Fast and precise automatic baseline correction of one- and two-dimensional nmr spectra

A universally applicable automatic procedure for the baseline correction of NMR spectra is presented. It relies on baseline recognition in the first derivative of the spectrum which does not contain any baseline distortion. The recognized baseline of the original spectrum is then fitted to a polynomial of fifth degree and may be subtracted from the spectrum. Subsequent application to all rows and columns of 2D spectrum may reveal valuable additional information from small cross peaks. Results are presented for the application to a phase-sensitive ROESY spectrum of Cyclosporin A.     

Wavelet-based ultra-high compression of multidimensional NMR data sets

The application of a lossy data compression algorithm based on wavelet transform to 2D NMR spectra is presented. We show that this algorithm affords rapid and extreme compression ratios (e.g., 800:1), providing high quality reconstructed 2D spectra. The algorithm was evaluated to ensure that qualitative and quantitative information are retained in the compressed NMR spectra. Whilst the maximum compression ratio that can be achieved depends on the number of signals and on the difference between the most and the least intense peaks (dynamic range), a compression ratio of 80:1 is affordable even for the challenging case of homonuclear 2D experiments of large biomolecules.     

High-Temperature Pulsed-Field-Gradient Multidimensional NMR of Polymers

The application of pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) techniques has been particularly important in providing the ability to detect 2D and 3D NMR cross peaks from minor structural components in synthetic organic polymers. The lack of mobility in a large percentage of polymers leads to rapid T2 relaxation which prevents the use of pulse sequences, such as the HMBC experiment, that operate based on coherence transfer via small, long-range J couplings. High-temperature NMR increases molecular motion with corresponding line narrowing (e.g., polyethylenes are typically analyzed at 120 degrees C). However, until now, the requirement for high temperature has precluded the use of PFG methods. Here we present data from a new probe which is capable of performing high-temperature PFG coherence selection experiments at temperatures typical of those used in many polymer analyses. We illustrate the performance of this probe with PFG-HMBC spectra of a copolymer from ethylene/1-hexene/1-butene at 120 degrees C.     

核磁共振谱图自动相位校正新方法——等密度点连线法

文中提出一种新的基于DISPA圆的自动相位校正方法,该方法利用谱峰两侧在复平面上数据疏密程度相等的点的连线的斜率,求出每个峰的相位角, 继而利用多个峰的相角与频率的线性关系得出准确的全谱相位的零级和一级校正值. 该方法不需要使用全部峰点,而且对于存在基线畸变和有重叠峰的谱图都能较好的处理. 该算法不需要迭代计算,实现简单,计算快速准确,已将其成功运用于自行开发的核磁共振数据处理软件ECNMR中.     

Singular spectrum analysis for an automated solvent artifact removal and baseline correction of 1D NMR spectra

NMR spectroscopy in biology and medicine is generally performed in aqueous solutions, thus in (1)H NMR spectroscopy, the dominant signal often stems from the partly suppressed solvent and can be many orders of magnitude larger than the resonances of interest. Strong solvent signals lead to a disappearance of weak resonances of interest close to the solvent artifact and to base plane variations all over the spectrum. The AUREMOL-SSA/ALS approach for automated solvent artifact removal and baseline correction has been originally developed for multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Here, we describe the necessary adaptations for an automated application to one-dimensional NMR spectra. Its core algorithm is still based on singular spectrum analysis (SSA) applied on time domain signals (FIDs) and it is still combined with an automated baseline correction (ALS) in the frequency domain. However, both steps (SSA and ALS) have been modified in order to achieve optimal results when dealing with one-dimensional spectra. The performance of the method has been tested on one-dimensional synthetic and experimental spectra including the back-calculated spectrum of HPr protein and an experimental spectrum of a human urine sample. The latter has been recorded with the typically used NOESY-type 1D pulse sequence including water pre-saturation. Furthermore, the fully automated AUREMOL-SSA/ALS procedure includes the managing of oversampled, digitally filtered and zero-filled data and the correction of the frequency domain phase shift caused by the group delay time shift from the digital finite response filtering.     

2D separated-local-field spectra from projections of 1D experiments

A novel procedure for reconstruction of 2D separated-local-field (SLF) NMR spectra from projections of 1D NMR data is presented. The technique, dubbed SLF projection reconstruction from one-dimensional spectra (SLF-PRODI), is particularly useful for uniaxially oriented membrane protein samples and represents a fast and robust alternative to the popular PISEMA experiment which correlates (1)H-(15)N dipole-dipole couplings with (15)N chemical shifts. The different 1D projections in the SLF-PRODI experiment are obtained from 1D spectra recorded under influence of homonuclear decoupling sequences with different scaling factors for the heteronuclear dipolar couplings. We demonstrate experimentally and numerically that as few as 2-4 1D projections will normally be sufficient to reconstruct a 2D SLF-PRODI spectrum with a quality resembling typical PISEMA spectra, leading to significant reduction of the acquisition time.     

Phase Sensitive Detection of 2D Homonuclear Correlation Spectra in MAS NMR

A pulse scheme for phase sensitive detection of two-dimensional (2D) homonuclear correlation magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra is proposed. This scheme combines the time proportional phase increment phase cycling scheme and the time reversal 2D MAS experiment. This approach enables the direct detection of purely absorptive 2D MAS spectra, containing cross peaks that connect only diagonal peaks of dipolar correlated spins.     

3D HSQC-HSQMBC--increasing the resolution of long-range proton-carbon correlation experiments

A 3D HSQC-HSQMBC experiment is proposed for increasing the separation of proton-carbon long-range correlation cross peaks, the lack of which is occasionally seen in corresponding 2D experiments. It is aimed at complex molecules with many protonated carbons exhibiting a narrow spread of 13C chemical shifts e.g., complex carbohydrates. It does not yield long-range correlation of quaternary carbons. An extra indirectly detected 1H dimension of this experiment provides additional separation of long-range correlation cross peaks by utilising the chemical shifts of protons directly attached to 13C. Evolution of single-quantum coherences throughout the entire pulse sequence ensures that the cross peaks are inphase pure absorption singlets in both indirectly detected dimensions, thus maximising the resolution and sensitivity of the experiment. Partial signal cancellation can be expected due to the antiphase character of peaks in the directly detected dimension. The intensity of cross peaks depends on the length of a single long-range evolution interval and values of both active and passive long-range coupling constants of each carbon. The 3D HSQC-HSQMBC experiment provided high quality long-range correlation spectra of a 2 mg pentasaccharide sample in 27 h. The technique can also be used for measurement of long-range heteronuclear coupling constants from pure antiphase multiplets in the directly detected dimension.     

Ultrafast 2D NMR spectroscopy using a continuous spatial encoding of the spin interactions

A new protocol for acquiring multidimensional NMR spectra within a single scan is introduced and illustrated. The approach relies on applying a pair of frequency-chirped excitation and storage pulses in combination with echoing magnetic field gradients, in order to impart the kind of linear spatial encoding of the NMR interactions that is required by ultrafast 2D NMR spectroscopy. It is found that when dealing with 2D NMR experiments involving a t1 amplitude-modulation of the spin evolution, such continuous encoding scheme presents a number of advantages over alternatives employing discrete excitation pulses. From an experimental standpoint this is mainly reflected by the use of a single pair of bipolar gradients during the course of the indirect-domain encoding, as opposed to the numerous (and more intense) gradient echoes required so far. In terms of the spectral outcome, main advantages of the continuous spatial encoding scheme are the avoidance of "ghost peaks" and of "enveloping effects" associated to the discrete excitation mode. The principles underlying this new spatial encoding protocol are derived, and its applicability is demonstrated with homo- and heteronuclear 2D ultrafast NMR applications on small molecule and on protein samples.     

Infrared absorption spectra of few-layer graphenes studied by first principles calculations

The infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the undoped, the hole- and electron-doped few-layer graphene (FLG) with layer number of N=1,2,3 have been calculated using the density functional theory in the local density approximation. It is found that in contrast with the featureless optical spectrum of the undoped monolayer graphene, the undoped AB-stacking bilayer and trilayer graphenes exhibit interesting rich IR spectra, e.g., the peaks and jumps in their IR spectra, which are caused by the coupling between different layers. And clear characteristic peaks, lying at different energies, exist in the IR spectra of the hole- or electron-doped bilayer and trilayer graphenes due to the asymmetrical band structures. Beside, based upon their different IR spectra, a powerful experimental tool has been proposed to identify accurately the layer number and doping type of the FLGs.     

Three-dimensional correlation by combination of 2D NMR spectra

A method is proposed to make automatic structure elucidation and identification more reliable and unambiguous. Space correlation is utilized to map spin systems and to produce data banks on the basis of pattern recognition. The essence of the method presented is the mathematical combination of the measured 2D NMR spectra, but further extensions are also possible. From the correlation solid constructed in this way, the entire hidden information content of the individual 2D NMR spectra can be extracted.     

Robust baseline correction algorithm for signal dense NMR spectra

This paper outlines a fully automated algorithm for baseline correction. Based on our experience with NMR spectra of complex mixtures, this algorithm is designed to automatically differentiate signal points from baseline points. The algorithm's strength is its ability to accurately determine baseline points in very dense spectra, without destroying the line shapes of prominent peaks. The algorithm described is implemented in Chenomx NMR Suite 4.6. It is demonstrated here using two separate spectra acquired on two different NMR spectrometers.     

二维核磁共振谱解析及其应用

２ＤＮＭＲ在波谱学的化学应用中占据首要位置。本文简述了ＣＯＳＹ，ＬＲＣＯＳＹ，ＣＯＳＹＤＥＣ，ＳＥＣＳＹ，ＤＱＣ－ＣＯＳＹ，ＲＣＴ，ＩＮＡＤＩＱＵＡＴＥ，ＲＥＬＡＹ，ＩＮＶＥＲＳＥ，ＮＯＥＳＹ，ＨＯＥＳＹ，ＯＨＡＨＡ，ＲＯＥＳＹ，ＨＭＱＣ，ＨＭＢＣ等谱的形状，指认步骤及其应用。     

基于自主研发的500 MHz NMR谱仪的紫杉醇结构解析

中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所（WIPM）于2010年成功研制了500 MHz（WIPM-I 500）高分辨超导核磁共振（NMR）谱仪,并将其投入实际应用中.然而,关于其二维核磁共振（2D NMR）谱图的准确性及在此基础上对复杂物质的结构解析尚无系统完整的数据报道.该文利用WIPM-I 500型NMR谱仪,对紫杉醇样品进行了1D NMR及2D NMR（包括¹H-¹H COSY、¹H-¹H TOCSY、J-Res、¹H-¹³C HMQC和¹H-¹³C HMBC）实验,将谱图分析结果与进口仪器进行了对比.结果表明：利用WIPM-I 500型NMR谱仪能够采集准确的2D NMR谱图,为紫杉醇的正确归属提供了实验基础;而且该文也纠正了文献中对紫杉醇的错误归属.     

氟哌酸β-环糊精包结配合物的研究

氟哌酸是一种广谱、安全、有效,可供口服的抗感染药.我们通过荧光光谱、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR等技术对氟哌酸与β-环糊精(β-CD)的相互作用进行了研究,证明氟哌酸和β-CD形成了包结配合物.包结配合物的生成常数由1D NMR和荧光光谱测量而确定,并由改进的Be-nesi-Hildebrand方法进行了计算,根据这些数据提出了包结配合物的空间构型.     

Signal identification in NMR spectra with coupled evolution periods

Novel multidimensional NMR experiments rely on modified time-domain sampling schemes to provide significant savings of experimental time. Several approaches are based on the coupling of evolution times resulting in a reduction of the dimensionality of the recorded spectra, and a concomitant saving of experimental time. We present a consistent and general tool, called EVOCOUP, for the analysis of these reduced dimensionality spectra. The approach is flexible in the sense that the input can consist of various forms of reduced dimensionality spectra, that any piece of information can be removed (provided enough information is left), e.g., signals undetectable due to poor signal-to-noise or covered by artifacts, and that it can be applied to spectra involving any number of nuclei. The use of a general optimization procedure and an appropriate target function provides for a robust approach with well-defined results and ensures optimal use of redundant information normally present in the input. Spectral overlap in the directly detected dimension is resolved in a fully automated manner, avoiding the assessment of signal quality and its use in combinatorial trials. The positions of all peaks in a corresponding full-dimensional spectrum are obtained without need for reconstruction of this spectrum. In a systematic analysis of a complete spectrum recorded for the 14 kDa protein azurin and involving five different nuclei, only four spin systems were missed and no false spins systems were detected.     

基于基线漂移模型的气体光谱自动基线校正

傅里叶红外光谱是监测污染源废气排放的一种重要手段。发展针对气体光谱的自动基线校正方法对于污染气体快速检测及长时间在线监测具有重要意义。目前自动基线校正中的一个难点是如何准确校正存在宽峰的光谱：宽峰在频域中具有一定低频成分,基于频域滤波提取光谱中低频基线信息的方法因难以选择合适的分离条件容易产生基线扭曲。采取自动识别基线点,基于预先设定的基线模型拟合光谱基线的方法可以规避频域方法中分离条件选取的环节,但其校正效果对所采用的基线模型非常敏感。当基线模型中的自由度过小时,拟合基线无法准确逼近光谱基线漂移,基线校正的误差较大;而当基线模型中的自由度过大时,尤其是含有实际基线漂移中不存在的虚假自由度时,容易产生基线扭曲。目前常用的基线模型有线性、多项式、样条插值、指数模型等,在基线模型的选择上缺乏较为统一的标准。本研究着眼于避免基线模型缺乏必要自由度或含有虚假自由度,提出基于实际基线漂移的自由度建立基线模型。研究发现,气体光谱中主要的基线漂移在光谱中可被近似表示为波数的特定阶次(0次、1次、2次和4次项)的形式。以此作为基线模型提出了一种自动基线校正新方法。新方法以传统迭代多项式拟合自动基线校正方法作为基础,将其中仅设定多项式最高阶次的基线模型改进为上述由具有物理意义支撑的特定阶次构成的基线模型;此外,增加了对吸收峰尾部的判定,用于避免在采用阈值分辨吸收峰与基线时,吸收峰尾部因吸光度较低被误识别为基线的问题。以实测获得的含有水汽宽峰的空气光谱作为样本,对所提方法的基线校正效果进行了验证,并与迭代多项式拟合方法中两种较有代表性的Lieber和Mahadeven-Jansen(LMJ)方法以及Liu和Koenig(LK)方法的基线校正效果进行了对比。实验结果表明,所提方法与采用不同最高多项式阶次的LMJ及LK方法相比,可更好的避免基线扭曲,同时其校正后的光谱基线与吸光度0线间具有最低的方差平均值。研究表明,采用实际基线漂移的自由度建立光谱基线模型可获得良好的基线校正效果。     

3D HSQC-HSQMBC—increasing the resolution of long-range proton–carbon correlation experiments

A 3D HSQC-HSQMBC experiment is proposed for increasing the separation of proton–carbon long-range correlation cross peaks, the lack of which is occasionally seen in corresponding 2D experiments. It is aimed at complex molecules with many protonated carbons exhibiting a narrow spread of ¹³C chemical shifts e.g., complex carbohydrates. It does not yield long-range correlation of quaternary carbons. An extra indirectly detected ¹H dimension of this experiment provides additional separation of long-range correlation cross peaks by utilising the chemical shifts of protons directly attached to ¹³C. Evolution of single-quantum coherences throughout the entire pulse sequence ensures that the cross peaks are inphase pure absorption singlets in both indirectly detected dimensions, thus maximising the resolution and sensitivity of the experiment. Partial signal cancellation can be expected due to the antiphase character of peaks in the directly detected dimension. The intensity of cross peaks depends on the length of a single long-range evolution interval and values of both active and passive long-range coupling constants of each carbon. The 3D HSQC-HSQMBC experiment provided high quality long-range correlation spectra of a 2 mg pentasaccharide sample in 27 h. The technique can also be used for measurement of long-range heteronuclear coupling constants from pure antiphase multiplets in the directly detected dimension.     

二维接力-HOHAHA和NOE差谱法测定甙类化合物的结构

该文提出一种新的二维接力-HOHAHA实验方法.研究结果表明,该方法可用于从高度重迭的谱图中分离出各个糖体的¹H NMR信号,并且与NOE差谱实验相结合可以用于测定甙类化合物中糖体间和糖体与甙元间的连接位置.本方法以¹H NMR为基础,故其灵敏度比以¹³C NMR为基础的甙化位移方法高得多.     

Filtering of spinning sidebands in 1D MAS NMR spectra

Spinning sidebands (SSBs) in the MAS NMR spectrum of a polycrystalline solid are related to the principal values of the chemical shift or quadrupole coupling tensors. At present, 2D methods are widely used to sort out the SSBs for each isotropic peak. Here a simple and efficient method for separating the SSBs in 1D MAS NMR spectra is described. It is based on finding the optimal spinning rate with a mathematical algorithm and subsequently treating the spectra with filtering functions.