGalNAc), methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-seleno-beta-D-glucopyranoside (SeGluNAc) and methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-1-seleno-beta-D-galactopyranoside (SeGalNH2). Reversed-phase HPLC, with and without cation-exchange guard columns, was applied for the separation of the selenosugars, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) were used for selective and sensitive detection. The collision-induced dissociation behaviour of the selenosugars was studied in detail using APCI triple quadrupole MS/MS and electrospray ion trap MS. The developed method was applied to urine samples collected prior to and after selenium supplementation for the quantification of SeGalNAc using both external calibration and the method of standard additions. Additionally, SeGalNH2 was detected in urine samples after Se supplementation. Finally, neutral loss scanning was explored as a possible method for the detection of unknown methyl-selenosugars.     

Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separations using ethoxynonafluorobutane as hexane alternative. II. Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry applications with methanol gradients

We have reported recently that high-speed normal-phase (NP) HPLC separations of a broad range of organic compounds can be performed on cyano columns using gradients of methanol in hexane-like solvent-ethoxynonafluorobutane (ENFB), available commercially. In this communication, we demonstrate that atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) can be effectively used for detection in such separations. The efficiency of APCI under conditions studied has also been compared to the efficiency of traditional electrospray ionization (ESI) in combination with MS for reversed-phase (RP) HPLC of the same compounds. The compounds included in this study were steroids, benzodiazepines, and other central nervous system-active substances, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, and beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Non-polar compounds were found to respond stronger when APCI-MS technique was used, whereas APCI and ESI ionization efficiencies were comparable when polar substances were studied. The combination of normal-phase HPLC separation conditions with mass spectral detection may expand the range of LC-MS applications traditionally associated with reversed-phase HPLC and ESI-MS detection.