微通道反应器内"就地"合成沸石膜催化层及其性能

采用简单、新颖的沸石粒子引入方法,将NaX沸石晶种引入不锈钢微反应器的微通道内,并用流动法"就地"直接在微通道内通过沸石生长形成NaX沸石膜层,经铯离子交换处理成为CsNaX催化层,用苯甲醛和氰基乙酸乙酯的Knoevenagel缩合反应评价了该催化层的催化性能.结果表明,微通道内形成的沸石膜层连续,均匀,具有良好的催化功能.微反应器内缩合反应的结果明显优于传统反应器.     

Fe的分散程度对煤焦催化加氢气化的影响

在加压固定床反应器上研究了Fe催化剂在不同比表面积煤焦中分散性对催化加氢气化性能的影响,利用XRD、BET、H₂-TPR、FT-IR、TEM、拉曼光谱对煤焦及催化剂进行了分析表征。结果表明,煤焦活性位点和石墨化程度并非影响催化气化反应的唯一因素,而催化剂的分散性对反应影响更大。煤焦的比表面积越大,Fe催化剂在煤焦表面的分散更均匀,催化剂活性组分平均晶粒粒径越小,并可以促进煤催化加氢气化中间相产物Fe₃C的生成,甲烷收率越高。对于比表面积较高的900-char,在氢气压力为2 MPa,温度为750 ℃,Fe负载量为5%（质量分数）时,催化加氢气化甲烷收率可达53%。在900-char上考察了Fe催化剂负载量对催化加氢气化的影响,甲烷收率呈先增加后降低的趋势,Fe负载量存在饱和点。     

Proximity effects in monolayer films: kinetic analysis of amide bond formation at the air-water interface using (1)H NMR spectroscopy

The kinetics of amide bond formation in a monolayer film has been studied by proton NMR spectroscopy. Compression of a hexadecyl thioester of N-acetyl glycine (1) and a hexadecyl amide of glycine (2) at the air-water interface produces a single dipeptide product (4) that remains at the surface once formed. Extraction of the reaction mixture from the interface, followed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, provides quantitative data on the rate of product formation. The kinetics of this reaction was examined as a function of surface pressure, subphase pH, and temperature. The monolayer provides an effective molarity for the reaction of approximately 500 M as compared to the bimolecular reaction of 1 and 4 in chloroform solution. The first-order rate constant for the reaction of 1 and 2 in the monolayer is less than 70-fold slower than k(cat) for condensation of the first amide bond in the enzymatic synthesis of the cyclic antibiotic gramicidin S by gramicidin S synthetase. Activation energies of the reaction were extracted from the temperature dependence of the rate constants of the reaction and are 9.9 +/- 1.0 and 2.1 +/- 0.2 kcal/mol for the chloroform solution and monolayer reactions, respectively. The pK(a) of 2 in the monolayer was estimated to be approximately 0.5 pK(a) units lower than that of related amines in solution. The lower pK(a) at the interface as compared to that in solution may be ascribed to increased electrostatic repulsion at the interface relative to solution. The rate of reaction in the monolayer was also followed by monitoring changes in surface area as a function of time. The rate constant for the reaction of 1 and 4 as determined by changes in surface area differs significantly from the rate determined by NMR. The results indicate that measurements of surface area versus time may yield erroneous rate constants for reactions in monolayers.     

铁锰复合氧化物的氧化还原沉淀法制备及其表征

分别采用氧化还原沉淀法和常规共沉淀法制备得到铁锰复合氧化物, 并对样品进行了 Ｘ射线衍射、 Ｂ Ｅ Ｔ比表面积、程序升温还原的初步表征和比较． 结果表明, 与常规共沉淀法制备的样品相比较, 采用氧化还原沉淀法制备的铁锰复合氧化物具有粒径较小、较大的比表面积、铁锰互溶性好、铁锰物种之间的相互作用较强等特点． 作为一种较为新颖的催化剂制备方法, 氧化还原沉淀法利用在高低价可变金属离子之间发生氧化还原反应的同时使之沉淀, 不利于各相单独形成微晶, 有利于不同金属离子的均匀混合． 此种方法对制备高比表面积、含变价过渡金属离子的各类复合氧化物催化剂有其独到之处．     

Hydrogenation reactions using scCO2 as a solvent in microchannel reactors

We have developed an effective microfluidic system for hydrogenation reactions in scCO(2); the reactions proceeded very rapidly (within 1 second), by making the best use of scCO(2) and utilizing the large specific interfacial area of the microchannel reactor, and high reaction productivity was attained in each channel.     

Nanofiber cellulose di- and tri-acetate using ferric chloride as a catalyst promoting highly efficient synthesis under microwave irradiation

An efficient method for the generation of cellulose di- and tri-acetate nano-structures is obtained through testing ferric chloride hydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O) as a valuable Lewis acid catalyst with acetic anhydride under microwave irradiation. Our target was to evaluate the effects of the reaction conditions on the products' properties such as surface area and particle size distribution. It was found that changes in the degree of substitution (DS), the surface area, the degree of polymerization and the particle size distribution of the products correlated with reaction conditions. Cellulose tri-acetate nanofibers with DS of 2.94 with 98.03% yield was prepared using 200 mg of FeCl₃·6H₂O, 25 ml of Ac₂O and 4 minutes of microwave irradiation. Also, cellulose di-acetate nanofibers were prepared with DS values ranged between 2.37 and 2.72 with yield ranged between 78.92 and 90.58%. The percentage of acetyl groups (Ac%) as well as the BET specific surface area, total pore volume, mean pore diameter, mono layer volume and the mean particle size of the products were determined. The maximum specific surface area obtained for the acetylated cellulose was about ten times larger than that measured for the commercial cotton cellulose and about six times larger than that of the commercial cellulose acetate. The lowest mean particle size (34.90 nm) was about eleven times smaller than the mean particle size of the commercial cellulose acetate (394 nm). The present work has proved that FeCl₃·6H₂O was a highly active catalyst for the esterification of cellulose with unexpected yields and for the formation of nanofibers with low molecular weight.     

T形微反应器共沉淀法制备Mg-Al层状双金属氢氧化物及其粒径可控性

采用T形微反应器通过共沉淀法制备了Mg-Al层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)纳米颗粒, 考察了流速、混合盐溶液浓度和温度等对产物粒径及其分布的影响. 实验结果表明, 所制备的LDHs样品的形貌和晶体结构与传统共沉淀法结果一致, 但本方法制备的样品粒径小、分布窄. 随着流速增大, 温度升高, 所合成的LDHs样品平均粒径减小, 分布变窄; 而随着混合盐溶液浓度的增大, 所得LDHs样品粒径增大, 分布变宽.     

Synthesis and characterization of new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s containing epiclon and L‐methionine moieties in the main chain

Epiclon [3a,4,5,7a‐tetrahydro‐7‐methyl‐5‐(tetrahydro‐2,5‐dioxo‐3‐furanyl)‐1,3‐isobenzofurandione] (1) was reacted with L ‐methionine (2) in acetic acid and the resulting imide‐acid 3 was obtained in high yield. The diacid chloride 4 was prepared from diacid derivative 3 by reaction with thionyl chloride. Thermostable poly(amide‐imide)s containing epiclon structure were synthesized by reacting of diacid chloride 4 with various aromatic diamines. Polymerization reaction was performed by two conventional methods: low temperature solution polycondensation and short period reflux conditions. In order to compare conventional solution polycondensation reaction methods with microwave‐assisted polycondensation, the reactions were also carried out under microwave conditions with a small amount of o‐cresol that acts as a primary microwave absorber. The reaction mixture was irradiated for 6 min with 100% radiation power. Several new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s with inherent viscosity ranging from 0.15 to 0.36 dl/g were obtained with high yield. All of the above polymers were fully characterized by ¹H‐NMR, FT‐IR, elemental analyses and specific rotation techniques. Some structural characterizations and physical properties of these new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation and characterization of optically active and organosoluble poly(amide‐imide)s from polycondensation reaction of N,N′‐(4,4′‐sulphonediphthaloyl)‐bis‐L‐isoleucine diacid with aromatic diamines

3,3′,4,4′‐Diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (1) was reacted with L ‐isoleucine (2) in acetic acid and the resulting imide‐acid (3) was obtained in high yield. The diacid chloride (4) was prepared from the diacid derivative (3) by reaction with thionyl chloride. The polycondensation reaction of diacid chloride (4) with several aromatic diamines such as 4,4′‐sulfonyldianiline (5a), 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (5b), 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylether (5c), p‐phenylenediamine (5d),m‐phenylenediamine (5e), 2,4‐diaminotoluene (5f) and 4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl (5g) was performed by two conventional methods: low temperature solution polycondensation and short period reflux conditions. In order to compare conventional solution polycondensation reaction methods with microwave‐assisted polycondensation, the reactions were also carried out under microwave conditions with a small amount of o‐cresol that acts as a primary microwave absorber. The reaction mixture was irradiated for 6 min with 100% of radiation power. Several new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s with inherent viscosity ranging from 0.23 to 0.41 dl/g were obtained with high yield. All of the earlier polymers were fully characterized by IR, elemental analyses and specific rotation techniques. Some structural characterizations and physical properties of these new optically active poly(amide‐imide)s are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ionic current rectification at a nanofluidic/microfluidic interface with an asymmetric microfluidic system

A nanofluidic-microfluidic interface is reported that rectifies ionic current using uncoated symmetric nanocapillaries. Previously, ionic current rectification has been achieved by other groups with nanochannels with differential coatings and in nanopores that are conical in shape. This simple device uses nanocapillary membranes (NCMs) with uncoated symmetric channels to connect a microfluidic channel and a larger solution reservoir. The conductivity of the solution in the microchannel appears to be critical in the formation of the low "off" state current and the high "on" state current. It is hypothesized that the "off" state current is low due to the formation of an ion depletion zone in the microchannel while the higher "on" state currents are produced by a zone of enhanced ionic concentration in the microchannel.     

具有不同层间距、比表面和孔径大小的氧化硅柱层状铌酸的制备

层柱金属氧化物是近年来被开发的新型无机多孔材料［１～６］．水合铌酸是一类独特的固体酸催化剂,通常是非孔性的,且经较高温度热处理后比表面和酸性均很小,从而限制了其在催化领域中的应用［７］．我们［３］曾报道了氧化硅柱层状铌酸的制备,本文则通过进一步改变制备过程中所用氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（ＡＰＳ）溶液的浓度、反应温度和时间,获得了一系列具有不同层间距、比表面和孔径的氧化硅柱层状铌酸．１　实验部分ＨＮｂ３Ｏ８·Ｈ２Ｏ的制备见文献［８］．将１ｇＨＮｂ３Ｏ８·Ｈ２Ｏ加入７０ｍＬ不同浓度的ＡＰＳ水溶液中,所得…     

连续流微通道反应技术在合成黄酮类天然产物中的应用研究

本文采用连续流微通道反应技术,通过碘介导的二氢黄酮的氧化反应对黄酮类化合物半合成工艺进行了研究。首先选择黄酮类代表药物地奥司明为研究对象,通过连续流微通道反应器分别考察了在常压和背压条件下不同反应条件的影响,实现橙皮苷转化率98%,产品地奥司明收率90%。然后,采用连续流微通道反应完成了多种黄酮、黄酮醇和异黄酮类天然产物的合成。本文研究的黄酮类天然产物的连续流微通道反应工艺,不仅实现了与传统工艺相当的转化率和收率,而且反应时间从传统工艺的8~20小时缩短到2~3 min,反应过程更加安全、高效和快捷,同时拓展了连续流微通道反应技术在药物合成领域的应用范围。     

N‐Methylated Peptide Synthesis via Generation of an Acyl N‐Methylimidazolium Cation Accelerated by a Brønsted Acid

The development of a robust amide‐bond formation remains a critical aspect of N‐methylated peptide synthesis. In this study, we synthesized a variety of dipeptides in high yields, without severe racemization, from equivalent amounts of amino acids. Highly reactive N‐methylimidazolium cation species were generated in situ to accelerate the amidation. The key to success was the addition of a strong Brønsted acid. The developed amidation enabled the synthesis of a bulky peptide with a higher yield in a shorter amount of time compared with the results of conventional amidation. In addition, the amidation can be performed by using either a microflow reactor or a conventional flask. The first total synthesis of naturally occurring bulky N‐methylated peptides, pterulamides I–IV, was achieved. Based on experimental results and theoretical calculations, we speculated that a Brønsted acid would accelerate the rate‐limiting generation of acyl imidazolium cations from mixed carbonic anhydrides.     

Salt‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction in microchannel

In this study, for the first time, salt‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction was performed in a microchannel system. The proposed design is based on the increase of contact surface area between target analytes and extracting phase during the sample and extracting phase transfer in microchannel. In this method, first sample solution, extracting solvent, and salt were mixed by stirrer and simultaneously delivered into a microchannel using a syringe pump. In order to optimize the influential parameters on the extraction efficiency of the proposed method, zidovudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were selected as model analytes. The main parameters such as extracting solvent and its volume, salt amount, pH of sample solution, and microchannel shape, length, and its inner diameter were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method was linear in the range of 0.1–30 µg/mL and R² coefficients were equal to 0.9922 and 0.9947 for zidovudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, respectively. Extraction efficiency of the proposed method was compared with conventional salt‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction. The results show that the proposed design has higher extraction efficiency than conventional salt‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of zidovudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in plasma samples.     

膜催化研究(Ⅲ)——无机膜反应器中乙醇脱氢制乙醛

应用Sol-gel法制备了无机氧化铝膜,其孔径大小集中分布在3～5nm间,透过率和分离系数均符合Knudsen扩散.将该膜用于乙醇脱氢制乙醛反应中,分别考察了反应温度、进料空速、内管吹扫气流对乙醇转化率及乙醛产率和选择性的影响,并与相同条件下的常规反应器中的结果作了比较.结果发现,用膜反应器后,乙醇转化率及乙醛产率均明显高于常规反应器,与相应的平衡转化率相比较,乙醛收率可提高5%～10%.     

共沉淀镍催化剂用于膜反应器中高碳烃类燃料水蒸气重整反应

 采用共沉淀法制备了NiO/La-Al2O3催化剂,利用低温N2物理吸附、程序升温还原、 H2-O2化学吸附和X射线衍射对催化剂进行了表征,并将该催化剂应用于Pd膜反应器中高碳烃类燃料水蒸气重整反应. 结果表明,催化剂中NiO与载体间存在较强的相互作用. 与常规固定床反应器相比,在膜反应器中,由于高渗透性能的Pd金属复合膜能选择分离氢气,结果氢气产率得到了明显的提高,甲烷的生成得到了有效抑制,并且在接近实用的反应条件下,依然能够得到高的氢气产率和回收率. 高碳烃类燃料水蒸气重整反应制氢的过程可以在一个膜反应器中,利用一种催化剂在反应温度低于823 K的温和条件下实现.     

Instantaneous carbon-carbon bond formation using a microchannel reactor with a catalytic membrane

Instantaneous catalytic carbon-carbon bond forming reactions were achieved in a microchannel reactor having a polymeric palladium complex membrane. The catalytic membrane was constructed inside the microchannel via self-assembling complexation at the interface between the organic and aqueous phases flowing laminarly, where non-cross-linked polymer-bound phosphine and ammonium tetrachloropalladate dissolved, respectively. A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides and arylboronic acids was performed using the microchannel reactor to give quantitative yields of biaryls within 4 s of retention time in the defined channel region.     

螺旋通道微流控PCR芯片连续自动扩增DNA片段的研究

研制了由内向外流动的螺旋通道微流控PCR玻璃芯片,减少了PCR反应液在微通道中流动时的分散和阻力;讨论了扩增循环数和进样速度对长片段基因扩增的影响,在26min内成功扩增了质量浓度仅为10ng/mL的6012bpλ-DNA;通过将小孔径石英毛细管作为顺序注射(SI)系统的连接管路,使其死体积降到0.30μL.实现了微升级样品的自动换样、连续PCR扩增和微通道洗涤等功能.样品间无交叉污染.每小时可扩增500bpλ-DNA试样7个.扩增产物片段大小和荧光强度的相对标准偏差分别为0.4%和6.7%.     

Enhanced adsorption of puerarin onto a novel hydrophilic and polar modified post-crosslinked resin from aqueous solution

A novel of hydrophilic and polar N-vinylpyrrolidone modified post-crosslinked resin was synthesized and the adsorption behaviors toward puerarin from aqueous solution were investigated. The post-crosslinked adsorbent PNVP-DVBpc was prepared by Friedel-Crafts reaction of residual double bonds without external crosslinking agent. The specific surface area of precursor PNVP-DVB increased obviously after post-crosslinking modification. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized by BET surface area, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption behaviors of puerarin from aqueous solution onto precursor PNVP-DVB and post-crosslinked adsorbent PNVP-DVBpc were thoroughly researched. Commercial polymeric adsorbents Amberlite XAD-4 and AB-8 were chosen as the comparison. Among the four media, PNVP-DVBpc presented the largest adsorption capacity of puerarin, which resulted from the synergistic effect of high specific surface area and polar groups (amide groups) onto the adsorbent matrix. Experimental results showed that equilibrium isotherms could be fitted by Freundlich model and the kinetic data could be characterized by pseudo-second order model reasonably. Column adsorption experiments indicated that the puerarin could be completely desorbed by 4.0 BV industrial alcohol. Continuous column adsorption-regeneration cycles demonstrated the PNVP-DVBpc without any significant adsorption capacity loss during operation.     

Improvement of proteolytic efficiency towards low-level proteins by an antifouling surface of alumina gel in a microchannel

A microfluidic reactor has been developed for rapid enhancement of protein digestion by constructing an alumina network within a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) microchannel. Trypsin is stably immobilized in a sol-gel network on the PET channel surface after pretreatment, which produces a protein-resistant interface to reduce memory effects, as characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and electroosmotic flow. The gel-derived network within a microchannel provides a large surface-to-volume ratio stationary phase for highly efficient proteolysis of proteins existing both at a low level and in complex extracts. The maximum reaction rate of the encapsulated trypsin reactor, measured by kinetic analysis, is much faster than in bulk solution. Due to the microscopic confinement effect, high levels of enzyme entrapment and the biocompatible microenvironment provided by the alumina gel network, the low-level proteins can be efficiently digested using such a microreactor within a very short residence time of a few seconds. The on-chip microreactor is further applied to the identification of a mixture of proteins extracted from normal mouse liver cytoplasm sample via integration with 2D-LC-ESI-MS/MS to show its potential application for large-scale protein identification.