Non-embeddable simple relation algebras

This paper presents solutions or partial solutions for several problems in the theory of relation algebras. In a simple relation algebra an element x satisfying the condition (a) must be an atom of . It follows that x must also be an atom in every simple extension of . Andréka, Jónsson and Németi [1, Problem 4] (see [12, Problem P5]) asked whether the converse holds: if x is an atom in every simple extension of a simple relation algebra, must it satisfy (a)? We show that the answer is “no”.? The only known examples of simple relation algebras without simple proper extensions are the algebras of all binary relations on a finite set. Jónsson proposed finding all finite simple relation algebras without simple proper extensions [12, Problem P6]. We show how to construct many new examples of finite simple relation algebras that have no simple proper extensions, thus providing a partial answer for this second problem. These algebras are also integral and nonrepresentable.? Andréka, Jónsson, Németi [1, Problem 2] (see [12, Problem P7]) asked whether there is a countable simple relation algebra that cannot be embedded in a one-generated relation algebra. The answer is “yes”. Givant [3, Problem 9] asked whether there is some k such that every finitely generated simple relation algebra can be embedded in a k-generated simple relation algebra. The answer is “no”. Received November 27, 1996; accepted in final form July 3, 1997.     

Initial value problem for pseudo-differential operators

The algebra of generalized Weyl symbols is used in the proof of the continuity of the semigroupexptĤ in the Schwartz space of test functions. Fundamental results on algebras of differentiable Weyl symbols are presented. New examples of σ-temperate Riemannian metrics are constructed. Such metrics form a basis for construction of algebras of differentiable Weyl symbols. Conditions for the existence of semigroups of operators, conditions for pseudo-differential operators to be sectorial, and conditions for the continuity of such semigroups in spaces of test functions and distributions are established. Initial value problems for second-order differential operators are considered. Bibliography: 16 titles. Translated fromProblemy Matematicheskogo Analiza, No. 18, 1998, pp. 3–42.     

Quiver approach to some ordered semigroup algebras

The aim of this paper is to research the relation among generalized path algebras, pseudo-admissible ordered semigroup algebras and path algebras over algebras. First, the Gabriel theorem for contract pseudo-admissible ordered semigroup algebras is given. Second, a family of pseudo-admissible ordered semigroups is mixed together via the method of generalized path algebras to construct a new pseudo-admissible ordered semigroup as the extended version. Finally, we characterize the path algebra over an algebra in two ways through normal and non-normal generalized path algebras, respectively, over a field.     

On computation complexity problems concerning relation algebras

In this paper, we study the computation complexity of some algebraic combinatorial problems that are closely associated with the graph isomorphism problem. The key point of our considerations is a relation algebra which is a combinatorial analog of a cellular algebra. We present upper bounds on the complexity of central algorithms for relation algebras such as finding the standard basis of extensions and intersection of relation algebras. Also, an approach is described to the graph isomorphism problem involving Schurian relation algebras (these algebras arise from the centralizing rings of permutation groups). We also discuss a number of open problems and possible directions for further investigation. Bibliography: 18 titles. Translated by I. N.Ponomarenko. Translated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol 202, 1992, pp. 116–134.     

Comparing decision problem for various paradigms of algebraic logic

We show that in many cases the decision problems for varieties of cylindric algebras are much harder than those for the corresponding relation algebra reducts. We also give examples of varieties of cylindric and relation algebras which are algorithmically more complicated than the subvarieties of their representable algebras.     

On Using the Join Operation to Define Classes of Algebras

We call a class of algebras a finitary prevariety if the class is closed under the formation of subalgebras and finitary direct products, and contains the one-element algebra. The join of two finitary prevarieties and a concept of a join-irreducible finitary prevariety may be introduced naturally. We develop techniques for proving that a finitary prevariety of semigroups is join-irreducible, and find many examples of join-irreducible finitary prevarieties of semigroups. For example, we prove that if a class of finite semigroups is defined by ω-identities and contains the class J, then it is a join-irreducible finitary prevariety.     

The Natural Quiver of an Artinian Algebra

The motivation of this paper is to study the natural quiver of an artinian algebra, a new kind of quivers, as a tool independing upon the associated basic algebra. In Li (J Aust Math Soc 83:385–416, 2007), the notion of the natural quiver of an artinian algebra was introduced and then was used to generalize the Gabriel theorem for non-basic artinian algebras splitting over radicals and non-basic finite dimensional algebras with 2-nilpotent radicals via pseudo path algebras and generalized path algebras respectively. In this paper, firstly we consider the relationship between the natural quiver and the ordinary quiver of a finite dimensional algebra. Secondly, the generalized Gabriel theorem is obtained for radical-graded artinian algebras. Moreover, Gabriel-type algebras are introduced to outline those artinian algebras satisfying the generalized Gabriel theorem here and in Li (J Aust Math Soc 83:385–416, 2007). For such algebras, the uniqueness of the related generalized path algebra and quiver holds up to isomorphism in the case when the ideal is admissible. For an artinian algebra, there are two basic algebras, the first is that associated to the algebra itself; the second is that associated to the correspondent generalized path algebra. In the final part, it is shown that for a Gabriel-type artinian algebra, the first basic algebra is a quotient of the second basic algebra. In the end, we give an example of a skew group algebra in which the relation between the natural quiver and the ordinary quiver is discussed.     

Extension algebras of Cuntz algebra

In this paper, we construct representatives for all equivalence classes of the unital essential extension algebras of Cuntz algebra by the C^*-algebras of compact operators on a separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. We also compute their K-groups and semigroups and classify these extension algebras up to isomorphism by their semigroups.     

The Cohen–Macaulay property of separating invariants of finite groups

In the case of finite groups, a separating algebra is a subalgebra of the ring of invariants which separates the orbits. Although separating algebras are often better behaved than the ring of invariants, we show that many of the criteria which imply the ring of invariants is non-Cohen–Macaulay actually imply that no graded separating algebra is Cohen–Macaulay. For example, we show that, over a field of positive characteristic p, given sufficiently many copies of a faithful modular representation, no graded separating algebra is Cohen–Macaulay. Furthermore, we show that, for a p-group, the existence of a Cohen–Macaulay graded separating algebra implies the group is generated by bireections. Additionally, we give an example which shows that Cohen–Macaulay separating algebras can occur when the ring of invariants is not Cohen–Macaulay.     

Matrix relation algebras

Square matrices over a relation algebra are relation algebras in a natural way. We show that for fixed n, these algebras can be characterized as reducts of some richer kind of algebra. Hence for fixed n, the class of n × n matrix relation algebras has a first–order characterization. As a consequence, homomorphic images and proper extensions of matrix relation algebras are isomorphic to matrix relation algebras. Received July 18, 2001; accepted in final form April 24, 2002.     

The Hopf Structure of Some Dual Operator Algebras

We study the Hopf structure of a class of dual operator algebras corresponding to certain semigroups. This class of algebras arises in dilation theory, and includes the noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebra and the multiplier algebra of the Drury–Arveson space, which correspond to the free semigroup and the free commutative semigroup respectively. The preduals of the algebras in this class naturally form Hopf (convolution) algebras. The original algebras and their preduals form (non-self-adjoint) dual Hopf algebras in the sense of Effros and Ruan. We study these algebras from this perspective, and obtain a number of results about their structure.     

On algebras of <Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis>-Ehresmann semigroups and their associate partial semigroups

P-Ehresmann semigroups are introduced by Jones as a common generalization of Ehresmann semigroups and regular \(*\)-semigroups. Ehresmann semigroups and their semigroup algebras are investigated by many authors in literature. In particular, Stein shows that under some finiteness condition, the semigroup algebra of an Ehresmann semigroup with a left (or right) restriction condition is isomorphic to the category algebra of the corresponding Ehresmann category. In this paper, we generalize this result to P-Ehresmann semigroups. More precisely, we show that for a left (or right) P-restriction locally Ehresmann P-Ehresmann semigroup \(\mathbf{S}\), if its projection set is principally finite, then we can give an algebra isomorphism between the semigroup algebra of \(\mathbf{S}\) and the partial semigroup algebra of the associate partial semigroup of \(\mathbf{S}\). Some interpretations and necessary examples are also provided to show why the above isomorphism dose not work for more general P-Ehresmann semigroups.     

Implicative commutative semigroups are equivalent to a class of BCK algebras

Chan and Shum [2] introduced the notion of implicative semigroups and obtained some of its important properties. BCK algebras with condition (S) were introduced by Iséki [4] and extensively investigated by several authors. In this note, we prove that implicative commutative semigroups are equivalent to BCK algebras with condition (S), that is, given an algebra <S;≤,·,*,1> of type (2,2,0), define ⊗ by stipulatingx⊗y=y*x and ≺ by puttingx≺y if and only ify≤x, then <S≤,·,*,1> is an implicative commutative semigroup if and only if <S;≺,·,⊗, 1> is a BCK algebra with condition (S); a nonempty subsetF ofS is an ordered filter of <S;≤,·,*, 1> if and only ifF is an ideal of <S;≺,·, ⊗, 1>. The author would like to thank the referee for his valuable comments which helped in the modification of this paper.     

FI代数,BCK代数与关联半群

文献［１］讨论了Ｆｕｚｚｙ蕴涵代数（简称为ＦＩ代数）与ＭＶ代数、格蕴涵代数之间的关系,本文进一步讨论了ＦＩ代数与有界关联ＢＣＫ代数、关联半群的联系,并应用ＦＩ代数方法简化了ＢＣＫ代数中某些定理的证明。     

Construction of the syzygy module in automaton monomial algebras

In this paper, we consider the problem of algorithmically constructing the left syzygy module for a finite system of elements in an automaton monomial algebra. The class of automaton monomial algebras includes free associative algebras and finitely presented algebras. In such algebras the left syzygy module for a finite system of elements is finitely generated. In general, the left syzygy module in an automaton monomial algebra is not finitely generated. Nevertheless, the generators of the left syzygy module have a recursive specification with the help of regular sets. This allows one to solve many algorithmic problems in automaton monomial algebras. For example, one can solve linear equations, recognize the membership in a left ideal, and recognize zero-divisors. __________ Translated from Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Matematika, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 101–113, 2005.     

Möbius functions and semigroup representation theory

This paper explores several applications of Möbius functions to the representation theory of finite semigroups. We extend Solomon's approach to the semigroup algebra of a finite semilattice via Möbius functions to arbitrary finite inverse semigroups. This allows us to explicitly calculate the orthogonal central idempotents decomposing an inverse semigroup algebra into a direct product of matrix algebras over group rings. We also extend work of Bidigare, Hanlon, Rockmore and Brown on calculating eigenvalues of random walks associated to certain classes of finite semigroups; again Möbius functions play an important role.     

Notes on piecewise-Koszul algebras

The relationships between piecewise-Koszul algebras and other “Koszul-type” algebras are discussed. The Yoneda-Ext algebra and the dual algebra of a piecewise-Koszul algebra are studied, and a sufficient condition for the dual algebra A ^! to be piecewise-Koszul is given. Finally, by studying the trivial extension algebras of the path algebras of Dynkin quivers in bipartite orientation, we give explicit constructions for piecewise-Koszul algebras with arbitrary “period” and piecewise-Koszul algebras with arbitrary “jump-degree”.     

Universal quantum semigroupoids

We introduce the concept of a universal quantum linear semigroupoid (UQSGd), which is a weak bialgebra that coacts on a (not necessarily connected) graded algebra A universally while preserving grading. We restrict our attention to algebraic structures with a commutative base so that the UQSGds under investigation are face algebras (due to Hayashi). The UQSGd construction generalizes the universal quantum linear semigroups introduced by Manin in 1988, which are bialgebras that coact on a connected graded algebra universally while preserving grading. Our main result is that when A is the path algebra $\mathbb{k}Q$ of a finite quiver Q, each of the various UQSGds introduced here is isomorphic to the face algebra attached to Q. The UQSGds of preprojective algebras and of other algebras attached to quivers are also investigated.     

Coset relation algebras

A measurable relation algebra is a relation algebra in which the identity element is a sum of atoms that can be measured in the sense that the “size” of each such atom can be defined in an intuitive and reasonable way (within the framework of the first-order theory of relation algebras). A large class of examples of such algebras, using systems of groups and coordinated systems of isomorphisms between quotients of the groups, has been constructed. This class of group relation algebras is not large enough to exhaust the class of all measurable relation algebras. In the present article, the class of examples of measurable relation algebras is considerably extended by adding one more ingredient to the mix: systems of cosets that are used to “shift” the operation of relative multiplication. It is shown that, under certain additional hypotheses on the system of cosets, each such coset relation algebra with a shifted operation of relative multiplication is an example of a measurable relation algebra. We also show that the class of coset relation algebras does contain examples that are not representable as set relation algebras. In later articles, it is shown that the class of coset relation algebras is adequate to the task of describing all measurable relation algebras in the sense that every atomic measurable relation algebra is essentially isomorphic to a coset relation algebra, and the class of group relation algebras is similarly adequate to the task of representing all measurable relation algebras in which the associated groups are finite and cyclic.     

Locally finite dimensional lie algebras and their derivation algebras

The derivation algebras of all locally finite dimensional locally simple Lie algebras over a field of characteristic 0 are determined. Every locally finite dimensional Lie algebra of countable dimension is a subalgebra of the outer derivation algebra outder (ℒ) for every Lie algebra ℒ, which is the direct limit of diagonally embedded classical Lie algebras. These outer derivation algebras have dimension ℒ and are never locally finite dimensional. Dedicated to Prof. H. Petersson on the occasion of his 60th birthday