区域品牌过度使用与投入不足的风险防范及规避

区域品牌作为一种公共物品，同其他公共物品一样具有非竞争性和非排他性的性质，现有理论和研究表明，这种性质决定了区域品牌具有“公共地悲剧”风险，这种风险表现为过度使用.但通过构建博弈模型，对比模型的纳什均衡解和帕累托最优解，可以发现区域品牌化过程中的“公共地悲剧”风险不仅表现为过度使用，也表现为投入不足，即具有双重性.并通过对这种双重性的内在机理进行分析，提出有效防范和规避“公共地悲剧”风险的政策建议.     

考虑事故风险损失的爆炸物品经济生产批量模型研究

爆炸物品在储存过程中容易发生爆炸事故,因此爆炸物品生产企业对其生产批量进行决策时必需考虑由此带来的风险损失.在给出爆炸物品事故风险损失度量方法的基础上,建立了爆炸物品的经济生产批量模型,并利用Matlab软件给出了模型的求解方法.为相关企业合理制定生产批量决策提供了理论依据.     

需求受库存影响下具有固定保质期物品的最优订货策略

带有固定保质期物品的订货是供应链终端销售系统的一个重要决策问题,假设需求依赖库存展示水平并考虑"后进先出"的销售策略而建立了相应的库存决策模型,其中物品在固定保质期内仍具有常数的变质速率.然后以系统平均利润最大化为目标讨论了模型最优解的存在性及唯一性,并提供了寻求模型整体最优解的简单方法.最后给出应用实例,并分析了模型参数变化对最优订货策略的影响.     

信贷风险决策问题的一种相互逼近算法

基于最速下降法的基本思想 ,提出了相互逼近算法 ,用以解决信贷风险决策过程中 ,利润曲线和风险曲线寻求公共最优近似解的问题 .该算法表明 ,当利润曲线和风险曲线不存在公共最优近似解时 ,银行追求利润最大化的结果将导致风险上升 ,无法在可接受的风险指数范围内实现其既定的盈利目标 .但当利润曲线和风险曲线存在公共最优近似解时 ,银行根据其所掌握的私有信息以及所观测到企业理性的反应 ,作出相应的决策 .公共最优近似解的存在 ,说明了银行是在风险可接受的前提下按最优性原则给企业发放贷款 .     

考虑事故风险损失的爆炸物品经济订货批量模型研究

爆炸物品在储存过程中存在发生爆炸事故,从而给人类和环境带来伤害的可能,因此在对爆炸物品进行采购决策时必需考虑由此带来的风险损失.在给出爆炸物品事故风险损失度量方法的基础上,建立了爆炸物品的经济订货批量模型,证明了模型存在唯一最优解,并给出了模型的求解步骤,为相关企业合理制定采购决策提供了理论依据.数字算例分析了事故概率、赔偿标准、单位库存费、单次采购费对最优批量的影响,比较了考虑事故风险损失与否时的最优批量,结果表明,当事故概率或赔偿标准较高时,两者对应的最优批量差异明显.这也说明,当事故概率或赔偿标准达到一定程度时,考虑事故风险损失是十分必要的.     

严格伪压缩映像族隐格式迭代逼近不动点几何结果

对非线性算子迭代序列逼近不动点过程的几何结构进行研究,在提出并证明了一个H ilbert空间中收敛序列的钝角原理基础上,应用这个钝角原理研究了严格伪压缩映像族的隐格式迭代序列逼近公共不动点的几何结构.并证明了相应的钝角原理.这个钝角原理表述了严格伪压缩映像族的隐格式迭代序列逼近公共不动点时与公共不动点集形成了钝角关系.这个钝角关系是使用相应内积序列的上极限表示的.事实上这个钝角结果的表述形式也是一个几何变分不等式,迭代序列的极限点即是这个几何变分不等式的解.一方面这个钝角结果表述了严格伪压缩映像族公共不动点隐格式逼近的几何过程,另一方面,这个钝角结果自然是隐格式迭代序列逼近严格伪压缩映像族公共不动点的必要条件.     

锥度量空间上混合型膨胀映射族的唯一公共不动点

引进了一类混合型膨胀映射族,并在锥度量空间上证明了此类映射族具有唯一公共不动点的定理,同时给出了相应的不动点定理,推广和改进了文献中关于第I膨胀映射的相应的公共不动点和不动点定理.     

Weibull变质率和短缺量拖后的易变质物品EOQ模型

基于需求和采购价格均为时变的EOQ模型,考虑物品的变质率呈更符合现实情况的三参数Weibull分布,同时考虑短缺量拖后和资金时值对易变质物品库存管理的影响,构建了相应的EOQ模型.应用数学软件Matlab对该库存模型进行仿真计算和主要影响参数的灵敏度分析.结果表明,该模型存在最优解,且各主要影响参数对最优库存控制各有不同程度的影响,资金时值对库存总成本净现值的影响程度要甚于短缺量拖后的影响,故在制定科学的库存策略时资金时值需要更加关注.     

物品大小不超过1/2的一维在线装箱模型研究

研究主要针对所有装入物品大小上限为1/2时的一维装箱问题模型展开,根据物品尺寸大小划分的思想,提出一种新的一维在线装箱算法.本模型中,物品在线到来,对即将到来的物品信息及物品数量未知,算法执行过程中,首先根据物品尺寸大小将物品划分成7大类,再根据欲先设定的packing规则,将对应类物品放入对应类型箱子中,任何时刻,算法最多打开7个箱子.算法设计过程中,不再需要额外的空间存储物品,物品一旦装入箱子不允许取出重装,箱子关闭后不允许再打开装其他物品.最后,通过详细的分析计算,验证出本算法能获得1.4236的渐近竞争比.同时通过实例构建得出问题新的下界为1.4231,将上下界之间的缝隙缩小至0.0005.     

Fuzzy度量空间上隐含关系自映射的公共不动点

利用(Aφ)实函数类,在Fuzzy度量空间上建立了一些隐含关系自映射的公共不动点定理.作为应用,得到度量空间上相应的公共不动点定理,从而统一并推广了Xia D-F等与Saliga的有关结论.     

Coalition formation with local public goods and group-size effect

Many public goods that are provided by coalitions have a group-size effect. Namely, people prefer to consume a public good in a larger coalition. This paper studies local public goods games with anonymous and separable group-size effect. The core is nonempty when coalition feasible sets are monotonic and players’ preferences over public goods satisfy a condition called cardinal connectedness. Moreover, a core allocation consists of connected coalitions.     

Hedonic price functions and progressive neighborhood improvement: A theoretical exploration

Neighborhood improvement programs which involve the input of public funding are generally formulated with two goals in mind: to provide a more equitable distribution of goods and services within the metropolitan area and to expand the municipal property tax base. However, a critical factor in the success of any neighborhood improvement program is the way in which the program affects and is affected by the housing market.The relationships between the urban property market, large inputs of public funding and residential mobility are not well understood. This paper investigates the likely effects of public funding on the housing market, under conditions of short-run equilibrium. A modified hedonic price function is used to outline the relationships between housing values, levels of public service provision and the property tax. It is concluded that the goal of expanding the tax base is incompatible with the goal of providing a more equitable (or more progressive) distribution of public goods and services.In addition, there are implications in terms of residential mobility. Taken to an extreme, the stimulation of investment in selected neighborhoods can result in the displacement of lower income households. Unless the relationship between neighborhood improvement and property values is taken into consideration, attempts to bring about progressive neighborhood improvement will ultimately result in regressive solutions.     

FLEXIBLE TECHNOLOGY AND THE COST OF IMPROVING GROUNDWATER QUALITY

Contamination of groundwater by agricultural and industrial chemicals is a significant public health problem in the United States and other nations. In recent years, regulations regarding acceptable groundwater quality, particularly for drinking water, have proliferated in response to heightened public awareness of health risks. To minimize the burden on the economy of providing high-quality water, it is necessary to be creative with regard to cleanup strategies. Making treatment technology flexible can reduce the cost of improving groundwater quality by avoiding unnecessary duplication of fixed costs. We consider two types of flexibility. The first is mobility of treatment technology among locations within a single water delivery system. We calculate the costs of compliance with drinking water quality regulations when treatment technologies are fixed and when they are mobile between locations, and show that mobility has significant economic advantages. The second type of flexibility is mobility among water delivery systems, which we capture through a regional rental market for treatment devices. We show that, under certain conditions, rental markets for treatment technology can lower the costs of improving water quality.     

我国市场机制条件下工资率与工作时间的关系

本文根据社会主义市场机制的特点，建立了一类描述社会总福利最大的模型，给出了所有消费者处于均衡状态时实现帕累托最优的条件．研究了当消费者处于均衡状态时，工资率与工作时间之间的变化关系．     

Volume flexibility and capacity investment: a real options approach

This paper considers the investment decision of a firm where it has to decide about the timing and capacity. We obtain that in a fast-growing market, right after investment the firm produces below capacity, where the utilization rate (the proportion of capacity that is used for production right after the investment) increases with market uncertainty for a very big market trend, and shows no monotonicity for a moderately large market trend. On the other hand, we get that, for a slowly growing or shrinking market, the firm produces up to capacity right after investment. In the intermediate case, the firm produces up to capacity right after investment when uncertainty is low and below capacity when uncertainty is high, whereas the utilization rate decreases with the market uncertainty.     

不完全契约下政府实施公共品负担对私人部门行为选择影响机制研究

政府部门往往会承担公共品负担提高社会公共福利和满足社会诉求,私人部门在PPP项目建设运营中会采取机会主义行为损害政府部门利益和降低社会福利。本文运用演化博弈分析私人部门的机会主义行为演化机制。通过模型分析可得,当政府补贴系数低于一定程度时,私人部门采取机会主义行为的概率随着公共品负担强度的增加而增加;当政府实施公共品负担小于一定强度时,私人部门会随着政府补贴程度提高而不采取机会主义行为,而当公共品负担强度大于一定值时,政府补贴政策正相关性就被严重削弱;私人部门占据更多的利益分配比重,更有倾向采取机会主义行为。根据研究结果,政府部门应增强契约精神,公共品负担下,政府补贴并不能有效降低机会主义行为,而应完善监管机制和提升私人部门对项目收益的信心。     

灰色市场条件下基于收益共享契约的供应链协调

考虑灰色市场条件下由一个制造商和两个分别处于不同国家的分销商构成的供应链,分别分析了完全分散化、部分分散化和集中化决策下的供应链定价策略。考察了各种决策模式下,消费者对灰市产品价值的认可程度对制造商定价策略的影响。通过比较得出分散化和部分分散化决策下的最优定价策略偏离集中化决策下的最优定价策略。并以供应链集中化决策下的利润为基准,通过引入收益共享契约针对灰色市场条件下的完全分散化和部分分散化供应链进行协调,并给出保证供应链节点企业达到帕累托改进的收益分享系数取值范围。最后通过数值分析给出了消费者对灰市产品价值的认可程度与供应链利润、灰市产品销量及收益分享系数之间的关系。     

黄金输送点的数学证明及现实意义

市场经济运输费和是影响贸易的因素之一 ,流通领域中中介组织的存在促进了竞争 ,使效率提高 .本文运用运输问题模型证明了金本位制下黄金输送点的存在 ,黄金在早期和现代汇率体系中的不同作用 .简单分析了浮动汇率和固定汇率利弊异同之处 ,以及中国在汇率选择和货币制度安排中应注意和思考的主要问题 .     

A mathematical analysis for a model arising from public goods games

We study the effects of altruistic behaviors in a public goods game model which describes the competition between the farmers and the exploiters. Corresponding to different parametric regions, we analyze in detail the stability of the equilibrium states and obtain attraction regions for stable equilibria. Then using the upper–lower solution method and monotone iterations, we further show that for a family of wave speeds, there exist traveling wave solutions connecting one of the unstable states to the stable state. This answers a conjecture made by Wakano in [J.Y. Wakano, A mathematical analysis on public goods games in the continuous space, Math. Biosci. 201 (2006) 72–89]. The results indicate that when the penalty for the altruistic behavior is small, the growth rate of the population determines its survival or extinction states in the long run. Furthermore, if the two populations have the same total growth rate, altruism in the competition leads to a wide range of co-existent states. Numerical simulations are also presented to illustrate the theoretical results.     

An equilibrium model for urban transit assignment based on game theory

The urban public transport system is portrayed as a special commodity market where passenger is consumer, transit operator is producer and the special goods is the service for passenger’s trip. The generalized Nash equilibrium game is applied to describe how passengers adjust their route choices and trip modes. We present a market equilibrium model for urban public transport system as a series of mathematical programmings and equations, which is to describe both the competitions among different transit operators and the interactive influences among passengers. The proposed model can simultaneously predict how passengers choose their optimal routes and trip modes. An algorithm is designed to obtain the equilibrium solution. Finally, a simple numerical example is given and some conclusions are drawn.