计及轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承湍流润滑分析

分析了轴颈倾斜状态下,径向滑动轴承的湍流润滑性能. 基于轴颈倾斜的统一Reynolds方程和能量方程,应用有限差分法求解了不同轴颈倾斜方位角、轴颈倾斜度、偏心率和平均雷诺数下的径向滑动轴承湍流润滑性能. 结果表明:轴颈倾斜方位角α=0°时,随着轴颈倾斜度的增大,轴承油膜的压力峰向轴承一端移动,轴承一端的轴向油膜温度梯度增大;α=90°时,随着轴颈倾斜度的增大,轴承油膜压力逐渐出现双峰分布,且向轴承两端移动,轴承两端的轴向温度梯度也不断增大. 在相同轴颈倾斜度增量下,轴承最大油膜压力、最高油膜温度、承载力和稳定工作力矩的增量随轴承中央截面偏心率的增大而增大. 相同轴颈倾斜度增量下,轴承最大油膜压力增量、最高油膜温度增量、承载力增量、摩擦系数减量和稳定工作力矩增量随平均雷诺数的增大而增大. 可见,径向滑动轴承湍流润滑分析中有必要考虑轴颈倾斜因素的影响.      

二阶滑移边界对微型气浮轴承稳态性能的影响

考虑微型气浮轴承的尺寸特征，内部气流不再满足连续流的假设，根据Knudsen数可确定内 部气流为滑移流. 分别利用一阶速度滑移模型和二阶速度滑移模型对连续流的状态方程进行 修改，得到一阶滑移流和二阶滑移流机制下修正的雷诺方程. 利用有限差分法对连续流、一 阶滑移流和二阶滑移流的雷诺方程分别求解，得出相应的承载力和偏位角. 经过对比分析， 发现采用滑移流模型得到的轴承的稳态力学性能与连续流机制的结果存在较大差异，一阶滑 移流与二阶滑移流间的差异随偏心率增加而增加. 说明在MEMS环境下必须考虑滑移流效应 对微型气浮轴承稳态力学性能的影响. 在大偏心率工作状态下，二阶滑移流模型能够得到最 好的结果.     

基于润滑特性仿真的燃油泵滑动轴承优化设计

磨损加剧是低介质黏度和自冷却结构燃油泵滑动轴承主要失效机制,为提高轴承使用寿命,论文提出了一种基于滑动轴承润滑特性分布规律的轴承优化设计方法.首先基于油膜动压润滑流动的Reynolds方程和等效黏度润滑流动模型,以绝热流动为假设简化滑动轴承内部流动的能量方程,构建一种联合Reynolds方程和绝热流动能量积分方程的燃油泵滑动轴承热流润滑模型.其次采用CFD数值模拟和有限差分法相结合的混合仿真方法,分别对不同间隙比、偏心率、宽径比条件下的滑动轴承的润滑特性进行了仿真,最后采用基于遗传算法的间接法优化方法进行滑动轴承结构优化设计.研究结果表明:优化后的轴承偏心率为0.822 4,宽径比为1.2,油膜厚度为2.7μm,平均温升为36℃,滑动轴承油膜承载力试验测试值与仿真计算值间的误差最大不超过5%,表明轴承能够很好地承受燃油泵的径向力载荷,从而保证轴承与轴瓦不发生摩擦接触并具有良好的润滑性能.     

气体轴承压力的数值计算——求解Reynolds方程的非线性有限元及其误差分析

气体轴承是一项应用广泛的新技术,它的压力场将满足非线性Reynolds方程.本文将给出求解Reynolds方程的两种计算法——守恒型格式与有限元法,它们都比传统的有限差分法~[1]合理.其次,本文证明了非线性有限元(含有积分误差)有如同线性时的误差估计,又它比守恒型格式灵活,因而在求解Reynolds方程时值得推荐.     

有限长圆柱轴承自由边界问题的计算

本文在对有限长圆柱轴承的某些边界条件作了简要的回顾之后,提出一个用自由边界条件求解雷诺方程的方法。计算了在各种轴承宽径比γ、偏心率ε及动力参数q等不同情况下的无量纲压力分布、最大压力系数及承载力。通过用本文的方法所得的结果与Hahn方法的结果相比较,说明用本文提出的方法能获得更好的结果。     

MEMS稀薄气体内部流动模拟中的信息保存法

首先综述了处理低速稀薄气体流动的一些方法: 线化Boltzmann方程方法、Lattice Boltzmann方法(LBM)、加滑移边界的Navier-Stokes方程、以及DSMC方法, 并讨论它们在模拟MEMS中过渡领域低速流动特别是内部流动所遇到的困难, 其中表明了LBM现有方案不适合模拟过渡领域中的MEMS流动问题. 信息保存(IP)法通过保存一个模拟分子所代表的大量分子的平均信息,克服了流速低使得信息噪声比小而引起统计模拟的困难. 本文给出了方法的一些理论证实. MEMS中内部流动的特点, 即流速低和大的长宽比的特点, 引起椭圆性问题, 即出入口边界条件相互影响需要协调的问题. 通过对(长约几千微米的)微槽道流动应用IP方法的算例,演示了采用守恒形式的质量守恒方程和超松弛法可成功地解决这一问题. 借助同样的方法,用IP方法求解了真实长度(1\,000\,$\mu$m)硬盘驱动器读写头在过渡领域的薄膜支撑问题, 压力分布与具有严格气体动理论基础的概括化Reynolds方程完全相符, 而在此之前, DSMC方法只对短的读写头(5\,$\mu$m)与Reynolds方程做了校验. 作者建议将原来用于求解读写头润滑问题的Reynolds方程退化来求解过渡领域中的微槽道流动问题, 从而提供了一个有严格气体动理论品性的检验方法来验证求解MEMS内部流动的各种方法.      

气体动理学统一算法中相容性条件不满足引起的数值误差及其影响研究

求解玻尔兹曼(Boltzmann) 模型方程的气体动理学统一算法(unified gas kinetic scheme,UGKS) 是为模拟存在显著稀薄气体效应流动而建立的. 在该方法中,如果速度空间离散采用传统的离散速度坐标法(discreteordinate method,DOM),将会导致相容性条件得不到严格满足,从而引入数值误差. 本文从理论分析及数值试验两方面说明了该数值误差,正比于来流马赫数,反比于来流努森数. 引入了守恒型的离散速度坐标法(conservativediscrete ordinate method,CDOM),在离散层面上确保了相容性条件得到严格满足. 圆柱绕流计算结果表明,来流马赫数较高、努森数较小时,相容性条件满足与否对计算结果影响较大,采用CDOM 可以在较稀的速度空间网格上得到网格无关解,缩减计算量最大可达2/3.      

环面节流静压气体球轴承的相似准则

从静压气体润滑基本控制方程组的无量纲化着手,在详细分析静压气体轴承的耦合边界条件及非定常雷诺气体润滑方程特性的基础上,对Constantinescu给出的动压气体轴承相似准则进行补充,得到环面节流静压气体球轴承定常气体润滑膜及非定常气体润滑膜的相似准则.数值实验的结果表明:数值计算结果与相似理论分析结论完全一致;当其它参数不变时,不同球半径的2个球轴承的气膜流场相似;球半径改变对轴承动静态性能的影响可以利用相似理论进行分析.     

加工误差对陀螺电机用动压气体轴承刚度的影响

为了进一步提高精密H型动压气体轴承的刚度性能,着重分析了轴承加工误差对轴承刚度的影响。首先,通过在轴承内部交界处引入压力和流量连续方程,建立可考虑径向、止推轴承相互作用的H型动压气体轴承模型;然后,采用有限单元法进行求解以得到轴承压力分布及刚度等特性;最后,在对模型和计算结果进行实验验证后,对不同加工误差下的轴承刚度进行了研究。分析结果显示,加工误差对轴承刚度影响由强到弱的顺序为轴承间隙、止推板平面度、径向轴承锥度、圆度和止推板垂直度误差,0.2μm的轴承间隙加工误差可使轴承刚度降低20%～25%,而垂直度误差对轴承刚度的影响不大。研究结果为H型动压气体轴承的结构设计和性能提高提供了有益的参考。     

非牛顿流体有限长粗糙轴承分析

本文采用H.Christense力提出的随机粗糙模型,推导了幂律型流体纵向粗糙型和横向粗糙型润滑雷诺方程和相应的承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数的计算公式.对有限长动载径向轴承纵向粗糙型雷诺方程,用差分方法进行数值求解,得到了粗糙度和幂律指数对轴承的压力分布、承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数影响曲线,并有表面粗糙度和润滑油的非牛顿特性独立地影响轴承油膜力学特性的结论.     

Operator‐splitting method for the analysis of cavitation in liquid‐lubricated herringbone grooved journal bearings

This paper presents an operator‐splitting method (OSM) for the solution of the universal Reynolds equation. Jakobsson–Floberg–Olsson (JFO) pressure conditions are used to study cavitation in liquid‐lubricated journal bearings. The shear flow component of the oil film is first solved by a modified upwind finite difference method. The solution of the pressure gradient flow component is computed by the Galerkin finite element method. Present OSM solutions for slider bearings are in good agreement with available analytical and experimental results. OSM is then applied to herringbone grooved journal bearings. The film pressure, cavitation areas, load capacity and attitude angle are obtained with JFO pressure conditions. The calculated load capacities are in agreement with available experimental data. However, a detailed comparison of the present results with those predicted using Reynolds pressure conditions shows some differences. The numerical results showed that the load capacity and the critical mass of the journal (linear stability indicator) are higher and the attitude angle is lower than those predicted by Reynolds pressure conditions for cases of high eccentricities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical and Numerical Investigation of Gas Lubrication Processes on the Basis of Aerodynamic Equations

The dimensionless parameters of the complete system of Navier-Stokes equations of a compressible gas are estimated with reference to a typical gas bearing. It is found that the three-dimensional compressible boundary layer equations should be used as the determining equations for describing gas lubrication processes. After introducing certain assumptions with respect to the dimensionless parameters in the determining equations, an equation for the pressure, the generalized Reynolds equation, is obtained.Use of the spectral method of analysis makes it possible to transform the generalized Reynolds equation into a system of ordinary differential equations. An analytic solution of the entire boundary value problem is obtained for a journal bearing with fairly small eccentricity. By comparing the numerical results obtained using both the solution of the generalized Reynolds equation and the traditional theory it is possible to estimate the effect of the inertia forces, dissipation processes, and heat transfer.     

纳米尺度下气体薄膜润滑理论研究

提出了依赖于逆Knudsen数的纳米尺度影响因子Np，修正了目前应用较为普遍的FK-Boltzmann模型，并给出了其数值计算结果。结果表明：当膜厚小于单个空气分子平均自由程时，由于纳米尺度效应的影响，流量因子有所减小，承载能力略微增加。     

Performance of hydrodynamic journal bearing under the combined influence of textured surface and journal misalignment: A numerical survey

A wisely chosen geometry of micro textures with the favorable relative motion of lubricated surfaces in contacts can enhance tribological characteristics. In this paper, a computational investigation related to the combined influence of bearing surface texturing and journal misalignment on the performances of hydrodynamic journal bearings is reported. To this end, a numerical analysis is performed to test three texture shapes: square “SQ”, cylindrical “CY”, and triangular “TR”, and shaft misalignment variation in angle and degree. The Reynolds equation of a thin viscous film is solved using a finite differences scheme and a mass conservation algorithm (JFO boundary conditions), taking into account the presence of textures on both full film and cavitation regions. Preliminary results are compared with benchmark data and are consistent with a positive enhancement in misaligned bearing performances (load carrying capacity and friction). The results suggest that the micro-step bearing mechanism is a key parameter, where the micro-pressure recovery action present in dimples located at the second angular part of the bearing (from 180° to 360°) can compensate for the loss on performances caused by shaft misalignment, while the micro-pressure drop effect at the full film region causes poor performances. Considering the right arrangement of textures on the contact surface, their contours geometries can have a significant impact on the performance of misaligned journal bearings, particularly at high eccentricity ratios, high misalignment degrees and when the misalignment angle α approaches to $0\mathrm{°}$ or $180\mathrm{°}$.     

Mass flow rate prediction of pressure–temperature-driven gas flows through micro/nanoscale channels

In this paper, we study mass flow rate of rarefied gas flow through micro/nanoscale channels under simultaneous thermal and pressure gradients using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. We first compare our DSMC solutions for mass flow rate of pure temperature-driven flow with those of Boltzmann-Krook-Walender equation and Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook solutions. Then, we focus on pressure–temperature-driven flows. The effects of different parameters such as flow rarefaction, channel pressure ratio, wall temperature gradient and flow bulk temperature on the thermal mass flow rate of the pressure–temperature-driven flow are examined. Based on our analysis, we propose a correlated relation that expresses normalized mass flow rate increment due to thermal creep as a function of flow rarefaction, normalized wall temperature gradient and pressure ratio over a wide range of Knudsen number. We examine our predictive relation by simulation of pressure-driven flows under uniform wall heat flux (UWH) boundary condition. Walls under UWH condition have non-uniform temperature distribution, that is, thermal creep effects exist. Our investigation shows that developed analytical relation could predict mass flow rate of rarefied pressure-driven gas flows under UWH condition at early transition regime, that is, up to Knudsen numbers of 0.5.     

An optimised short bearing theory for nonlinear dynamic analysis of turbulent journal bearings

An approximate method for nonlinear dynamic analysis of turbulent journal bearings supporting an unbalanced rigid shaft is proposed. The method is based on two assumptions: the separation of variables for pressure and a parabolic pressure distribution in the axial direction of the bearing. To take into account inertia effects, the well-known algebraic turbulent model based on the Prandtl mixing length hypothesis is used. Using the Constantinescu's approach, the pressure equation is modified by introducing two turbulent coefficients which are depending on the local Reynolds number. The nonlinear equations of motion for the rotor-bearing system are solved by means of the Euler's scheme, and the journal centre trajectories are examined for cases with and without unbalance forces. To illustrate the validity of the present study, three cases of journal bearings are analysed. The accuracy of the minimum film thickness, the dynamic transmissibility coefficient and the peak-to-peak displacement amplitudes obtained by the proposed methodology are comparable to the more elaborate and time consuming 2-D finite difference solution, while the turbulent journal centre orbits are comparable to those obtained experimentally.It is concluded that the optimised short bearing theory shows the advantage of minimising the computation time required for nonlinear dynamic analysis of laminar and turbulent journal bearings without any significant loss of accuracy.     

超薄膜磁头滑块气动力特性

采用有限差分法对广义润滑方程进行数值求解,计算出计算机磁头滑块压强场的分布情况。分析、研究了其稳态和动态气动力特性,并将计算结果分别与求解一阶、二阶修正雷诺方程所得到的结果进行了比较,得到如下三个结论:(1)当飞行高度很小,飞行速度较低时,必须采用广义润滑方程进行磁头滑块的气动力计算,(2)与广义润滑方程结果比较,求解一阶修正雷诺方程所得到的计算结果总是偏高,而求解二阶修正雷诺方程所得到的计算结果总是偏低。此外,还解决了大压缩数下数值失稳问题,使得压缩数可以计算到120万,足以适应任何实际工程的需要。     

变阶梯结构自适应径向滑动轴承的研究

分析了变阶梯结构自适应径向滑动轴承膜压力的形成机理,并建立了二段油膜形耦合变形阶梯结构的流量控制方程,采用有限差分法交叉循环迭代求解了油压力的雷诺方程和变阶梯结构的流量控制方程,比较了设计参数对这咎径向滑动轴承的最小油膜厚度、压力分布、承载能力、摩擦阻力等性能和温升的影响,研究结果表明;合理地选择设计参数可以使得这种滑动轴承具有较好的润滑性能和承载特性。