点火靶尺度聚苯乙烯空心微球的球形度

为提高惯性约束聚变(ICF)点火靶尺度(约2mm)聚苯乙烯(PS)空心微球的球形度,研究了油相与外水相界面张力、初始油相质量分数和固化旋转流场转速对PS微球球形度的影响。结果表明,将双重乳液体系外水相中的表面活性剂聚乙烯醇(PVA)替换为聚丙烯酸(PAA)后,油相与外水相之间的界面张力增大了约10倍,PS空心微球的球形度显著提高,球形偏离度小于1μm的微球比例由5%增加至约50%;但是,在较宽范围内改变油相初始质量分数及旋转固化流场转速,对PS微球球形度的影响并不显著,球形偏离度值小于1μm的PS微球比例介于40%~60%之间。     

红外显微化学图像技术在空心微球制备中的应用

在考察聚苯乙烯(PS)与聚乙烯基苄氯(PVBCl)相容性及干涉效应对测量结果影响的基础上,使用红外显微化学图像技术研究表征了PS与PVBCl混合物薄膜和微球的相分离情况,对比分析了不同处理条件下制备的微球半球壳中两种聚合物的相分离红外显微化学图像。研究结果表明建立的研究方法可以用来定性或半定量的分析球壳内PS和PVBCl两聚合物的分相情况,在测试中样品的干涉效应会对测量造成较大的不确定度,在不同温度下获得的聚合物微球样品中,40℃条件下两聚合物的分相情况更为理想。该研究为探索非均相双半球型聚合物微球制备条件以及红外显微化学图像法表征聚合物相分离提供了一种直观可行的表征方法,但受空间分辨率的影响,该方法不适合于6.25μm×6.25μm以下尺寸样品的分析。     

聚苯乙烯相对分子量对薄壁聚苯乙烯空心微球质量的影响北大核心CSCD

激光惯性约束聚变(ICF)作为探索受控核聚变的有效途径,有望获得清洁无污染的能源,而薄壁聚苯乙烯(PS)空心微球是ICF物理实验中亟需的一类微球。针对薄壁空心微球因径厚比(直径/壁厚)增大导致其在干燥、使用中易开裂的问题,研究了PS原料对薄壁微球质量的影响,探讨了其影响机制。结果表明:当油相PS质量分数为4%时,随着油相粘度增加,W1/O/W2复合乳粒稳定性逐渐提高;当油相质量分数不低于8%时,复合乳粒稳定性良好。PS原料对微球表面粗糙度影响较小,微球球形度和壁厚均匀性随初始油相粘度的增大而降低,在干燥过程中微球开裂率随原料力学性能提高而减小。在外水相中引入氟苯(FB)液滴,延缓固化速率,可减小油相粘度增加对微球球形度和壁厚均匀性的不利影响。     

PS/Ag核壳结构复合微球的制备与性能

以乳液聚合法制备的平均粒径1.2~1.5μm单分散聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为核,经过超声敏化、化学镀、还原等过程制备了PS/Ag核壳结构复合微球。采用透射电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱、紫外可见光谱对其形貌、物相、结构与光学性质进行了表征与分析。结果表明:PS/Ag复合微球粒径相对均一;通过多次敏化、控制二次银氨溶液浓度(0.002~0.006 mol/L),可实现对纳米银壳层厚度的调控;纳米银壳层沉积生长过程中,随着PS微球表面银粒子的增多、增大,复合微球的光学等离子体共振吸收峰产生显著的展宽与红移。     

充气温度对PS-PVA-CH塑料微球性能的影响

 主要研究了PS-PVA-CH空心塑料微球充气时，充气平衡温度对微球强度、球形度和表面形貌的影响。对PS，PVA和CH材料的热重分析结果表明，PS和PVA具有较高的分解温度，而PS-PVA双层球和PS-PVA-CH塑料微球升温后的耐外压实验表明，温度升高后双层球耐外压强度降低很快，不能满足充Ar气需要；而3层球在100~120℃仍有很高强度，在该温度下，可以实现充Ar气。微球表面形貌分析结果显示，高温充气后，3层球表面粗糙度升高。     

X射线衍射增强成像中的折射衬度

根据X射线在界面处的折射过程,推导出X射线在物体中折射偏转角度的表达式;从X射线双晶衍射的原理出发,讨论了衍射增强成像(DEI)技术的空间分辨率和电子密度的衬度分辨率,明确了折射衬度在DEI技术中的表现形式,并从实验上进行了验证.利用不同能量的X射线获得了人肝病理样品中血管的DEI清晰图像,讨论了折射衬度在其中所起的作用.     

同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究

基于北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)开展了同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术(CT)研究.利用北京同步辐射的14 keV单色X射线作为光源,以高分辨能力的X射线胶片作为探测器,分别开展吸收衬度和同轴相位衬度成像的比较研究以及相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究.相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建采用Bronnikov提出的算法.结果显示,与传统的吸收衬度图像相比,相位衬度图像具有更好的衬度和更高的空间分辨力;实验获得人工样品和蝗虫的相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建图像.重建图像中可见样品的一些结构细节.实验结果表明,相位衬度X射线成像更适合于研究弱吸收或吸收差异很小的材料;利用北京同步辐射开展同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究是可行的.     

X射线相衬成像技术应用于高能量密度物理条件下内爆靶丸诊断

内爆压缩过程中多层球壳靶丸变化规律的研究是惯性约束聚变的核心内容. 利用相衬成像技术可以提高低Z材料分界面成像衬度的特点在神光Ⅱ大型激光装置上开展了相关研究. 实验通过激光打Ti靶和针孔点背光的方式产生4.75 keV的X射线微点源, 针对内爆压缩过程中的靶丸样品投影成像获得了清晰的多层球壳靶丸图像, 空间分辨率优于10 μm.同时利用一维流体力学数值模拟程序分析了球壳运动的过程, 实验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好.表明了X射线相衬成像技术在高能量密度物理环境下仍然能够提高低Z材料分界面的衬度,获得高质量的物理图像,能够广泛应用于可控聚变能源、 天体物理等前沿科学领域.     

微焦点源X射线相衬成像技术

 相衬成像方法利用硬X射线对低密度弱吸收物质成像，可获得高衬度图像。用菲涅尔衍射理论分析了X射线图像的形成机理。在频域中根据光学传递函数，对物像距离、样品空间频率等对图像相位衬度的影响进行了分析。分辨率和衬度是决定图像可见度的两个依据，分辨率主要依赖于光源的空间相干性，空间相干性又决定于源点尺寸，而时间相干性（单色性）是一个不重要的影响因子。利用多色微焦点源实现了X射线相衬成像技术，获得了有价值的相衬图像，如低原子序数低密度泡沫材料的硬X射线相衬图像，与吸收衬度成像相比，其图像质量得到了很大提高，能观察到泡沫材料的细微结构，分辨率可达μm量级。     

基于图像信噪比的X射线同轴相衬成像系统设计

通过对具有二维高斯型相位分布特征物体的X射线同轴相衬成像技术进行理论分析,提出了一种基于图像信噪比的成像系统优化设计方法。采用数值模拟的方式分别对亚微焦点源、激光驱动微焦点源和同步辐射源三种X射线源下的成像系统进行了优化设计,结果表明:相对于最大化衬度的系统优化设计方法,信噪比优化设计方法在较小降低衬度的前提下,可以较好地改善图像信噪比并得到更为合理的成像距离。     

Synchrotron X-ray imaging of the onset of ultrasonic horn cavitation

High-power ultrasonic horns operating at low frequency are known to generate a cone-shaped cavitation bubble cloud beneath them. The exact physical processes resulting in the conical structure are still unclear mainly due to challenges associated with their visualization. Herein, we address the onset of the cavitation cloud by exploiting high-speed X-ray phase contrast imaging. It reveals that the cone formation is not immediate but results from a three-step phenomenology: (i) inception and oscillation of single bubbles, (ii) individual cloud formation under splitting or lens effects, and (iii) cloud merging leading to the formation of a bubble layer and, eventually, to the cone structure due to the radial pressure gradient on the horn tip.     

气泡在超声场中绕圈运动的高速摄影及其图像分析

借助高速摄影和图像分析技术对首次发现的附壁气泡的绕圈现象进行了实验研究,重点研究游移气泡的运动轨迹、附壁气泡的布阵过程、气泡的来源以及气泡的振动细节.研究发现游移绕圈气泡的运动轨迹呈现出不稳定、不规则、不光滑的特点.阵列气泡源于游移气泡,而游移气泡变成阵列气泡的方式主要是通过合并增大体积,从而减小所受的Bjerknes力,降低活性的方式实现的.游移气泡源于ALF(acoustic lichtenberg figure)空化云中大量空泡的合并,使以径向振动为主的空泡逐渐过渡到以表面波动为主的气泡.阵列气泡在Bjerknes力的作用下呈现出规则的表面波动,而体积更小受力更大的游移空泡的表面完全失稳,呈现极不规则的形貌,并对附近阵列气泡的表面波动产生影响.阵列气泡呈现出十分规则的排布,相邻阵列气泡之间的振动相位是相反的,表现为相互排斥.     

Study on shock wave-induced cavitation bubbles dissolution process

This study investigated dissolution processes of cavitation bubbles generated during in vivo shock wave(SW)-induced treatments. Both active cavitation detection(ACD) and the B-mode imaging technique were applied to measure the dissolution procedure of bi Spheres contrast agent bubbles by in vitro experiments. Besides, the simulation of SW-induced cavitation bubbles dissolution behaviors detected by the B-mode imaging system during in vivo SW treatments, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy(ESWT), were carried out based on calculating the integrated scattering cross-section of dissolving gas bubbles with employing gas bubble dissolution equations and Gaussian bubble size distribution. The results showed that(i) B-mode imaging technology is an effective tool to monitor the temporal evolution of cavitation bubbles dissolution procedures after the SW pulses ceased, which is important for evaluation and controlling the cavitation activity generated during subsequent SW treatments within a treatment period;(ii) the characteristics of the bubbles, such as the bubble size distribution and gas diffusion, can be estimated by simulating the experimental data properly.     

双等离子体团相互作用的磁流体力学模拟

利用商用磁流体力学模拟程序USIM对双等离子体团相互作用过程进行了数值模拟,分别考察和比较了双对流等离子体团在外加磁场和无外加磁场情况下,相互作用的物理过程.发现在外加磁场情况下等离子体团相互作用会伴随着磁重联(反向磁场)、磁排斥(同向磁场)以及一些不稳定过程.针对激光产生等离子体团错位相互作用实验,进行了标度模拟,发现外加磁场起着重要作用,进一步表明激光等离子体的磁化特征.研究结果为下一步在神光Ⅱ激光装置进行强磁环境下等离子体实验提供理论指导.     

Superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles as ultrasound contrast agents

Microbubbles have been widely studied as ultrasound contrast agents for diagnosis and as drug/gene carriers for therapy. However, their size and stability (lifetime of 5–12 min) limited their applications. The development of stable nanoscale ultrasound contrast agents would therefore benefit both. Generating bubbles persistently in situ would be one of the promising solutions to the problem of short lifetime. We hypothesized that bubbles could be generated in situ by providing stable air nuclei since it has been found that the interfacial nanobubbles on a hydrophobic surface have a much longer lifetime (orders of days). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with large surface areas and different levels of hydrophobicity were prepared to test our hypothesis. It is clear that the superhydrophobic and porous nanoparticles exhibited a significant and strong contrast intensity compared with other nanoparticles. The bubbles generated from superhydrophobic nanoparticles sustained for at least 30 min at a MI of 1.0, while lipid microbubble lasted for about 5 min at the same settings. In summary MSNs have been transformed into reliable bubble precursors by making simple superhydrophobic modification, and made into a promising contrast agent with the potentials to serve as theranostic agents that are sensitive to ultrasound stimulation.     

Electric current control of creation and annihilation of sub-100 nm magnetic bubbles examined by full-field transmission soft X-ray microscopy

The effect of electric current pulses on a sub-100 nm magnetic bubble state in a symmetric Pt/Co multilayer was directly observed using a full-field transmission soft X-ray microscope (MTXM). Field-induced evolution of the magnetic stripe domains into isolated bubbles with their sizes down to 100 nm was imaged under varying external magnetic fields. Electric current pulses were then applied to the created magnetic bubbles, and it was observed that the bubbles could be either created or annihilated by the current pulse depending on the strength of applied magnetic field. The results suggest that the Joule heating plays a critical role in the formation and/or elimination of the bubbles and skyrmions. Finally, the schematic phase diagram for the creation and annihilation of bubbles is presented, suggesting an optimized scheme with the combination of magnetic field and electric current necessary to utilize skyrmions in the practical devices.     

电子束辐照下的注氘铝的结构变化

利用离子加速器在室温下对纯铝注入氘离子或氢离子,然后在透射电镜中对注氘铝或注氢铝中的气泡进行电子束辐照,发现在电子束辐照下气泡会长大、破裂.随着气泡的变化,选区电子衍射花样中出现了表示多晶存在的衍射环.这表明电子束辐照气泡时,发生某种放热现象,从而使附近的铝先熔化后再凝固,由单晶变为多晶.     

Tissue harmonic ultrasonic imaging

Harmonic imaging was originally developed for microbubble contrast agents in the early 90s under the assumption that tissue is linear and all harmonic echoes are generated by the bubbles. In fact, tissue, like bubbles, is a nonlinear medium. Whereas the harmonic echoes from bubbles have their origins in nonlinear scattering, those from tissue are a result of nonlinear propagation. The clinical benefits of tissue harmonic imaging are reduced reverberation noise and overall clutter level, improved border delineation, increased contrast resolution, and reduced phase aberration artifacts. To a large extent these benefits are explained by the properties of nonlinear propagation of the transmitted ultrasonic pulses in the tissue.     

Natural frequencies of two bubbles in a compliant tube: analytical, simulation, and experimental results

Motivated by various clinical applications of ultrasound contrast agents within blood vessels, the natural frequencies of two bubbles in a compliant tube are studied analytically, numerically, and experimentally. A lumped parameter model for a five degree of freedom system was developed, accounting for the compliance of the tube and coupled response of the two bubbles. The results were compared to those produced by two different simulation methods: (1) an axisymmetric coupled boundary element and finite element code previously used to investigate the response of a single bubble in a compliant tube and (2) finite element models developed in comsol Multiphysics. For the simplified case of two bubbles in a rigid tube, the lumped parameter model predicts two frequencies for in- and out-of-phase oscillations, in good agreement with both numerical simulation and experimental results. For two bubbles in a compliant tube, the lumped parameter model predicts four nonzero frequencies, each asymptotically converging to expected values in the rigid and compliant limits of the tube material.     

Principles and recent developments in ultrasound contrast agents

The behaviour of gas bubbles and gas encapsulated spheres as echographic contrast agents is reviewed. Compared with rigid spheres, gas bubbles are superior scattering agents and they offer a number of useful properties which can be exploited in a variety of ways. The analysis of their velocity of sound, back-scatter intensity, second harmonic emission and resonant frequency opens up new perspectives in the development of contrast agents for echocardiographic research with potential clinical applications.