Electrochemical investigation of the interaction of 2,4-D and double stranded DNA using pencil graphite electrodes

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is an auxinic herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds. It is also a threatening factor for not only aquatic life but also human health due to its genotoxicity and endocrine disruptive property. Herein, the interaction between 2,4-D and double stranded DNA was investigated by using single-use pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) in combination with electrochemical techniques. The detection mechanism was based on the monitoring of the changes at the guanine oxidation signal obtained before/after surface-confined interaction of 2,4-D and DNA at the surface of PGE. The electrochemical characterization of the interaction was studied by using microscopic and electrochemical techniques. The response obtained by interaction in the presence of another herbicide, glyphosate, which is widely used with 2,4-D for weed control, was compared to the one occurred in the presence of 2,4-D. Electrochemical monitoring of the interaction between the herbicide whose active molecule was 2,4-D and DNA was also investigated. The detection (LOD) and quantification limits (LOQ) for 2,4-D and the herbicide could be obtained in the linear concentration ranges of 30–70 µg/mL and 10–30 µg/mL, respectively and LOD and LOQ values were found to be 2.85 and 9.50 µg/mL for both 2,4-D and the herbicide. The sensitivity of the biosensor was calculated as 0.087 µA.mL / µg.cm² .This is the first study in literature by means of not only voltammetric detection of 2,4-D and DNA interaction but also the herbicide-DNA interaction at the surface of PGE based on the changes at the guanine signal.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定大豆和大米中的磺酰脲类和二苯醚类除草剂残留

建立了大豆和大米中磺酰脲类和二苯醚类除草剂多残留同时检测的高效液相色谱分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,正己烷液-液分配,C18固相萃取小柱净化后,采用高效液相色谱方法分离,以乙腈-三乙胺盐酸溶液作流动相,梯度洗脱,紫外检测器检测。对样品前处理和色谱分析条件进行了优化,8种除草剂(甲磺隆、氯磺隆、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、三氟羧草醚、精恶唑禾草灵、乙氧氟草醚、乙羧氟草醚)在0.05~2.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好。方法的定量限(S/N=10)为0.01~0.02 mg/kg,能达到国家有关上述除草剂残留限量的要求。大豆和大米样品的平均加标回收率分别为91.6%~116.1%和76.6%~110.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%~12.2%。所建立的方法在30 min内可完成一次检测,具有简便快速、灵敏可靠的特点,适用于大豆和大米中除草剂多残留的测定。     

Determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their esters in soil by capillary high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, using large volume injection and temperature gradient

A simple method for the simultaneous determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their esters in soil is presented. Compounds studied are: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid (2,4-DB), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-1-butyl ester (2,4-D-1-butyl ester), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic-1-methyl ester (2,4-D-1-methyl ester).

The chromatographic analysis was carried out by HPLC, after ultrasonic extraction, on a C₁₈ packed capillary column with temperature gradient, large injection volumes and UV detection at 232 nm. Samples were spiked with amounts between 2.5 and 6.0 μg g⁻¹ of each herbicide; recoveries obtained were between 72 and 97% (n=3 for each spiked level) and detection limits were between 0.3 and 0.5 μg g⁻¹.

Application of this procedure to the analysis of herbicides in ester and acid forms showed the effectiveness of the methodology proposed.     

QuEChERS/HPLC/DAD法同时检测果蔬中多种植物激素残留

采用高效液相色谱法,建立了同时分析玉米素(Z)、赤霉酸(GA)、多效唑(PBZ)、4-氟苯氧乙酸(4-FPA)、4-氯苯氧乙酸(4-CPA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、吲哚-3-丁酸(IBA)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、脱落酸(ABA)、萘乙酸(NAA)、氯吡脲(CPPU)、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)及2,4,5-三氯苯氧乙酸(2,4,5-T)13种植物激素含量的方法。采用含0.5%甲酸的80%乙腈进行提取,分散固相萃取吸附剂(C18和硅藻土)进行净化,选取Waters XBridge C_(18)色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器200~400nm检测,外标法定量。结果表明,13种植物激素在50 min内可实现基线分离,在线性范围内的相关系数(r)为0.992 1~0.999 3;加标回收率为68.4%~95.1%;相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%;方法的检出限为0.005~0.020 mg/kg;定量下限为0.01~0.09 mg/kg。该方法前处理操作快速、简便,具有良好的灵敏度、精密度和回收率,适用于果蔬的质量监控。     

Screening method for determining the presence of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in cosmetics by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

The presence of the carcinogenic N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA; CAS No. 1116-54-7) in cosmetic samples was determined using an etched, C18 modified capillary in the open-tubular capillary electrochromatography technique. A very simple extraction procedure leads to a sample matrix free from interferences. The calibration curve was created using UV detection at 214 nm. The detector response was linear in the range of 5-120 ppm total amount injected. Minimum detection limits (1 ppm NDELA injected on capillary) are suitable for screening a large number of cosmetic samples. Diethanolamine and triethanolamine precursors of nitrosamines are not detected at the wavelength used. Cosmetic samples were analyzed unspiked and after addition of 60 ppm of NDELA. In spiked samples recoveries varied from 94% (hand and body lotion) to 55% (lipstick sample). NDELA was found in unspiked samples of old (5-15 years old) cosmetics at concentrations of 14.0 ppm and 35.0 ppm.     

A Method for Determination of Low Levels of Exposure to 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T

A method has been developed for the determination of trace quantities of 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) in human and rat urine. The method involves acid hydrolysis of the phenolic conjugates, extraction of the free phenols and acids, ethylation with diazoethane, silica-gel column chromatography clean-up of the derivatized urine extract, and gas chromatographic determination using the electron-capture detector. The average recoveries of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-DCP, and 2,4,5-TCP from rat urine spiked with known amounts of the herbicides and their phenols were 94%, 98%, 92%, and 90%, respectively. The limits of detection for 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, DCP, and TCP in rat urine were: 0.05, 0.01, 0.10, and 0.01 ppm, respectively. The method was used to analyze urine of rats given various levels of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T by gavage. Results showed that levels of exposure of 3.75 mcg/kg for 2,4-D and 5.0 mcg/kg for 2,4,5-T in rats can be detected in urine within 24 hr from exposure. Urine samples from occupationally exposed people were analyzed and found to contain 0.2 to 1.0 ppm 2,4-D and 0.05 to 3.6 ppm 2,4,5-T.     

Simultaneous Determination of 13 Phenoxy Acid Herbicide Residues in Soybean by GC‐ECD

Abstract

In this study, a gas chromatography method for the multiresidue determination of 13 phenoxy acid herbicide residues (4‐CPA, 4‐CPP, phenoxy butyric acid, dicamba, MCPA, MCPP, MCPB, 2,4‐D, 3,4‐D, 2,4,5‐T, 2,4,5‐TP, 2,4‐DP, and 2,4‐DB) in soybean was developed. After the removal of fat using n‐hexane, the sample was extracted with acetonitrile‐50 mM HCl (v/v 7:3), and then followed by liquid‐liquid partition with n‐hexane (saturated by acetonitrile). The soybean extract was further cleaned up by anion exchange column. Then the residues were derived with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and the resulting pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) esters were analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD), quantified by the external standard method. Recoveries of spiked samples at two fortified levels (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) are all above 70%. And the relative standard deviation was less than 20%. It shows that the limits of determination (LOD) of this method (S/N≥3) can meet the requirement of maximum residue analysis in import/export inspection for soybean.     

Separation and determination of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T in tobacco by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

A practical method for residue analysis of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T in baked tobacco leaves has been developed using nonaqueous CE (NACE). The herbicide residues of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T in tobaccos were extracted by ultrasonication with ethyl acetate, followed by a cleanup procedure with gel permeation chromatography. The separation of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T by NACE was optimized based on orthogonal experiment design with four factors at three levels. The optimal NACE condition was established with the running buffer of 40.0 mmol/L ammonium acetate in 90% CH3CN (apparent pH 10.2), and the applied voltage of -25 kV over a capillary of 50 microm id x 46 cm (37.5 cm to the detector window), which gave a baseline separation of 2,4-D, dicamba and 2,4,5-T within 15 min. The LOD were ca. 0.4-0.6 microg/mL for the three herbicides, whereas the overall recovery ranged from 80.8 to 84.1%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to measure 300 real tobacco samples, and the residue profiles of the three herbicides in tobacco samples were obtained and evaluated.     

Synthesis,characterization and application of dummy-template molecularly imprinted microspheres for 2,4-d butyl ester

Dummy-template molecularly imprinted microspheres were synthesized via precipitation polymerization employing 2,4-D isooctyl ester as the template molecule instead of 2,4-D butyl ester, while methacrylic acid and divinylbenzene were used as functional monomer and cross-linker in acetonitrile or a mixture of acetonitrile and toluene. The microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, laser particle size analyzer and fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Binding capacity experiment showed that the molecularly imprinted polymers prepared in a mixture of acetonitrile and toluene had a high binding capacity. The performance of microspheres was further assessed by equilibrium binding and kinetic adsorption experiments. The results showed that the apparent maximum adsorption reached up to 1.35 mg·g^?1 within 10 min. Based on the dummy-template microspheres, a molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction-gas chromatography method was developed for the selective analysis of 2,4-D butyl ester in soil samples. The mean recoveries of 2,4-D butyl ester from blank soil samples ranged from 85.9 to 99.3% with relative standard deviations of 4.5–14.3% (n = 5). The limit of detection and the limit of quantification of 2,4-D butyl ester were 0.8 μg·kg^?1 and 2.3 μg·kg^?1, respectively.     

Critical evaluation of spiking of low-grade ore samples in activation analysis for gold and uranium

In applying non-destructive neutron-activation analysis for gold and uranium in spiked low-grade ore samples, the following extrapolated unspiked concentrations were measured: 0.27₈ ± 0.01₅ ppm gold (chemical assay: 0.20₂ ± 0.02₀ ppm gold); 25.1 ± 1.1 ppm uranium (chemical assay value: 19.5 ±2.0 ppm uranium). Different approaches to the fitting of results, and the influence of spiking non-uniformity, are discussed.     

The evaluation of different sorbents for the preconcentration of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and their metabolites from soils

A procedure using alkaline extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and HPLC is developed to analyze the polar herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) together with their main metabolites in soils. An ion-pairing HPLC method is used for the determination as it permits the baseline separation of these highly polar herbicides and their main metabolites. The use of a highly cross-linked polystyrene-divinylbenzene sorbent (PS-DVB) gives the best results for the analysis of these compounds. This sorbent allows the direct preconcentration of the analytes at the high pH values obtained after quantitative alkaline extraction of the herbicides from soil samples. Different parameters are evaluated for the SPE preconcentration step. The high polarity of the main analytes of interest (2,4-D and MCPA) makes it necessary to work at low flow rates (< or =0.5 mL min(-1)) in order for these compounds to be retained by the PS-DVB sorbent. A two stage desorption from the SPE sorbent is required to obtain the analytes in solvents that are appropriate for HPLC determination. A first desorption with a 50:50 methanol:water mixture elutes the most polar analytes (2,4-D, MCPA and 2CP). The second elution step with methanol permits the analysis of the other phenol derivatives. The humic and fulvic substances present in the soil are not efficiently retained by PS-DVB sorbents at alkaline pH's and so do not interfere in the analysis. This method has been successfully applied in the analysis of soil samples from a golf course treated with a commercial product containing esters of 2,4-D and MCPA as the active components.     

Development of a high performance liquid chromatography method and a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with pressurized liquid extraction for simultaneous quantification and confirmation of cyromazine, melamine and its metabolites in foods of animal origin

Simple and sensitive methods have been developed for simultaneous detection of cyromazine, melamine and their metabolites (ammeline, ammelide and cyanuric acid) in samples of animal origins. These include a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method and are useful in regular monitoring and in toxicity studies of these molecules. Representative samples used in this study include muscles and livers of swine, bovine, sheep and chicken, kidneys of swine, bovine and sheep, and milk powder. A new sample preparation procedure with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) at 1400psi and 70°C was investigated. Quantification of these five compounds by HPLC was achieved using an APS-2 column with UV detection at 230 nm. Limit of detection (LOD) was at 10 μgkg(-1), and limit of quantification (LOQ) was at 40 μgkg(-1). Recoveries of the five analytes in spiked samples ranged from 72.2% to 115.4% with RSD less than 12%. Confirmatory analysis of the analytes was performed using LC-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The LOD and LOQ were 5 μgkg(-1) and 15 μgkg(-1), respectively. This is the first simultaneous analysis of cyromazine, melamine, ammeline, ammelide and cyanuric acid residues in complex tissue samples using PLE and HPLC. It is expected that these methods will find many practical applications in evaluating the safety of cyromazine, melamine and their metabolites.     

Simultaneous separation and determination of Tarabine PFS and Adriblastine using micellar electrokinetic chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Application to some biological fluids

The simultaneous determination of Tarabine PFS and Adriblastine by two independent techniques, viz. micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), has been studied. For MEKC analysis, separations and identifications were accomplished using uncoated fused-silica capillaries and injections were performed in the hydrodynamic mode. The running buffer consisted of 0.05 M borate/phosphate pH 8.70, with 0.10 M SDS at an operating voltage of 15.0 kV and the temperature held at 25.0 degrees C. Under these conditions, the migration times of Tarabine PFS and Adriblastine were 2.70 and 6.40 min, respectively. Calibration curves were established for 0.010-0.300 microg/mL (r = 0.99) Tarabine PFS and 8.000-120.0 microg/mL (r = 0.99) Adriblastine. The limit of detection (LOD) was estimated and found to be 0.003 and 3.000 microg/mL of Tarabine PFS and Adriblastine, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was found to be 0.009 and 8.000 microg/mL of Tarabine PFS and Adriblastine, respectively. For HPLC analysis, separations and determinations were performed on teicoplanin stationary phase with reversed mobile phase containing methanol:buffer pH 4.05 (20.0:80.0%, v/v) at 285 nm. Calibration curves were established for 3.000-90.00 microg/mL (r = 0.99) Tarabine PFS and for 10.00-120.0 microg/mL (r = 0.99) Adriblastine. LOD and LOQ were estimated and found to be 0.950 and 2.050 microg/mL of Tarabine PFS and 3.130 and 9.250 microg/mL of Adriblastine, respectively. Both MEKC and HPLC methods were applied for the simultaneous determination of analytes in urine samples. It was found that 8.00-10.0% (Tarabine PFS) and 13.0-15.0% (Adriblastine) of the injected dose was recovered in urine samples with 99.5-102% recovery.     

Determination of Herbicide Residues in Garlic by GC–MS

A rapid multi-residue method has been developed for the determination of 16 herbicides in garlic. The analytical procedure is based on prior microwave heating prevention of the generation of sulfur-containing compounds. The garlic samples which had been pretreated were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction. The herbicide residues were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. The recoveries of 16 herbicides ranged from 69.0 to 105.4% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) below 10.1%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.003 to 0.015 mg kg^?1.     

A Fast,Simple Method for Analysis of Phenoxy Acid Salt and Ester Formulations by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Salt formulations of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid] have been analysed by reversed-phase HPLC using a C18-column with 50:50 (v/v) acetonitrile/2% acetic acid as eluant. Internal and external standard HPLC methods are compared.

Ester formulations of 2,4-D and 2,4,5–T are analysed, without hydrolysis, on the same column using 60:40 (v/v) acetonitrile/2% acetic acid as eluant. The method has been used in this laboratory to determine free phenoxy acid in ester formulations, and for the identification of esters in mixed ester formulations.

The methods are fast and accurate, and offer some advantages over previously-described methods.     

Determination of Herbicide Residues in Garlic by GC–MS

A rapid multi-residue method has been developed for the determination of 16 herbicides in garlic. The analytical procedure is based on prior microwave heating prevention of the generation of sulfur-containing compounds. The garlic samples which had been pretreated were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction. The herbicide residues were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. The recoveries of 16 herbicides ranged from 69.0 to 105.4% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) below 10.1%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.003 to 0.015 mg kg⁻¹.

     

高效液相色谱法检测液态奶中的苯酚类和水杨酸苯胺类抗蠕虫药

采用高效液相色谱法建立了硝碘酚腈、氯羟柳胺、氯氰碘柳胺、碘醚柳胺在液态奶中的多残留检测方法。取5 g样品,用含1%(v/v)三乙胺的乙腈提取,经MAX柱净化。以乙腈和0.02 mol/L乙酸铵水溶液(pH 4.0)作为流动相,经C18反相色谱柱分离后用紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:空白加标奶样中4种药物在5~500 μg/kg范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99。空白加标奶样品的检出限(LOD)为3 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为5 μg/kg。硝碘酚腈、氯羟柳胺、氯氰碘柳胺、碘醚柳胺在1/2最高残留限量(MRL)、1倍MRL、2倍MRL添加水平下的平均回收率和相对标准偏差分别是92.20%~96.13%和5.55%~16.30%; 87.40%~94.74%和5.40%~12.21%; 86.97%~91.09%和2.67%~8.17%; 77.86%~95.36%和5.02%~13.15%。表明该检测方法简单,灵敏,适用于液态奶中水杨酸苯胺类多残留的定量分析检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速同时测定土壤中草甘膦、草铵膦及其代谢物

建立了快速同时测定土壤中草甘膦(GLY)、草铵膦(GLUF)及其代谢物的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法.分别对前处理和色谱-质谱条件进行优化,样品采用0.5 mol/L氨水作为溶剂振荡提取,离心,上清液过滤膜后,直接采用HPLC-MS/MS测定,电喷雾离子源(ESI-),多反应监测(MRM)模式...     

Determining the lowest sulfur detection limit in diesel fuel by ultraviolet fluorescence

Abstract

This technical review article focuses on determining a robust and precise lower-level sulfur detection procedure. When measuring under 0.1?ppm and approaching zero values, the limits of the instrument are pushed to separate real signal response from noise. One of the performance parameters in method validation studies is to determine these near-zero value samples reliably when the instrument works near the noise signal level. The study examined the early stages of the method development process, regarding the determination of the validation parameters limit of blank, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The sulfur content in diesel fuel was determined with guidance from the standard ISO 20846:2011. The average sulfur readings of a diesel test sample and blank (99% iso-octane) were measured as 3.9 and 0.0196?ppm, respectively. For a 1.5% diluted diesel test sample the mean sulfur value was measured as 0.0613?ppm and this value was verified as the LOD. For a 3% diluted diesel test sample the mean sulfur value was measured as 0.1158?ppm and this result was verified as the LOQ. The LOD and LOQ were tested for conformity. The accuracy of these tested values was checked according to EUROCHEM guidelines.     

Analysis of some chlorophenoxy acids and carbamate herbicides in water and soil as amide derivatives using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A newly developed method for determining three phenoxy acids and one carbamate herbicide in water and soil samples using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection is developed. Phenoxy acids are derivatized through a condensation reaction with a suitable aromatic amine. 1,1-Carbonyldiimidazole is used as a condensation reagent. Derivatization conditions are optimized with respect to the amount of analyte, amine, solvent, and derivatization reagent. The optimum derivatization yield is accomplished in acetonitrile. 4-Methoxy aniline is used as a derivatizing agent. Obtained derivatives are stable indefinitely. Enhancement in sensitivity is achieved by using the single-ion monitoring mass spectrometric mode. The effectiveness of the developed method is tested by determining investigated compounds in water and soil samples. Analytes are concentrated from water samples using liquid-phase extraction and solid-phase extraction. Soil samples are extracted using methanol. Detection limits of 1.00, 50.00, 100.00, and 1.00 ng/mL are obtained for 2-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl methylcarbamate (Baygon), 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)-propionic acid (Cloprop), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid, respectively. LPE for spiked water samples yields recoveries in the range of 60.6-95.7%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 1.07-7.85% using single component calibration curves. Recoveries of 44.8-275.5%, with RSD values ranging from 1.43% to 8.61% were obtained using a mixed component calibration curves. SPE from water samples and soil samples showed low recoveries. The reason is attributed to the weak sorption capabilities of soil and Al(2)O(3).