Indirect measurement of AC current distributions in HTS tapes by a pickup coil method

It is necessary to develop HTS conductors with a large current capacity and low AC loss characteristics for practical use of HTS power devices. For large capacity power applications, HTS tapes such as Bi-2223 tapes and YBCO coated conductors are assembled. So, it is important to evaluate the characteristics of current distributions in such assembled HTS tapes. However, an adequate measurement method has not been established. In this study, we have tried the development of an indirect measurement method to evaluate the current distributions in stacked HTS tapes. In this method, the current distributions are indirectly found from the results of the field distributions measured by a pickup coil located around the surface of the sample tapes. To confirm the accuracy and the sensitivity of this method, current distributions in a test conductor made of copper tapes are measured. Numerical and measured current distributions are compared. Using this method, the current distributions in stacked Bi-2223 tapes are measured at room temperature and 77 K. On the basis of the obtained results, the characteristics of the AC current distributions in the HTS tapes are discussed.     

Selective etching of dislocations in GaN and quantitative SEM analysis with shape-reconstruction method

Due to the differences in etch-pit morphologies, chemical etching offers a possibility to determine densities of dislocations in respect to their type. In the present paper we propose a method, which implements a simple shape-from-shading procedure, i.e. with results derived from image brightness dependence on surface slope. It allows estimation of etch-pit depth distributions from scanning electron microscopy micrographs. This method is used to obtain depth distributions from GaN surface after etching in molten KOH-NaOH eutectic mixture. Depth distributions are used to estimate densities of etch-pits related to a given dislocation type. The distributions are compared with dislocation densities determined with transmission electron microscopy.     

SPR-based Markov chain method for degree distributions of evolving networks

In this paper, we develop a stochastic process rules (SPR) based Markov chain method to calculate the degree distributions of evolving networks. This new approach overcomes two shortcomings of Shi, Chen and Liu’s use of the Markov chain method (Shi et al. 2005 [21]). In addition we show how an SPR-based Markov chain method can be effectively used to calculate degree distributions of random birth-and-death networks, which we believe to be novel. First SPR are introduced to replace traditional evolving rules (TR), making it possible to compute degree distributions in one sample space. Then the SPR-based Markov chain method is introduced and tested by using it to calculate two kinds of evolving network. Finally and most importantly, the SPR-based method is applied to the problem of calculating the degree distributions of random birth-and-death networks.     

An uncertain information fusion method based on possibility theory in multisource detection systems

In multisource detection systems, the information representing detection characteristics is uncertain, also the relationship between detection characteristics and detection performance has uncertainty, meanwhile the influence degrees of each characteristic on the performance are also different. In order to represent and process these uncertain information effectively, this paper proposes an uncertain information fusion method based on possibility theory. Firstly, possibility distributions of a series of characteristic parameters about sensor information are constructed, and effective detection characteristics are extracted through the similarity measurement according to the similarity based on distances. The uncertain relationship between detection characteristics and detection performance is quantified, and a certainty calculation method of possibility distributions is proposed based on the combination of holistic and local characteristics. According to the above certainty, the weights of each characteristic are obtained to achieve the fusion of possibility distributions. Finally, the metallic and nonmetallic adhesive structure is taken as a case, and this case shows that this method not only considers the differences of the various characteristics contributed on adhesive performance, but also can achieve the fusion of possibility distributions under different situations. It is a more reasonable fusion method and fits the reality well in practice, also it provides new method and new idea for the fusion of possibility distributions.     

Mean Particle Diameters. Part III: An Empirical Evaluation of Integration and Summation Methods for Estimating Mean Particle Diameters from Histogram Data

Mean particle diameters of histograms of size distributions were estimated by integration and by summation over the histogram intervals using several, partly model, size distributions. The Summation method, used in the Moment‐Ratio (M‐R) method, tends to be more accurate than the Integration method and is less sensitive to low values of the lower limit of size distributions. The mathematical equations for the Integration method appear to be difficult to apply in daily practice and their complexity may easily hide the physical background of a mean particle diameter. The Integration approach leads to peculiar saw‐tooth shaped histograms, which makes the calculation of (histograms of) density distributions of other particle quantities irreversible and the calculation of mean diameters ambiguous. The Summation method equations are straightforward and generally applicable. Owing to the use of midpoints of particle size classes, the method is both unambiguous and reversible. The order of a mean diameter appears to be a useful quantity for the visualization of properties of methods to estimate mean particle diameters. The Summation method is therefore proposed as the method of choice for standardization.     

Resputtering effects by measurements of angular distributions

Angular distributions of copper atoms sputtered at bombarding energies between 100 and 1000 keV from polycrystalline targets are measured by a collector method. The deposit was detected immediately after bombardment with a photometer placed in the sputtering chamber. This arrangement allowed to perform series of measurements at different ion doses without oxidation of the film. Because of the fastness of this method we obtained a large number of distribution profiles showing principle errors of the collector method effected by condensation coefficients lower than one. The angular distributions are described without influence of these errors by the angle of maximum emission and the base width of the distributions.     

核磁自旋回波串的液体分量分解快速反演法(英文)

该文叙述核磁自旋回波串的液体分量分解快速反演法.此方法假定液体,无论是在散装形式或饱和多孔介质中,可以用一个或一组核磁弛豫线形来表征.对一维核磁共振的拉普拉斯反演,它可以是预先确定的一个或一组T2或T1分布.对二维核磁共振的拉普拉斯反演,它可以是一个或一组预先确定的( D, T2)或( T1, T2)二维分布.对三维核磁共振的拉普拉斯反演,它可以是一个或一组预先设定的( D, T1, T2)三维分布.这些预先确定的线形,可以是高斯、B样条或预先由实验或经验确定的任何线形.这种方法可以显着降低核磁共振数据反演的计算时间,特别是从石油核磁共振测井采集的多维数据反演,它不需牺牲反演所得的分布的平滑性和准确性.这种方法的另一个新应用是作为一种约束求解方法来过滤相邻深度所采集的数据噪音.核磁共振测井的噪音信号,往往造成在相邻深度的同一岩性岩层有不同的T2分布.在此情况下, T2分布就不能用来识别岩性.通过非一般的矩阵操作,作者成功实现了对相邻深度的回波串实施约束求解方法,从而使得T2分布成为一种可靠的岩性识别指标.     

Sensitivity analysis of the modulated photocurrent method

This study presents a simulation that is used to determine the sensitivity of the phase shift analysis of the modulated photocurrent method to the differences in the fine scale structures in the density of states (DOS) distributions. Four DOS distributions are considered and the expected data are obtained. The results show that the modulated photocurrent method is very sensitive to such fine features in the DOS distributions. A comparison is also made with the sensitivity of other techniques commonly used in the determination of the DOS profiles.     

Gradient porous alumina films with different pore distributions by anodization of aluminum

In this paper, gradient porous alumina films with different pore distributions are fabricated by asymmetrical anodization of Al foils. When an insulating baffle is inserted close to the anode, depending on the shape of the baffle, the current density distribution on the Al foils can be varied. Two kinds of porous alumina films with different pore distributions are fabricated by this method. This bottom-up approach of asymmetrical anodization of Al foil provides us with a low-cost method to fabricate large-size gradient porous structures with different pore distributions.     

Solution of the problem of calibrating the spatial distribution of photosensitivity of matrix photodetectors: Theory and experiment

A method of calibrating the spatial distribution of photosensitivity of matrix photodetectors without the use of reference optical radiation intensity distributions has been developed and experimentally verified. A scheme of the experimental setup implementing the method, an experimental procedure, and two modifications of the algorithm that reconstructs spatial distributions of photosensitivity using the measurement results have been developed. Experiments on calibrating the spatial distributions of photosensitivity of CCD matrices have been performed. It is shown that, using the presented method, calibration of the spatial distribution of photosensitivity of matrix photodetectors permits one to almost eliminate systematic error when detecting spatial distributions of the optical radiation intensity.     

Determination of displacement distributions in bolted steel tension elements using digital image techniques

Digital imaging methods have found a great interest in various engineering fields to study stress-deformation characteristics of materials. Recent enhancements in visual instrumentation with the availability of cost-effective hardware and software products make the digital imaging techniques a viable tool to replace direct strain or displacement measurement methods in engineering applications. In this study, deformation characteristics of bolted steel connections are investigated by calculating in-plane displacement distributions using digital image correlation method (DIC). Validation of the method is presented by comparing the strains measured in standard tension specimens using electrical resistance strain gages and the DIC method. Finite element analysis of the connection specimen is also performed to compare the in-plane displacement distributions calculated from both methods. Results from the validation process indicate that the strains obtained from the DIC method compare well with the results of strain gages. The findings also indicate that the displacement distributions calculated from the finite element method may differ from those of the DIC method in terms of distribution pattern, and the location and magnitude of the extreme values of displacements. It is suggested that the proposed method can be used to determine the in-plane displacement distributions for the bolted connections, hence to evaluate their deformation characteristics under loading.     

原级X射线谱强度分布的定量测定

本文提出了衍射或荧光分析用的X射线管原级X射线谱强度分布的定量测定方法。在带有正比、闪烁计数管的衍射仪上用LiF分光晶体进行展谱测定。实验测定强度经校正计算还原为X射线管窗口处的强度。对荧光X射线管还应测定几个射线束方向的原级谱加以平均求得有效原级谱。分析了原级X射线谱数据的误差及其对基本参数法等实际应用的影响。 关键词：     

基于水体光谱特性的赤潮分布信息MODIS遥感提取

赤潮监测对于赤潮治理、预防,减少赤潮危害有着重要作用.通过分析东海赤潮多发区域实测遥感反射率曲线,比较赤潮水体与非赤潮水体的光谱特性差异,发展了一种针对MODIS传感器的赤潮水体分布信息遥感提取方法.应用实测资料对提取方法进行验证,发现在119组实测数据中,只有一组不能正确识别.将算法应用于MODIS卫星资料,对200...     

How to measure the internuclear vector from photoelectron angular distributions

This paper uses a nonperturbative scattering theory to study photoelectron angular distributions of homonuclear diatomic molecules irradiated by circularly polarized laser fields. This study shows that the nonisotropic feature of photoelectron angular distributions is not due to the polarization of the laser field but the internuclear vector of the molecules. It suggests a method to measure the molecular orientation and the internuclear distance of molecules through the measurement of photoelectron angular distributions.     

From Weakly Chaotic Dynamics to Deterministic Subdiffusion via Copula Modeling

Copula modeling consists in finding a probabilistic distribution, called copula, whereby its coupling with the marginal distributions of a set of random variables produces their joint distribution. The present work aims to use this technique to connect the statistical distributions of weakly chaotic dynamics and deterministic subdiffusion. More precisely, we decompose the jumps distribution of Geisel–Thomae map into a bivariate one and determine the marginal and copula distributions respectively by infinite ergodic theory and statistical inference techniques. We verify therefore that the characteristic tail distribution of subdiffusion is an extreme value copula coupling Mittag–Leffler distributions. We also present a method to calculate the exact copula and joint distributions in the case where weakly chaotic dynamics and deterministic subdiffusion statistical distributions are already known. Numerical simulations and consistency with the dynamical aspects of the map support our results.     

Heat Transfer Evaluation Method in Complex Rotating Environments Employing IR Thermography and CFD

This article presents a measuring method for determination of convective heat transfer in rotating environments. The method is used to obtain temperature and Nusselt number distributions on optically accessible objects inside real operating environments, without the need for implementation of complex surface heat flux measurements. Temperature maps of the observed surfaces are acquired non-intrusively by infrared (IR) thermography, whereas heat flux data is computed numerically by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. The method was employed on a rotating hollow blade, heated internally by secondary air flow. Experimental and numerical results for the observed blade side are compared in terms of surface temperature 2D distributions. Temperature distributions are further statistically evaluated and show good agreement, which is the basic precondition for combining experimental and numerical data by the method. Results are presented in terms of combined experimental-numerical Nusselt number shown as two-dimensional distribution on the blade pressure side.     

A new approach for heavy ion fusion spin distribution

The method of optical model analysis of generalized elastic scattering angular distributions (GESA) has been applied to heavy ion scattering to derive fusion spin distributions. This method is used to reproduce the coupled channel fusion spin distributions. When applied to experimental data, particularly to the fissile systems like¹⁶O +²³²Th, the method gives large mean square spin values in agreement with “anomalous” values derived from experimental fission fragment anisotropies.     

Semi-automatic measurement of gap–blob sizes along tracks of relativistic ions for computer identification

A method for the identification of relativistic ions with low atomic numbers in nuclear emulsion was proposed for measurements with a semi-automatic microscope-computer system. In this method we used a simultaneous consideration of both blob and gap distributions over their sizes and a comparison of these distributions with Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of fluctuation theory of the photographic action of ionizing particles (Phys.-Math. Sci. Thesis, Moscow State University, 278pp). The applicability of the proposed method was tested for a set of ion tracks in nuclear emulsion of type R2.     

Probability distributions of the fractional differences of the structure amplitudes and intensities of two related crystals

The probability distributions of the fractional intensities and amplitudes of x-ray reflections from a pair of imperfectly related structures are derived when both the structures satisfy the requirements of a given type of basic Wilson distribution. These two distributions are used to obtain theoretical expressions for 2 new fractional type ofR-indices which are expected to be useful in the final stages of refinement. The theoretical distributions are also used to deduce some theoretical distributions which are useful as tests for centrosymmetry via the random permutation method. The theoretical values of the relevant semi-cumulative functions are also tabulated.     

全固态光子带隙光纤第1带隙内模场分布特性

利用多极法计算了全固态光子带隙光纤第1带隙内不同波长处的基模模场分布,得到2维归一化光强分布特性.由于该光纤具有三角形(C<,6v>)的对称结构,影响了光纤内的模场分布,为此计算了该结构两个具有代表性的方向上的模场分布,分析了带隙内两个不同的结构方向上的模场分布特性.结果表明.在长波长区域,两个方向上的模场半径并不相等,但都随波长的增加而减小,其变化规律与全内反射导光的光纤不同.