无配体Pd/LDH-F催化剂在Heck和Suzuki反应中的应用

 以氟离子插层的水滑石LDH-F为载体,用逐滴浸渍法制备了新型Pd/LDH-F催化剂,并用其催化溴代芳烃的Heck和Suzuki偶联反应. 用X射线衍射表征了催化剂的晶相,以等离子体发射光谱测定了溶剂中钯的流失量. 结果表明,对于Heck反应,在无配体存在和低钯用量(Pd/溴代芳烃摩尔比为0.001)的情况下, Pd/LDH-F的催化性能优于其它载体负载的Pd催化剂,显示出很高的催化活性和选择性. 在140 ℃和12 h的条件下, Pd/LDH-F催化溴苯与苯乙烯Heck反应产物的收率可达86％, 反应后催化剂经过分离,可循环使用四次其催化活性基本不变. 在DMF/水摩尔比为0.5的混合溶剂中,在室温和3 h 的条件下, Pd/LDH-F (Pd/溴代芳烃摩尔比为0.005)催化溴苯与苯基硼酸盐的Suzuki反应中,目标产物收率为99%.     

Pd/SiC催化碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应性能

以高比表面积碳化硅为载体,通过液相还原法制备出Pd/SiC催化剂,并用于催化碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应.利用X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体质谱和高分辨透射电子显微镜等对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明, SiC表面的Pd纳米颗粒分散均匀,平均粒径约为2.8 nm.在优化溶剂、碱、压力和温度等反应条件后,发现以3 mmol的K2CO3和10 mL苯甲醚分别为碱和溶剂,1.0 mmol碘苯和1.5 mmol苯硼酸在3 wt% Pd/SiC催化剂存在的条件下,在CO压力为1.0 MPa和100oC下反应8 h即可实现羰化偶联,碘苯转化率为90%,二苯甲酮选择性为99%.并且, Pd/SiC对含有不同官能团的碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应具有较好的普适性.同时, Pd/SiC也具有较好的稳定性,经5次循环反应后,碘苯转化率从90%降至76%;催化剂活性降低的主要原因是活性组分Pd在有机反应体系中的流失.     

Pd/SiC催化碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应性能

以高比表面积碳化硅为载体,通过液相还原法制备出Pd/SiC催化剂,并用于催化碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应.利用X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体质谱和高分辨透射电子显微镜等对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明, SiC表面的Pd纳米颗粒分散均匀,平均粒径约为2.8 nm.在优化溶剂、碱、压力和温度等反应条件后,发现以3 mmol的K2CO3和10 mL苯甲醚分别为碱和溶剂,1.0 mmol碘苯和1.5 mmol苯硼酸在3 wt% Pd/SiC催化剂存在的条件下,在CO压力为1.0 MPa和100oC下反应8 h即可实现羰化偶联,碘苯转化率为90%,二苯甲酮选择性为99%.并且, Pd/SiC对含有不同官能团的碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应具有较好的普适性.同时, Pd/SiC也具有较好的稳定性,经5次循环反应后,碘苯转化率从90%降至76%;催化剂活性降低的主要原因是活性组分Pd在有机反应体系中的流失.     

Au_6Pd/resin催化伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联-转移加氢反应制备酮类化合物（英文）

由简单小分子通过C–C键偶联来构筑复杂多样的大分子是有机合成的重要方向.传统的C–C键偶联反应一般使用卤代烃和金属有机化合物为底物,具有原子效率低、有害废弃物排放等缺点.因此,迫切需要发展一种绿色高效的C–C键偶联方法.其中,以醇类化合物作为底物通过"氢转移"(脱氢/aldol缩合/加氢)实现C–C键偶联的途径受到广泛关注.该方法具有诸多优点:(1)醇类化合物来源广泛、价格低廉、相对安全;(2)只产生H_2和H_2O,没有其它副产物.但由于醇类化合物(特别是仲醇)脱氢困难,该偶联反应条件一般比较苛刻.我们使用O_2来辅助仲醇脱氢,采用离子交换树脂负载的Au_6Pd纳米颗粒为催化剂,实现了温和条件下伯醇和仲醇的偶联反应.而且发现在氧化气氛下,反应过程中发生了"氢转移"现象,产物为饱和酮类化合物.通过设计对照实验并结合XAFS(X–射线吸收光谱)表征结果,我们揭示了在Au_6Pd/resin催化剂上发生"氢转移"反应的机理.Au Pd/resin催化剂采用离子交换–Na BH4还原法制备.TEM照片显示Au,Pd以及双金属AuPd纳米颗粒均匀分散在载体上,平均粒径为2–4 nm,而且随着Au/Pd比例减小,Au Pd纳米颗粒的粒径逐渐减小.XRD谱图显示,随着Au/Pd比例减小,Au(111)衍射峰逐渐向高角度发生偏移,说明Au Pd形成了合金.我们以苯甲醇和(±)-1-苯乙醇氧化偶联为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能.结果显示,以Au/resin和Pd/resin为催化剂时,产物为不饱和酮.而以Au Pd/resin为催化剂时,转化率显著提高,说明AuPd之间存在明显的协同作用.而且随着Au/Pd比例增加,产物逐渐由不饱和酮转变为饱和酮,当Au/Pd≥6时,产物完全为饱和酮,说明反应过程中发生了"氢转移".为验证这一推测,我们以苯甲醇和查尔酮为底物在相同条件下反应.结果显示,以Au/resin和Pd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮没有转化.而以Au Pd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮大部分转化为饱和酮(转化率为91%),验证了反应中发生了"氢转移"的推测.为研究"氢转移"发生的机理,我们采用XAFS对催化剂价态进行了表征.Pd元素K边X射线吸收谱图显示,随着催化剂中Au/Pd比例的增加,E0值逐渐减小,说明Pd价态逐渐降低.EXAFS拟合数据表明,随催化剂中Au/Pd比例增加,Pd–O配位数逐渐减小.基于以上结果推断,在Au Pd/resin催化剂中,随着Au/Pd比例的增加,Pd的抗氧化能力显著增强,更多的Pd以Pd(0)形式存在.结合文献报道结果,我们认为正是催化剂中的Pd(0)夺取了醇的βC–H后生成了Pd–H,而Pd–H是"氢转移"反应的催化剂.另一方面,有文献报道,在氧化气氛下,O_2也可以辅助脱除醇的βC–H.为区分Pd(0)和O_2在脱除醇βC–H中的作用,我们对Au_6Pd/resin在惰性气氛下对伯醇(苯甲醇)或仲醇((±)-1–苯乙醇)转化的催化性能进行了考察.结果显示,苯甲醇可以转化为苯甲酸(收率为23%),而(±)-1–苯乙醇则完全没有转化.这说明伯醇可以直接被催化剂(Pd(0))活化,而仲醇的活化则必须有O_2参与.综上,我们提出伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联反应的机理:Au_6Pd/resin催化伯醇转化为醛(同时产生Pd–H物种),而O_2辅助活化仲醇转化为酮.醛和酮发生aldol缩合生成α,β不饱和酮,该中间物种被Pd–H加氢生成饱和产物.     

高效组合型Pt-Fe/C 催化剂用于肉桂醛选择性加氢反应

采用有机金属化合物Pt2(dba)3(dba为二亚苄基丙酮)还原分解法制得均匀分布的Pt纳米颗粒(粒径在2.0nm左右),直接吸附到经预处理的Fe/C载体上,即得到了组合型Pt-Fe/C催化剂.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和能量散射X射线谱(EDS)等技术表征了催化剂表面Pt颗粒大小分布,Pt、Fe化学态和催化剂表面元素等.将该组合型催化剂用于肉桂醛(CAL)选择性加氢反应,获得了良好的效果,其催化活性比浸渍法制备的Pt/C催化剂高1倍以上.在60°C、2.5h、4.0MPaH2反应条件下,1%(w,质量分数)Pt-1.5%(w)Fe/C催化剂肉桂醛加氢转化率为99.2%,肉桂醇(COL)选择性达到85.0%.     

Au6Pd/resin催化伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联-转移加氢反应制备酮类化合物

由简单小分子通过 C–C键偶联来构筑复杂多样的大分子是有机合成的重要方向.传统的 C–C键偶联反应一般使用卤代烃和金属有机化合物为底物,具有原子效率低、有害废弃物排放等缺点.因此,迫切需要发展一种绿色高效的 C–C键偶联方法.其中,以醇类化合物作为底物通过“氢转移”(脱氢/aldol缩合/加氢)实现 C–C键偶联的途径受到广泛关注.该方法具有诸多优点：(1)醇类化合物来源广泛、价格低廉、相对安全;(2)只产生 H2和 H2O,没有其它副产物.但由于醇类化合物(特别是仲醇)脱氢困难,该偶联反应条件一般比较苛刻.我们使用 O2来辅助仲醇脱氢,采用离子交换树脂负载的 Au6Pd纳米颗粒为催化剂,实现了温和条件下伯醇和仲醇的偶联反应.而且发现在氧化气氛下,反应过程中发生了“氢转移”现象,产物为饱和酮类化合物.通过设计对照实验并结合 XAFS(X–射线吸收光谱)表征结果,我们揭示了在 Au6Pd/resin催化剂上发生“氢转移”反应的机理. AuPd/resin催化剂采用离子交换–NaBH4还原法制备. TEM照片显示 Au, Pd以及双金属 AuPd纳米颗粒均匀分散在载体上,平均粒径为2–4 nm,而且随着 Au/Pd比例减小, AuPd纳米颗粒的粒径逐渐减小. XRD谱图显示,随着 Au/Pd比例减小, Au(111)衍射峰逐渐向高角度发生偏移,说明 AuPd形成了合金.我们以苯甲醇和(±)-1-苯乙醇氧化偶联为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能.结果显示,以 Au/resin和 Pd/resin为催化剂时,产物为不饱和酮.而以 AuPd/resin为催化剂时,转化率显著提高,说明 AuPd之间存在明显的协同作用.而且随着 Au/Pd比例增加,产物逐渐由不饱和酮转变为饱和酮,当 Au/Pd≥6时,产物完全为饱和酮,说明反应过程中发生了“氢转移”.为验证这一推测,我们以苯甲醇和查尔酮为底物在相同条件下反应.结果显示,以 Au/resin和 Pd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮没有转化.而以 AuPd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮大部分转化为饱和酮(转化率为91%),验证了反应中发生了“氢转移”的推测.为研究“氢转移”发生的机理,我们采用 XAFS对催化剂价态进行了表征. Pd元素 K边 X射线吸收谱图显示,随着催化剂中 Au/Pd比例的增加,E0值逐渐减小,说明 Pd价态逐渐降低. EXAFS拟合数据表明,随催化剂中 Au/Pd比例增加, Pd–O配位数逐渐减小.基于以上结果推断,在 AuPd/resin催化剂中,随着 Au/Pd比例的增加, Pd的抗氧化能力显著增强,更多的 Pd以 Pd(0)形式存在.结合文献报道结果,我们认为正是催化剂中的 Pd(0)夺取了醇的βC–H后生成了 Pd–H,而 Pd–H是“氢转移”反应的催化剂.另一方面,有文献报道,在氧化气氛下, O2也可以辅助脱除醇的βC–H.为区分 Pd(0)和 O2在脱除醇βC–H中的作用,我们对 Au6Pd/resin在惰性气氛下对伯醇(苯甲醇)或仲醇((±)-1–苯乙醇)转化的催化性能进行了考察.结果显示,苯甲醇可以转化为苯甲酸(收率为23%),而(±)-1–苯乙醇则完全没有转化.这说明伯醇可以直接被催化剂(Pd(0))活化,而仲醇的活化则必须有 O2参与.综上,我们提出伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联反应的机理： Au6Pd/resin催化伯醇转化为醛(同时产生 Pd–H物种),而 O2辅助活化仲醇转化为酮.醛和酮发生 aldol缩合生成α,β不饱和酮,该中间物种被 Pd–H加氢生成饱和产物.     

Pd/SiC催化碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应性能（英文）

以高比表面积碳化硅为载体,通过液相还原法制备出Pd/Si C催化剂,并用于催化碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应.利用X射线衍射、电感耦合等离子体质谱和高分辨透射电子显微镜等对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,Si C表面的Pd纳米颗粒分散均匀,平均粒径约为2.8 nm.在优化溶剂、碱、压力和温度等反应条件后,发现以3 mmol的K2CO3和10 m L苯甲醚分别为碱和溶剂,1.0 mmol碘苯和1.5 mmol苯硼酸在3 wt%Pd/Si C催化剂存在的条件下,在CO压力为1.0 MPa和100 oC下反应8 h即可实现羰化偶联,碘苯转化率为90%,二苯甲酮选择性为99%.并且,Pd/Si C对含有不同官能团的碘代芳烃和芳基硼酸羰化Suzuki偶联反应具有较好的普适性.同时,Pd/Si C也具有较好的稳定性,经5次循环反应后,碘苯转化率从90%降至76%;催化剂活性降低的主要原因是活性组分Pd在有机反应体系中的流失.     

镁铝复合金属氧化物负载纳米Pd催化剂的制备及其在醇胺一步合成亚胺反应中的应用

以共沉淀法制备的Pd2+掺杂水滑石为前驱体,通过焙烧、还原得到了镁铝复合金属氧化物负载纳米Pd催化剂.利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),场发射透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对催化剂进行表征,发现通过Pd2+掺杂水滑石为前驱体制备的复合金属氧化物负载纳米Pd催化剂,可以实现Pd纳米颗粒(3.6 nm)在镁铝复合氧化物表面的均匀分散.该催化剂在催化苯甲醇和苯胺一步法合成N-苄叉苯胺时,在温和的反应条件下表现出良好的催化性能以及对N-苄叉苯胺较高的选择性,产物收率99%.在循环实验过程中,催化剂表现出较好的稳定性,并且催化活性未见下降.     

Pd/NH2C3H6-MCM-41催化水介质中的碘苯Ullmann反应

 采用室温共缩聚法合成了胺基改性MCM-41杂化材料(NH2C3H6-MCM-41), 并以此材料为载体制备了负载型Pd催化剂 (Pd/NH2C3H6-MCM-41). 采用X射线衍射、核磁共振、红外光谱、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱和N2吸附等方法对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,催化剂仍保持有MCM-41的孔结构,但其有序度随着 NH2C3H6-基团和Pd含量的增加而降低. 催化剂在以水为溶剂的碘苯偶联反应(Ullmann反应)中显示出优良的催化性能,联苯收率可达63%, 有望为清洁有机合成提供高效非均相催化剂. 胺基修饰的促进作用可归因于催化剂Pd分散度的提高和表面化学性质的改变.     

Cu2O/SiC高效催化卤代芳烃与酚类的Ullmann偶联反应

卤代苯与酚类化合物反应制取二芳基醚是现代有机合成中的一个重要反应.传统的二苯醚合成方法是铜催化卤代苯与酚类化合物的Ullmann型C-O偶联反应,但是这种方法需要苛刻的反应条件.后来,人们发现了Pd(0)和Cu(Ⅰ)基催化剂,但是前者成本较高,且需要使用昂贵的配体,因此其应用受到了限制,而铜作为一种成本较低的催化剂受到了越来越多的关注.铜催化剂可以分为均相和非均相两大类.均相铜催化剂使用的是铜盐,并且需要加入配体,成本较高,且不易分离和循环利用.非均相铜催化剂研究较多的是CuO,Cu2O及Cu纳米颗粒,其中Cu2O纳米颗粒催化剂对Ullmann型C-O偶联反应具有很高的催化活性,但是它在潮湿的空气中容易被氧化,因此需要寻找一种合适的载体防止Cu2O纳米颗粒被氧化.SiC具有优良的化学稳定性及导电导热性能,并且作为载体己经成功应用到很多热催化及光催化反应中.本文以高比表面积的SiC为载体,以二乙二醇作为溶剂和还原剂,采用传统的两步液相还原法制备了Cu2O/SiC催化剂,并通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和H2程序升温还原等方法对Cu2O/SiC催化剂进行了表征.SEM和TEM结果表明,Cu2O纳米颗粒均匀分散在SiC表面,同时上述表征结果都表明Cu在SiC上主要以Cu2O的形式存在.将制备的Cu2O/SiC催化剂用于催化卤代芳烃与酚类的Ullmann C-O偶联反应中.以碘苯和苯酚的Ullmann C-O偶联反应为模型实验,考察了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂、碱的种类及用量和催化剂用量等条件的影响,得到了碘苯与苯酚UllmannC-O偶联反应的最优反应条件为:卤代芳烃14 mmol,酚类14 mmol,1.0当量的Cs2CO3,Cu2O/SiC(5 wt％) 10 mg,四氢呋喃10mL,在Ar气氛下150℃反应3h.在该条件下,二苯醚收率达到97％,转化频率(TOF)高达1136 h-1.Cu2O/SiC催化剂对Ullmann C-O偶联反应具有很好的普适性,并且对Ullmann C-S偶联反应也表现出很高的活性,TOF高达1186h-1.以碘苯和苯酚的Ullmann C-O偶联反应为基准实验,对催化剂的循环稳定性进行了考察.Cu2O/SiC催化剂五次循环后二苯醚的收率从97％降低至64％,这主要是由于活性组分Cu2O的流失所致.     

Pd‐Cu alloy nanoparticle supported on amine‐terminated ionic liquid functional 3D graphene and its application on Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction

Well distributed Pd‐Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles supported on amine‐terminated ionic liquid functional three‐dimensional graphene (3D IL‐rGO/Pd‐Cu) as an efficient catalyst for Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction has been prepared via a facile synthetic method. The introduction of IL‐NH₂ cations on the surface of graphene sheets can effectively avoid the re‐deposition of graphene sheets, allowing the catalyst to be reused up to 10 cycles. The addition of Cu not only saves cost but also ensures high catalytic efficiency. It is worthy to note that the catalyst 3D IL‐rGO/Pd_2.5Cu_2.5 can efficiently catalyze the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction with the yield up to 100% in 0.25 h, almost one‐fold higher than that by the pristine IL‐rGO/Pd_2.5 catalyst (52%). The Powder X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), combining energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping results confirm the existence and distribution of Pd and Cu in the bimetallic nanoparticles. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals the nanoparticle size with an average diameter of 3.0 ± 0.5 nm. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis proved the presence of electron transfer from Cu to Pd upon alloying. Such alloying‐induced electronic modification of Pd‐Cu alloy and 3D ionic liquid functional graphene with large specific surface area both accounted for the catalytic enhancement.     

Fe3O4‐SAHPG‐Pd0 nanoparticles: A ligand‐free and low Pd loading quasiheterogeneous catalyst active for mild Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and C?H activation of pyrimidine cores

This paper reports a green magnetic quasiheterogeneous efficient palladium catalyst in which Pd⁰ nanoparticles have been immobilized in self‐assembled hyperbranched polyglycidole (SAHPG)‐coated magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄‐SAHPG‐Pd⁰). This catalyst has been used for effective ligandless Pd catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of different aryl halides with substituted boronic acids at room temperature and in aqueous media. Herein, SAHPG is used as support; it also acts as a reducing agent and stabilizer to promote the transformation of Pd^II to Pd⁰ nanoparticles. Also, this environmental friendly quasiheterogeneous catalyst is employed for the first time in the synthesis of new pyrimido[4,5‐b]indoles via oxidative addition/C? H activation reactions on the pyrimidine rings, which were obtained with higher yield and faster than when Pd(OAc)₂ was used as the catalyst. Interestingly, the above‐mentioned catalyst could be recovered in a facile manner from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnet device and recycled several times with no significant decrease in the catalytic activity.     

Palladium nanoparticles‐decorated triethanolammonium chloride ionic liquid‐modified TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2/IL‐Pd): A highly active and recoverable catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction in aqueous medium

In this work, an easily obtained procedure was successfully implemented to prepare novel palladium nanoparticles decorated on triethanolammonium chloride ionic liquid‐functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles [TiO₂/IL‐Pd]. Different methods were carried out for characterizations of the synthesized nanocatalyst (HR‐TEM, XPS, XRD, FE‐SEM, EDX, FT‐IR and ICP). TiO₂/IL‐Pd indicated good catalytic activity for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of arylboronic acid with different aryl halides in aqueous media at ambient temperature. The recycled catalyst was investigated with ICP to amount of Pd leaching after 6 times that had diminished slightly, Thus, was confirmed that the nanocatalyst has a good sustainability for C–C Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. The catalyst can be conveniently separated by filtration of the reaction mixture and reused for 6 times without significant loss of its activity. It supplies an environmentally benign alternative path to the existing protocols for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction.     

N‐Heterocyclic carbene/phosphite synergistically assisted Pd/C‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides

An N‐heterocyclic carbene and phosphite synergistically enhanced Pd/C catalyst system has been developed for Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides and aryl boronic acids from commercially available Pd/C with sterically demanding N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidene and trimethylphosphite. A remarkable increase in catalytic activity of Pd/C was observed when used along with 1 equiv. N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium chloride and 2 equiv. phosphite with respect to palladium in appropriate solvents that were found to play a crucial role in Pd/C‐NHC‐P(OR)₃‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling. A dramatic ortho‐substitution effect of carbonyl and nitrile groups in aryl chlorides was observed and explained by a modified quasi‐heterogeneous catalysis mechanism. The Pd/C catalyst could be easily recovered from reaction mixtures by simple filtration and only low palladium contamination was detected in the biparyl products. A practical process for the synthesis of 4‐biphenylcarbonitrile has therefore been developed using the N‐heterocyclic carbene/phosphite‐assisted Pd/C‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pd/PMO-SBA-15 催化剂催化苯甲醇选择氧化反应性能

 研究了 PMO-SBA-15 材料负载的金属钯纳米粒子 (Pd/PMO-SBA-15) 在水相中催化苯甲醇选择氧化制苯甲醛的反应. 考察了纳米粒子种类、氧化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等对苯甲醇转化率及苯甲醛选择性的影响. 结果表明, 以水为溶剂, 以 H2O2 (30%) 为氧化剂时, 可得到较高的苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性. 当以 0.05 g 的 2%Pd/PMO-SBA-15 为催化剂, H2O2 用量为 1.5 ml, 反应温度为 80 oC, 反应 4 h 时, 苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性分别达到 97.1% 和 100.0%. 对该催化体系的重复使用性能进行了考察. 结果发现, 随着使用次数的增加, 苯甲醇转化率有所下降, 但苯甲醛选择性保持不变.     

Anchored complexes of Ni,Pt, and Pd on Fe3O4 nanoparticles as new and eco-friendly nanocatalysts in Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions

Abstract

Three recoverable nanocatalysts were developed by immobilizing Ni, Pt, and Pd Schiff-base complexes on the magnetite nanoparticles. Successful preparation of the nanocatalysts was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Nano-sized spherical structure of the nanocatalysts was indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) determined that the crystalline cubic spinel structure of Fe₃O₄ remained constant through the synthesis of three complexes on Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Magnetic properties of the nanocatalysts were analyzed by the vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). Thermostability of the nanocatalysts was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Metal loading of these nanocatalysts was evidenced by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES).

Investigating the catalytic activity of these nanocatalysts in Suzuki and Heck reactions implicated that in the presence of Pd nanocatalyst coupling reactions proceeded efficiently. For Pt nanocatalyst, Suzuki reaction took place in longer time with moderate to good yield. For the Heck reaction, the desired products were achieved only for aryl iodide and some aryl bromides. The Ni nanocatalyst could just catalyze the Suzuki reaction.

Relying on the magnetic characteristic, these nanocatalysts could be simply recovered and reused several cycles without significant loss in catalytic activity.     

New Palladium – ZrO2 Nano-Architectures from Thermal Transformation of UiO-66-NH2 for Carbonylative Suzuki and Hydrogenation Reactions

The new nanocomposites, Pd/C/ZrO₂, PdO/ZrO_2, and Pd/PdO/ZrO₂, were prepared by thermal conversion of Pd@UiO-66-Zr−NH₂ (MOF) in nitrogen or air atmosphere. The presence of Pd nanoparticles, uniformly distributed on the ZrO₂ or C/ZrO₂ matrix, was evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) methods. All pyrolysed composites retained the shape of the MOF template. They catalyze carbonylative Suzuki coupling under 1 atm CO with an efficiency significantly higher than the original Pd@UiO-66-Zr−NH₂. The most active PdO/ZrO₂ composite, formed benzophenone with TOF up to 1600 h⁻¹, while by using Pd@UiO-66-Zr−NH₂, much lower TOF values, 51–95 h⁻¹, were achieved. After the reaction, PdO/ZrO₂ was recovered with the same composition and catalytic activity. Very good results were also obtained in the transfer hydrogenation of benzophenones to alcohols with Pd/C/ZrO₂ and PdO/ZrO₂ catalysts under microwave irradiation.     

A General Palladium‐Catalyzed Hiyama Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl and Heteroaryl Chlorides

A general palladium‐catalyzed Hiyama cross‐coupling reaction of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides with aryl and heteroaryl trialkoxysilanes by a Pd(OAc)₂/ L2 catalytic system is presented. A newly developed water addition protocol can dramatically improve the product yields. The conjugation of the Pd/ L2 system and the water addition protocol can efficiently catalyze a broad range of electron‐rich, ‐neutral, ‐deficient, and sterically hindered aryl chlorides and heteroaryl chlorides with excellent yields within three hours and the catalyst loading can be down to 0.05 mol % Pd for the first time. Hiyama coupling of heteroaryl chlorides with heteroaryl silanes is also reported for the first time. The reaction can be easily scaled up 200 times (100 mmol) without any degasification and purification of reactants; this facilitates the practical application in routine synthesis.     

Shape-dependent catalytic activity of copper oxide-supported Pd(0) nanoparticles for Suzuki and cyanation reactions

Palladium nanoparticles supported on different shapes of nanocrystalline CuO are prepared by the treatment of Cu(NO₃)₂ and Pd(OAc)₂ in polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). The shapes of the CuO/Pd composite are dependent on the amount of PEG used. Suzuki coupling was catalyzed efficiently by the oval-shaped material, whereas the rod shape facilitates the cyanation reaction. The CuO/Pd catalyst is recovered and reused for subsequent Suzuki reactions; however, cyanation poisons the catalyst for further use. Both these reactions are very clean and high yielding.