有限元法在金刚石合成中的应用进展

金刚石以其优异的性能广泛应用于国防工程、机械加工、电子科技等领域,其需求量也日益增大。有限元法适用于复杂几何结构和物理问题的模拟分析,由此开辟了有限元法应用于金刚石合成和相应设备优化的新途径。阐述了有限元方法在六面顶压机及金刚石合成腔体工艺方面的应用进展。首先,考虑静力、应力强度、应力分布和形变等影响因素,对铰链梁和工作缸进行模拟分析,运用有限元法对顶锤的作用、破坏机理及新型顶锤设计进行探讨;其次,总结有限元法在金刚石腔体内的温度场、压力场、电学场等研究中的应用进展;最后,对有限元法在金刚石合成中的应用前景进行展望。     

基于有限元法确立碳化钨顶锤的破裂判据

以有限元法为理论基础,通过运行大型有限元软件,成功构建了铰链式六面顶压机配套顶锤的有限元理论模型,并确立了碳化钨顶锤的破裂判据。模拟结果表明:以小斜边末尾处为应力参考点,依据第四强度理论,能够对碳化钨顶锤的性能进行更加合理的数值分析。依据此判据可知:在顶锤锤面及小斜边附近,裂纹高发区分布在小斜边附近;在顶锤轴向上,裂纹高发区分布在距离顶锤锤面30 mm处。铰链式六面顶压机配套碳化钨顶锤的有限元模型以及碳化钨顶锤破裂判据的成功构建,为实现新型碳化钨顶锤的设计与研究奠定了基础,对促进实现铰链式六面顶压机腔体大型化具有现实意义。     

基于有限元法分析宝石级金刚石的合成腔体温度场

以有限元法为理论分析手段模拟分析了温度梯度法合成宝石级金刚石大单晶的腔体温度场,实现了对宝石级金刚石的合成腔体内各位置温度同时测量.模拟结果表明:在宝石级金刚石合成过程中,其温度分布呈不均匀分布.腔体内高温区分布在样品(碳源+触媒)边缘,低温区分布在籽晶附近.样品腔内热量的传递方式和样品腔内的碳源输运方式相同,均由碳源的两侧向籽晶附近传输.籽晶附近轴向温度梯度大于径向温度梯度,导致单位时间内其轴向生长尺寸大于径向生长尺寸.宝石级金刚石腔体温度场分析的理论模型的成功构建,为新型宝石级金刚石腔体的研制提供了良好的设计基础,对促进优质宝石级金刚石的生长技术具有指导意义.     

光纤陀螺光纤环的热应力分布仿真分析方法

针对光纤线圈较容易受温度影响的问题,从热至应力的角度,推导了由热应力导致的光纤陀螺的相位差离散数学公式,并在此基础上,对四级对称绕法绕制的无骨架光纤环建立了有限元模型。结合光纤陀螺工作环境的栽荷和边界条件对其不同温度下的热应力分布进行仿真分析。仿真分析结果表明,光纤环内侧受到的热应力较大,高低温下热应力值分别达到最大和...     

热复杂边界条件三维热应力场数值模拟研究

本文以制动盘为研究对象,基于三维对称有限元模型,运用顺序耦合数值模拟方法对制动盘制动过程传热与受力进行了探讨,分析了在热流密度、对流换热系数、辐射换热系数与时间相关的复杂的二、三类边界条件下,温度场与应力场的瞬时变化。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合程度高,证明了采用数值模拟方法对具有复杂边界条件的对象进行热应力研究与预测的可行性,同时为其他领域的传热与应力研究提供了理论依据。     

低温粘接技术的应用及热应力分析

介绍了低温粘接技术在 SQU ID无磁杜瓦及其它领域中的应用。热应力分析是粘接技术中的一个重要问题 ,文中综述了粘接的热应力分析研究情况     

大小血管冻结过程中的热应力分析与裂纹观察

为了预测动脉低温保存过程中所受到的机械损伤,本文建立了一维轴对称弹性圆筒血管在低温下保存的热应力　计算模型,模拟计算了冻结过程中体积膨胀引起的热应力随时间变化及其在壁面的分布,通过计算了解降温速率和血管尺寸不同的影响。计算结果显示径向应力小于周向应力和轴向应力;降温速率越快,组织内部所受热应力越大,壁厚越厚,热应力越大;产生超过热应力极限值的降温速率比在血管壁上产生裂纹的降温速率小许多。计算分析的结果与实验观察到的裂纹情况相符。     

槽式太阳集热管热应力分析

本文以典型槽式太阳集热器为研究对象,建立了集热管三维结构模型,通过有限元的方法对其进行热结构耦合分析,得到了不同工况下集热管管壁温度场、应力场的分布规律。结果表明,集热管在波纹管段与直管段的过渡区域,管壁温度和温度梯度最大,且集热管最大热应变和最大等效应力位于过渡区域。在此基础上,分析了不同工况下集热管的最大等效应力.当集热管内壁对流换热系数由200 W·m~(-2)·℃~(-1)减小到50 W·m~(-2)·℃~(-1)时,其管壁最大等效应力会迅速增大。此结论将为集热管的安全运行提供参考依据。     

有限元法模拟混合物的冲击压缩特性

 将混合物作为组元颗粒在空间的随机排列,采用三维动力有限元程序模拟其冲击压缩特性。给出了以铜和铝两种金属单质组成的混合物算例,与用“叠加原理”计算的结果作了比较。     

Hybrid-toroidal anvil: a replacement for the conventional WC anvil used for the large volume cubic high pressure apparatus

We propose a design and operation of a hybrid-toroidal anvil used for the large volume cubic high pressure apparatus (LV-CHPA), such that it is possible to obtain a higher sintered quality, less weight and cost of tungsten carbide (WC) anvil than the conventional anvil. We use the finite element simulations to show the distributions of the stress on the surface and in the bulk of the WC anvils, and conclude that, for a given load on the hybrid-toroidal anvil, the volume of the compressed press medium has increased by 4.88%, and the rate of the transmitted pressure has increased by 6.72% compared with the conventional anvil. Furthermore, the advantages of the hybrid-toroidal anvil are that the movement of anvils increases by 37.14% and the growth rate of the fatigue crack decreases by 40%. This has been proved by the high pressure experiments. This work gives an approach to optimize the WC anvils used for the LV-CHPA and presents a simple method to achieve the higher sample pressure and the larger sample volume.     

Finite element analysis and experiment on high pressure apparatus with split cylinder

Ultra-high pressure belt-type die was designed with a large sample volume prism cavity and a split cylinder which was divided into eight segments to eliminate circumferential stress. The cylinder of this type die has no cambered surface on inner wall, and the inner hole is a hexagonal prism-type cavity. The divided bodies squeeze with each other, providing the massive support and lateral support effect of the cylinder. Simulation results indicate that the split cylinder with the prism cavity possesses much smaller stress and more uniform stress distribution. The split cylinder with the prism cavity has been shown to bear larger compressive stresses in radial, circumferential and axial directions due to its structure, and tungsten carbide is most effective in pure compression so this type cylinder could bear higher pressure. Experimental results prove that the high pressure apparatus with a prism-type cavity could bear higher pressure. The apparatus with a prism cavity could bear 52.2% more pressure than the belt-type die.     

Finite-element analysis on performance and shear stress of cemented tungsten carbide anvils used in the China-type cubic-anvil high-pressure apparatus

Stress distribution in cemented tungsten carbide (WC) anvils is of primary interest in high pressure research, but is very difficult to determine experimentally. We have performed finite-element simulations to study the performance and the shear stress distribution of WC anvils used in the China-type cubic-anvil high pressure apparatus (SPD-6×2000). Our results show that in order to avoid failure cracks in high-stress areas, the maximum shear stress should be lower than 3.17 GPa for the WC anvils (8% cobalt). The simulations have been verified by high-pressure experiments. Our method of analyzing stress distribution helps in evaluating the ability of WC anvils, and would aid in designing a new anvil to enhance performance.     

Principle of massive support in the opposed anvil high pressure apparatus

The Bridgman anvil technique offers a simple and versatile means of generating very high pressures required in solid state studies. The opposed anvil technique is based on the principle of massive support. The practical case of a gasketted anvil is considered, and an expression for the maximum pressure generated under massive support is derived in terms of the geometric parameters, the strength of the anvil material and the gasket properties. In particular, for a given maximum pressure, it is possible to calculate the taper angle, the taper height and the gasket thickness from this expression. The anvil is assumed to be in the elastic region under load. Good agreement is obtained between the calculated and the experimental values for the massive support factor (msf) for various taper angles. By choosing the proper geometry, it is possible to achieve a pressure as high as 130 kbar in an alloy steel anvil. It has been clearly found that the straight portion, where the taper ends, does not really take any part in changing the stress pattern. Thus the minimum straight portion can serve the purpose, and will result in material saving. Anvils exhibit yielding at very high pressure. It is also pointed out that a further strengthening of the anvil can extend the ultimate pressure. Several methods of further strengthening the anvils are discussed.     

High pressure studies using synchrotron radiation and tungsten carbide anvil cells

Abstract

High pressure studies have been carried out on a range of materials using the high pressure facility at the UK Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS). Custom-built Bridgman, Drickamer and belt-type cells (Häusermann et al., 1989) were used for this work. The compressibility of copper has been measured on the NaCl scale up to 100 kbar in the Bridgman and Drickamer type cells. The data obtained with the two cells are in agreement, but differ from those found in the literature.     

Pressure generation to 50 GPa in Kawai-type multianvil apparatus using newly developed tungsten carbide anvils

A pressure generation test for Kawai-type multianvil apparatus (KMA) has been made using second-stage anvils of a newly developed ultra-hard tungsten carbide composite. Superb performance of the new anvil with significantly less plastic deformation was confirmed as compared to those commonly used for the KMA experiments. A maximum pressure of ～48?GPa was achieved using the new anvils with a truncation edge length (TEL) of 1.5?mm, based on in situ X-ray diffraction measurements. Further optimization of materials and sizes of the pressure medium/gasket should lead to pressures even higher than 50?GPa in KMA using this novel tungsten carbide composite, which may also be used for expansion of the pressure ranges in other types of high pressure apparatus operated in large volume press.     

新型圆角式高压碳化钨硬质合金顶锤的有限元分析

基于有限元法, 对新型圆角式高压碳化钨硬质合金顶锤进行了分析与研究.研究结果表明: 新型圆角式高压碳化钨硬质合金顶锤在不降低顶锤的传压效率的前提下, 能够将顶锤的使用寿命延长3.05%—16.75 %; 新型圆角式高压碳化钨硬质合金顶锤获得的极限腔体压力值可增加至6.09 GPa, 较传统顶锤(5.80 GPa)提高5%, 从而扩宽高压下功能材料的合成区间.新型圆角式高压碳化钨硬质合金顶锤的使用, 将降低六面顶液压机的使用成本, 促进高压技术和材料科学等学科的发展.     

复合型多晶金刚石末级压砧的制备并标定六面顶压机6-8型压腔压力至35GPa

通过分析二级6-8型大腔体静高压装置八面体压腔的受力状况, 研制了一种使用成本低、尺寸大且易于加工的多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合二级(末级)顶锤(压砧). 采用原位电阻测量观测Zr在高压下相变(α-ω, 7.96 GPa; ω-β, 34.5 GPa)的方法, 标定了由多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合末级压砧构建的5.5/1.5(传压介质边长/二级顶锤锤面边长, 单位: mm)组装的腔体压力. 实验表明, 自行研制的多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合末级压砧可使基于国产六面顶压机构架的二级加压系统的压力产生上限从约20 GPa提高到35 GPa以上, 拓展了国内大腔体静高压技术的压力产生范围. 应用这一技术, 我们期望经过末级压砧材料与压腔设计的进一步优化, 在基于国产六面顶压机的二级6-8 型大腔体静高压装置压腔中产生超过50 GPa的高压. 关键词： 二级6-8型大腔体静高压装置 多晶金刚石-硬质合金复合末级压砧 压力标定     

Synthesis of Ge-Sn at high pressure and high temperature in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell

Ge–Sn compound is predicted to be a direct band gap semiconductor with a tunable band gap. However, the bulk synthesis of this material by conventional methods at ambient pressure is unsuccessful due to the poor solubility of Sn in Ge. We report the successful synthesis of Ge–Sn in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) at ~7.6 GPa &; ~2000 K. In situ Raman spectroscopy of the sample showed, apart from the characteristic Raman modes of Ge TO (Г) and β-Sn TO (Г), two additional Raman modes at ~225 cm^?1 (named Ge–Sn₁) and ~133 cm^?1 (named Ge–Sn₂). When the sample was quenched, the Ge–Sn₁ mode remained stable at ~215 cm^?1, whereas the Ge–Sn₂ mode had diminished in intensity. Comparing the Ge–Sn Raman mode at ~225 cm^?1 with the one observed in thin film studies, we interpret that the observed phonon mode may be formed due to Sn-rich Ge–Sn system. The additional Raman mode seen at ~133 cm^?1 suggested the formation of low symmetry phase under high P–T conditions. The results are compared with Ge–Si binary system.     

Anvil design for slip-free high pressure deformation experiments in a rotational diamond anvil cell

A rotational diamond anvil cell is the most suitable deformation apparatus with which to investigate the rheological properties of deep-Earth materials at pressures similar to those found in the lower mantle and core. However, slip between the sample and piston is still a problem, since the slip prevents the attainment of a constant strain rate and interferes with the uniform deformation of a sample. In this paper, we report that using a diamond anvil with deep grooves results in a marked improvement in the coupling between the sample and the diamond anvils.