Multi-spectral temperature measurement method for gas turbine blade

One of the basic methods to improve both the thermal efficiency and power output of a gas turbine is to increase the firing temperature. However, gas turbine blades are easily damaged in harsh high-temperature and high-pressure environments. Therefore, ensuring that the blade temperature remains within the design limits is very important. There are unsolved problems in blade temperature measurement, relating to the emissivity of the blade surface, influences of the combustion gases, and reflections of radiant energy from the surroundings. In this study, the emissivity of blade surfaces has been measured, with errors reduced by a fitting method, influences of the combustion gases have been calculated for different operational conditions, and a reflection model has been built. An iterative computing method is proposed for calculating blade temperatures, and the experimental results show that this method has high precision.     

应用高温计测量氩等离子体温度

应用多通道辐射高温计测量了冲击产生的氩等离子体的温度,并与理论计算结果进行了比较.测量结果与Saha方程加Debye-Huckel修正模型的计算结果符合较好.     

反射温度补偿法对红外测温的补偿计算与误差分析

根据红外辐射理论和红外热像仪的测温原理,介绍了反射温度补偿法的原理与实施方法,得到了该补偿方法的理论计算公式及误差的计算公式,分析了补偿效果及补偿后各影响因素对红外测温的影响,同时用实验验证了该补偿方法的有效性与适用性。研究发现,该补偿方法简单易行,精度高,适用于大部分的红外热像仪,具有一定的推广价值;补偿效果与采用的红外反射镜的材料有关;短波热像仪的补偿效果比长波热像仪好。     

Inverse analysis of non-uniform temperature distributions using multispectral pyrometry

Optical diagnostics can be used to obtain sub-pixel temperature information in remote sensing. A multispectral pyrometry method was developed using multiple spectral radiation intensities to deduce the temperature area distribution in the measurement region. The method transforms a spot multispectral pyrometer with a fixed field of view into a pyrometer with enhanced spatial resolution that can give sub-pixel temperature information from a “one pixel” measurement region. A temperature area fraction function was defined to represent the spatial temperature distribution in the measurement region. The method is illustrated by simulations of a multispectral pyrometer with a spectral range of 8.0–13.0 μm measuring a non-isothermal region with a temperature range of 500–800 K in the spot pyrometer field of view. The inverse algorithm for the sub-pixel temperature distribution (temperature area fractions) in the “one pixel” verifies this multispectral pyrometry method. The results show that an improved Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is effective for this ill-posed inverse problem with relative errors in the temperature area fractions of (–3%, 3%) for most of the temperatures. The analysis provides a valuable reference for the use of spot multispectral pyrometers for sub-pixel temperature distributions in remote sensing measurements.     

Surface laser alloying of 17-4PH stainless steel steam turbine blades

As a known high-quality precipitation hardening stainless steel with high strength, high antifatigue, excellent corrosion resistance and good weldability, 17-4PH has been widely used to produce steam turbine blades. However, under the impact of high-speed steam and water droplets, the blades are prone to cavitation, which could lead to lower efficiency, shorter life time, and even accidents. In this article, the 17-4PH blade's surface was alloyed using a high power CO₂ laser. The microstructure and microhardness of hardened 17-4PH were tested by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) and a microhardness tester. After laser alloying, the surface layer was denser and the grain refined, while the microhardness of the surface (average 610HV_0.2) was about one times higher than that of the substrate material (330HV_0.2). The friction coefficient of the laser-alloyed 17-4PH layer was much lower than that of the substrate.     

Study of reflection error in closed-loop polarization-maintained interferometric fiber optic gyroscope

To analyze quantitatively and systematically the reflection error in optical path of closed-loop polarization-maintained (PM) fiber optical gyroscope (FOG), the optical model is established and analyzed. Based on the optical model and the principle of the coherence detection in signal processing, the source of the reflection error is disclosed from the point of wave trains, and its effect on FOG performance is analyzed in detail, including variation as the step wave on modulator and as the environment temperature. In addition, the measures are promoted to suppress the reflection error, and the simulation result demonstrates that the peak-to-peak value of the reflection error can be suppressed from about 0.8°/h to less than 6×10⁻³°/h through matching the length of birefringent pigtails, which is small enough to meet the requirement of FOG with high performance.     

Measurement performance of an optical CCD-based pyrometer system

The measurement performance of a CCD-based pyrometer system using a three-color method was evaluated for scientific and engineering metrology. The relationships between the system parameters (exposure time and sensor gain) and the intensity measurements in an integrating sphere experiment were determined for a specific CCD sensor. The pyrometer system uses the three-color method based on the intensity ratio without geometry calibrations. The field measurement characteristics and the effectiveness of coupling the three-color channels were investigated in terms of the temperature measurement uniformity, temperature sensitivity and temperature range of the pyrometer system in standard blackbody tests. The results showed that the temperature non-uniformity is not proportional to the intensity non-uniformity and is in the range of 0.13-2.14%. The relative temperature sensitivities of intensity ratios for different channel combinations are different, which may provide a way to improve the measurement results. The temperature range bandwidth for object with a non-uniform temperature distribution varies from 190 to 270 K for this specific CCD-based pyrometer. The performance evaluation conclusions for the system with this specific CCD sensor are general and applicable for pyrometer systems using other CCD sensors.     

一种对流层折射误差的实时简化修正方法

对流层折射误差是影响雷达测量定位系统精度的主要因素之一。针对VMF1(Vienna Mapping Function 1)用于对流层折射误差修正时存在的实时性差、分辨率低的问题,引入GPT2w模型并提供分辨率为1°×1°的相关参数,结合Saastamoinen模型构建形成SG-VMF1模型。基于新模型和映射函数法的计算原理,对4个IGS(International GNSS Service)测站在不同高度角时的对流层折射误差进行估算,并与射线描迹法的计算结果进行对比分析。结果显示：以结合IGS实测气象数据的射线描迹法的计算结果为基准时,利用SG-VMF1模型及相关理论计算的结果在高度角大于6°时RMS值可达到0.4 m,在高度角大于30°时RMS值可达到0.1 m,计算方法可行有效,且具有实时性和较高的分辨率。     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of ultrasonic de-icing system for wind turbine blade

It is widely accepted that wind energy is clean and renewable. However, icing on the blade surfaces of wind turbines is a serious problem in cold regions, which greatly affects its performance. Therefore, it is important to prevent ice accumulation on the surface of wind turbine blade and remove it whenever necessary. In this paper, a new non-thermal method–ultrasonic de-icing for wind turbine blade is proposed. Firstly, baced on the theory of ultrasonic de-icing, the harmonic analysis of the structure of the composite plate-ice layered system is investigated using the finite element method. The simulation results showed that ultrasonic de-icing method is feasible for wind turbine blade de-icing purposes. Secondly, the de-icing experiment of wind turbine blades using piezoelectric actuators is carried out in the freezer at a temperature of −15 °C, results showed that the ice layer can be debonded from the surface of wind turbine blade by the commonly used piezoelectric transducers made by PZT-5. The optimal frequency of ultrasonic de-icing of wind turbine blade is also given; finally, the installation way of ultrasonic transducers on the inner surface of wind turbine blade is given.     

Low-coherence interferometry based roughness measurement on turbine blade surfaces using wavelet analysis

In this paper, a non-contact optical system, a low-coherence interferometer (LCI), is introduced for the purpose of measuring the surface roughness of turbine blades. The designed system not only possesses a high vertical resolution and is able to acquire the roughness topography, but also it has a large vertical scanning range compared to other commonly used optical systems. The latter characteristic allows us to measure turbine blades surfaces with large curvature without collisions between the lens and the measurement object. After obtaining the surface topography, wavelet analysis is applied to decompose the original surface into multiple bandwidths to conduct a multiscale analysis. The results show that the developed LCI system proofs a good performance not only in obtaining the surface topography in the roughness scale but also in being able to measure surfaces of objects that possess a complex geometry in a large vertical range. Furthermore, the applied biorthogonal wavelet in this study has performed good amplitude and phase properties in extracting the roughness microstructures from the whole surface. Finally, the traditional roughness parameters, such as the mean surface roughness S_a and the Root Mean Square (RMS) roughness S_q, are evaluated in each decomposed subband and their correlations with the scale of each subband are analyzed.     

铑铁电阻温度计低温性能测试

针对一种商用铑铁电阻温度计进行了低温下的工作性能研究。对传感器进行了常温和液氮温度下的两点校正,校正结果验证了厂商提供的电阻温度拟合关系式。另外,还对该铑铁传感器连续进行了三次热循环实验。实验前,传感器的液氮温度稳定性优于20mK,而在实验后其温度稳定性优于30mK,满足工程应用的要求。所有实验结果表明,该铑铁电阻温度计性能可靠稳定,为其在超导磁体系统中的进一步应用提供了基础。     

单光子激光测距的漂移误差理论模型及补偿方法

单光子激光测距系统采用高灵敏度的单光子探测器作为接收器件,更易实现高密度、高覆盖率的目标采样,是未来激光测距系统的发展方向.漂移误差作为限制单光子激光测距精度提高的瓶颈问题,其主要由平均回波信号光子数的变化引起.以激光雷达方程、单光子探测器的概率与统计理论为基础,建立了漂移误差的理论模型,给出了漂移误差与平均信号光子数、均方根脉宽等系统参数之间的理论关系式.同时,结合单光子探测概率模型给出了一种漂移误差的修正方法,并搭建实验系统对漂移误差模型和修正方法进行了验证.在回波信号均方根脉宽为3.2 ns、平均回波信号光子数为0.03到4.3个情况下,未经修正的漂移误差最大达到46 cm,经修正后的均方根误差为1.16 cm,平均绝对误差为0.99 cm,达到1 cm量级,漂移误差对测距精度的影响基本可以忽略.该方法可以解决漂移误差制约单光子激光测距精度提高的瓶颈问题.     

基于相位相关性的傅里叶变换光谱数据的相位误差修正方法

 相位误差的校正是傅里叶变换成像光谱仪数据处理的重要环节之一。针对干涉曲线的对称性特征,利用相位相关性计算方法,提出一种新的傅里叶变换光谱数据的相位校正的方法。将相位相关性拟合为Sinc函数,计算亚像素的偏移量,采用离散余弦变换转换到光谱域。使用标准光谱库中的源光谱数据作为原始数据,将通过离散余弦变换仿真的干涉数据与该方法得到的结果进行比较和验证,并与Mertz方法进行了对比。结果表明：该方法精度优于Mertz方法,并且计算简单。     

CCD测量误差的研究

为了提高CCD的测量精度,对CCD的测量误差进行了深入分析。以单CCD和双CCD错排,对直径为5.000mm、8.000mm、12.000mm的三个标准杆件直径的测量数据为基础,对CCD测量误差的大小及其影响因素展开研究,重点对测量误差、像素间距间的关系进行了深入分析。对N个像素间距为H的CCD错排进行测量,其最大误差减小为H/N,当被测对象大小刚好是像素间距的整数倍时,测量值以很高的机率靠近真实值,检测零件尺寸时,在极值处分别设置一列CCD像素,调整零件极值刚好位于CCD两相邻像素的中间,能准确地判别零件的合格性。     

Application of local indentations for film cooling of gas turbine blade leading edge

The paper presents results of computer simulation of the film cooling on the turbine blade leading edge model where the air coolant is supplied through radial holes and row of cylindrical inclined holes placed inside hemispherical dimples or trench. The blowing factor was varied from 0.5 to 2.0. The model size and key initial parameters for simulation were taken as for a real blade of a high-pressure high-performance gas turbine. Simulation was performed using commercial software code ANSYS CFX. The simulation results were compared with reference variant (no dimples or trench) both for the leading edge area and for the flat plate downstream of the leading edge.     

Dynamic response of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade under aerodynamic,gravity and gyroscopic effects

This work presents analytical and numerical dynamics studies of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade subjected to aerodynamic, centrifugal, gravity, and gyroscopic loads. The blade, assimilated to a long beam of variable cross section, is composed of homogeneous and isotropic material. It is discretized with blade elements of constant sections. Using Finite Element Method (FEM), the assembly of these elements constitutes an approximate model of the blade. The analytical study consists on defining the elementary matrices of rigidity, mass, and gyroscopic coupling between vibration and the blade rotation, as well as the elementary vector of the external loads. The numerical study deals with the resolution of the linear system of equations of the blade motion. Then, it will be possible to calculate its static and dynamic responses for a practical case. The numerical results show that the blade presents cyclic deformations under the considered loadings. These sustained vibrations directly affect the fatigue life of the blade, leading to a significant reduction in the operational efficiency of the wind turbine.     

纠错编码对多速率OCDMA系统性能的改善

将纠错编码(ECC)和素数跳频码技术结合起来,研究了基于纠错编码的多速率OCDMA系统的结构方案,并对未进行纠错编码的多速率OCDMA系统及经过纠错编码的多速率OCDMA系统的误码性能进行了模拟分析和比较。结果表明:如果两系统使用相同码长的光地址码,则经过纠错的编码系统同未经过纠错的编码系统相比,其误码率有了明显的改善;在保持两系统信息传输速率和码片间隔相等的条件下,恰当地选取纠错编码系统的码长,不仅误码性能可得到改善,而且可降低编码器和解码器的制作难度和成本。     

交流阻抗及功率因数测量中偏差的修正

介绍了在交流阻抗及功率因数测量中由测量仪表引起的偏差的修正方法.主要讨论了一级修正和精确修正两种方法,导出了计算复阻抗和功率因数的修正式.给出了测量日光灯电路的阻抗及功率因数的实例.由计算结果可以看出,精确修正后的结果与不做修正的结果之间存在较大的差异,说明在要求较精确测量的情况下,应该对测量结果进行修正.     

Runout error correction in tomographic reconstruction by intensity summation method

An alignment method for correction of the axial and radial runout errors of the rotation stage in X‐ray phase‐contrast computed tomography has been developed. Only intensity information was used, without extra hardware or complicated calculation. Notably, the method, as demonstrated herein, can utilize the halo artifact to determine displacement.