Determination and quantitation of sulfonylurea and urea herbicides in water samples using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection

A multianalyte method has been developed for the confirmation and quantitation of five sulfonylureas, bensulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, flazasulfuron and halosulfuron-methyl, and for three ureas, siduron, dymron (daimuron) and diuron (DCMU) in water. Samples were extracted from water by off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a polystyrene polymer cartridge (PS2), an ODS C₁₈-bonded silica cartridge (C₁₈) and an N-vinylpyrrolidone polymer cartridge (Oasis). Analyte determination and quantitation were performed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Extraction efficiency experiments demonstrated the ability of this method to extract sulfonylureas and ureas from water samples. Confirmatory analysis was carried out by LC-electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) instrumentation equipped with a single-quadrupole mass filter. MS data acquisition was performed by a single or two-ion selected ion monitoring (SIM) program. It is required for confirmation that LC-MS retention times of the analytes are within 1% of the retention times of the standards, and that the molecular ion or characteristic fragment ion is present for each analyte. Fragment ions from distinctive structures must be obtained to identify and characterize specific herbicide molecules. These were obtained by controlled decomposition of sulfonylurea and urea adduct ions after suitably adjusting the electrical field in the desolvation chamber. The eight herbicides were also measured in fortified pure water (water purified by a milli-Q system), tap water and river water. Average recoveries of the eight analytes from water samples were in the range of 70-120% with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) of <20%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for each of the eight herbicides was between 10 and 100 ng l⁻¹.     

QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中6种酰胺类除草剂残留

建立了QuEChERS-气相色谱-质谱同时测定土壤中乙草胺(acetochlor)、甲草胺(alachlor)、异丙甲草胺(metolachlor)、吡草胺(metazachlor)、丁草胺(butachlor)和丙草胺(pretilachlor)6种酰胺类除草剂的分析方法。土壤中残留的酰胺类除草剂用10 mL去离子水、10 mL乙腈和4 g NaCl提取,用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、C18、石墨化炭黑(GCB)和无水硫酸镁(MgSO4)净化,然后用气相色谱-质谱联用法测定。采用HP-5MS弱极性石英毛细管柱进行气相色谱分离,在电子轰击电离(EI)源模式下以选择离子监测(SIM)扫描模式检测。结果表明,6种酰胺类除草剂在0.01~1.00 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.999 6~1.000 0。在加标水平为0.025、0.10和0.50 mg/kg时,6种酰胺类除草剂的平均回收率为92.0%~108%,相对标准偏差为1.64%~8.25%(n=3)。方法的检出限为0.002~0.006 mg/kg,定量限为0.005~0.02 mg/kg。同常用的气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)法比较,该法可提高抗干扰能力,使6种酰胺类除草剂得到较好分离。方法所使用的有机溶剂种类和用量少,操作简单、快速,具有应用价值。     

Development and validation of a solid-phase extraction method coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-diode array detection for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicide residues in bovine milk samples

This study proposes a fast, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography diode array detector (LC/UV-DAD)-based method for the simultaneous determination of eight sulfonylurea herbicides (bensulfuron methyl, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, primisulfuron methyl, rimsulfuron, thifensulfuron methyl, triasulfuron and tribenuron methyl) in bovine whole milk at concentrations lower than the default limit of 0.01 mg kg(-1) allowed by current legislation (Regulation EC/396/2005 and following Annexes). An effective one-step solid phase extraction (SPE) and clean up procedure was defined with use of Chem Elut cartridges, providing good recoveries for all the analytes tested and with no matrix effects affecting method accuracy. Separation of herbicides was obtained on a C(18) column by acetonitrile- water gradient elution. Method validation has been performed according to European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC criteria, in terms of linearity, recovery, precision, specificity, decision limit (CC(α)) and detection capability (CC(β)). Typical recoveries ranged between 78.4% and 99.7%, at the maximum residue limits (MRLs) levels established by Regulation EC/396/2005, with relative standard deviations (RSD) no larger than 10%.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定茶叶中29种酸性除草剂的残留量

建立了茶叶中29种酸性除草剂残留量的气相色谱-质谱测定与确证方法。采用乙腈超声振荡提取试样中29种酸性除草剂,石墨化炭黑固相萃取柱净化,三甲基硅烷化重氮甲烷衍生化,再经弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,用气相色谱-质谱法选择离子监测方式测定,外标法定量,根据离子丰度比确证。在加标水平为0.01,0.05,0.1 mg/kg时,29种目标物的加标回收率为57.1%～120.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.3%～20.9%;方法的检出限在0.002～0.005 mg/kg之间。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可满足国际上对茶叶中29种酸性除草剂残留的检测需要。     

玉米中9种磺酰脲类除草剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定

采用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS),在多反应监测(MRM )模式下建立了玉米中9种磺酰脲类除草剂残留的定性定量分析方法.样品浸泡后采用甲醇-丙酮(体积比1:1)提取、浓缩,经C18固相萃取柱净化处理.采用UPLC-ESI MS/MS方法测定,外标法定量.9种磺酰脲类除草剂在0.05～2.0 mg...     

Ion chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, fosamine and ethephon at nanogram levels in water

This paper describes the first approach that simultaneously quantifies four polar, water-soluble organophosphorus herbicides, i.e., glyphosate, glufosinate, fosamine and ethephon, at nanogram levels in environmental waters. The target herbicides were separated completely by ion chromatography (IC) on a polymer anion-exchange column, Dionex IonPac AS16 (4.0 mm x 250 mm), with 30 mM citric acid flowing at 0.70 mL min(-1) as the eluent. On-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using a quadrupole mass spectrometer was employed as a sensitive and selective detector of the effluents. Various parameters affecting the separation and detection were systematically examined and optimized. Detection limits of the herbicides achieved with the proposed IC/ICP-MS method were 1.1-1.4 microg L(-1) (as compound) based on a 500-microL sample injection. Matrix anions, metal ions, phosphate, polyphosphates, non-polar and other polar organophosphorus pesticides showed no interference. The developed method was validated using reservoir water, treated water and NEWater samples spiked at the level of 10-25 microg L(-1) with satisfactory recoveries (95-109%). It is applicable to the simultaneous determination of microg L(-1) concentrations of the herbicides in polluted water.     

气相色谱法同时测定玉米中12种三嗪类除草剂的残留量

建立了气相色谱-氮磷检测器同时检测玉米中12种三嗪类除草剂（西玛通、西玛津、阿特拉津、扑灭津、特丁通、特丁津、环丙津、西草净、扑草净、特丁净、甲氧丙净、环嗪酮）残留量的方法。玉米样品用乙腈萃取,强阳离子交换(SCX)固相萃取柱净化后,用DB-5弹性石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm i.d.×0.25 μm)分离样品,氮磷检测器测定。12种三嗪类除草剂在0.01～2.0 mg/L范围内线性关系关系良好,相关系数均大于0.998;最低检测限为0.01 mg/kg;添加回收率为84.0%～106.8%;相对标准偏差为0.9%～4.7%。     

整体柱在线固相微萃取-高效液相色谱同步富集检测水中的苯氧羧酸类除草剂

采用C18毛细管整体柱作为固相微萃取整体柱,构建在线固相微萃取-高效液相色谱联用系统,同步富集检测环境水样中的5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂。详细考察了联用系统运行条件对富集检测的影响。联用系统运行最佳参数为:固相微萃取整体柱长度20 cm,进样流速0.04 mL/min,进样13 min,洗脱流速0.02 mL/min,洗脱5 min。在最佳条件下,5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检出限为:9 μg/L (苯氧丙酸)、4 μg/L (2-(2-氯)-苯氧丙酸)、4 μg/L (2-(3-氯)-苯氧丙酸)、5 μg/L (2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸)、5 μg/L (2-(2,4-二氯苯氧基)丙酸)。与HPLC系统直接进样对比,联用系统对5种检测对象表现出优良的富集能力。5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的回收率在79.0%~98.0%之间(RSD≤3.9%)。该方法成功应用于水样中5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的检测,结果令人满意。     

分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时检测烟叶中磺酰脲类农药残留

以氯磺隆（CS）为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,在二氯甲烷氛围中,经沉淀聚合制备氯磺隆分子印迹聚合物（CS-MIP）微球。将该聚合物微球作为填料制得分子印迹固相萃取柱用于样品前处理,建立了分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱（MIP-SPE-HPLC）同时检测烟叶中6种磺酰脲类除草剂残留的分析方法。针对氯磺隆、甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆、苯磺隆、胺苯磺隆和烟嘧磺隆6种磺酰脲类除草剂,在烟叶中加标0.50~50 μg/g,经氯磺隆分子印迹固相萃取柱（CS-MIP-SPE）净化和富集,高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测,其平均回收率为77.60%~102.05%,相对标准偏差为0.16%~7.07%,检出限为0.08~0.46 μg/g。将MIP-SPE-HPLC方法用于实际农药残留检测,结果表明可同时满足烟叶中多种磺酰脲类除草剂残留量的检测要求。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定大豆中12种酰胺类除草剂的残留量

建立了大豆中12种酰胺类除草剂多残留量同时检测的高效液相色谱方法。样品经丙酮提取、弗罗里硅土柱净化后,用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器检测。在0.05～1.0 mg/kg的添加水平范围内,12种酰胺类药物的回收率为75%～102%,相对标准偏差为1.9%～16.1%；12种酰胺类除草剂的测定低限均能达到国家相关的残留限量要求。对样品的前处理条件进行了研究和优化,经商品化的固相萃取柱净化过的样品干扰杂质较少,有利于后续的检测分析和方法的推广应用。该方法能够在35 min内完成一次分析,具有快速、灵敏、准确、可靠的特点。     

整体柱固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法在线分析大米中15种酰胺类除草剂残留量

以疏水的聚（甲基丙烯酸丁酯-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯）整体柱作为固相萃取柱,建立了大米中15种酰胺类除草剂残留的在线固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定的方法。本方法采用乙腈提取目标化合物,经在线整体柱净化,Hypersil GOLD色谱柱分离,流动相采用0.5%（v/v）甲酸水溶液-乙腈进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子模式下以多反应监测（MRM）方式测定。15种除草剂的线性关系良好,相关系数（r）大于0.998。方法检出限和定量限为0.20~2.0 μg/kg和0.50~5.0 μg/kg。待测物在2.0、5.0、10.0、50.0 μg/kg（敌稗为5.0、10.0、50.0、100 μg/kg）4个浓度水平下加标回收率为75.5%~121.3%,相对标准偏差为2.89%~12.38%。该方法快速简便,灵敏度高,可用于大米中酰胺类除草剂的快速定性定量分析。     

Dispersive solid-phase extraction based on mesoporous melamine-formaldehyde polymer for sensitive determination of five chlorinated herbicides residues in water by high-performance liquid chromatography

ABSTRACT

In this work, a low-cost melamine-formaldehyde polymer with large-surface-area mesoporous structure was prepared and applied as an efficient solid sorbent for pre-concentration of five kinds of chlorinated herbicides including fomesafen, atrazine, pyrithiobac-sodium, benazolin and acifluorfene from water samples. Extraction parameters such as pH of the sample solution, amount of mesoporous melamine-formaldehyde polymer (mMFP), extraction time, type of desorption solv-ent and volume of the sample were systematically investigated. Combining dispersive solid-phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the detection limits (S/N = 3) of the five herbicides were ranged from 0.04 to 0.18 μg L^?1 with good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9908). Then the tap water and river water samples were analysed by the developed method, and the obtained results indicated that this method provides acceptable recoveries and precisions. mMFP can be prepared through one-pot catalyst-free polymerisation from low-cost starting materials, so that they could be easily scaled up for the sample pre-treatment and have the powerful potentiality in purification of contaminated water.     

Facile tailoring of film morphology and release properties using layer-by-layer assembly of thermoresponsive materials

Layer-by-layer self-assembly was used to prepare thermoresponsive thin films of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) based on hydrogen bonding. The temperature of PNIPAAm adsorption was shown to significantly affect both the mass proportion of PNIPAAm in the film and the film surface morphology. When the adsorption was conducted at temperatures close to the lower critical solubility temperature of PNIPAAm, the amount of PNIPAAm in the film increased significantly (from 51 to 59%), and the total film mass increased by 30-40%. The films prepared at 30 degrees C also exhibited a lower surface roughness (1-2 nm) compared with 5-8 nm when prepared at 10 or 21 degrees C. The resulting multilayer films ([PAA/PNIPAAm]10) were capable of being reversibly loaded and unloaded with dye (Rhodamine B) by exposure to solutions at elevated temperatures. The rate of loading and release was shown to depend on both the solution temperature and film preparation temperature, leading to tunable loading/release properties.     

Determination of acetanilide herbicides in cereal crops using accelerated solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-electron capture detector

A method was developed to determine eight acetanilide herbicides from cereal crops based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) analysis. During the ASE process, the effect of four parameters (temperature, static time, static cycles and solvent) on the extraction efficiency was considered and compared with shake-flask extraction method. After extraction with ASE, four SPE tubes (graphitic carbon black/primary secondary amine (GCB/PSA), GCB, Florisil and alumina-N) were assayed for comparison to obtain the best clean-up efficiency. The results show that GCB/PSA cartridge gave the best recoveries and cleanest chromatograms. The analytical process was validated by the analysis of spiked blank samples. Performance characteristics such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision and recovery were studied. At 0.05 mg/kg spiked level, recoveries and precision values for rice, wheat and maize were 82.3-115.8 and 1.1-13.6%, respectively. For all the herbicides, LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.8 to 1.7 μg/kg and from 2.4 to 5.3 μg/kg, respectively. The proposed analytical methodology was applied for the analysis of the targets in samples; only three herbicides, propyzamid, metolachlor and diflufenican, were detected in two samples.     

Optimisation of the separation of herbicides by linear gradient high performance liquid chromatography utilising artificial neural networks

An artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to model the chromatographic response surface for the linear gradient separation of 10 herbicides that are commonly detected in storm run-off water in agricultural catchments. The herbicides (dicamba, simazine, 2,4-D, MCPA, triclopyr, atrazine, diuron, clomazone, bensulfuron-methyl and metolachlor) were separated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and detected with a photodiode array detector. The ANN was trained using the pH of the mobile phase and the slope of the acetonitrile/water gradient as input variables. A total of nine experiments were required to generate sufficient data to train the ANN to accurately describe the retention times of each of the herbicides within a defined experimental space of mobile phase pH range 3.0-4.8 and linear gradient slope 1-4% acetonitrile/min. The modelled chromatographic response surface was then used to determine the optimum separation within the experimental space. This approach allowed the rapid determination of experimental conditions for baseline resolution of all 10 herbicides. Illustrative examples of determination of these components in Milli-Q water, Sydney mains water and natural water samples spiked at 0.5-1 μg/L are shown. Recoveries were over 70% for solid-phase extraction using Waters Oasis^® HLB 6 cm³ cartridges.     

Molecularly imprinted polymer layer-coated silica nanoparticles toward dispersive solid-phase extraction of trace sulfonylurea herbicides from soil and crop samples

This paper reports the preparation of metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) imprinted polymer layer-coated silica nanoparticles toward analysis of trace sulfonylurea herbicides in complicated matrices. To induce the selective occurrence of surface polymerization, the polymerizable double bonds were first grafted at the surface of silica nanoparticles by the silylation. Afterwards, the MSM templates were imprinted into the polymer-coating layer through the interaction with functional monomers. The programmed heating led to the formation of uniform MSM-imprinted polymer layer with controllable thickness, and further improved the reproducibility of rebinding capacity. After removal of templates, recognition sites of MSM were exposed in the polymer layers. As a result, the maximum rebinding capacity was achieved with the use of optimal grafting ratio. There was also evidence indicating that the MSM-imprinted polymer nanoparticles compared with nonimprinted polymer nanoparticles had a higher selectivity and affinity to four structure-like sulfonylurea herbicides. Moreover, using the imprinted particles as dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) materials, the recoveries of four sulfonylurea herbicides determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were 80.2-99.5%, 83.8-102.4%, 77.8-93.3%, and 73.8-110.8% in the spiked soil, rice, soybean, and corn samples, respectively. These results show the possibility that the highly selective separation and enrichment of trace sulfonylurea herbicides from soil and crop samples can be achieved by the molecular imprinting modification at the surface of silica nanoparticles.     

Study of temperature-responsibility on the surfaces of a thermo-responsive polymer modified stationary phase

We investigated a thermo-sensitive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), which is the basis of an HPLC stationary phase. We prepared a PNIPAAm terminally-modified surface. In this study, we investigated the effect of PNIPAAm on the surface of a stationary phase on separation based on changes of the retention time with the temperature step gradient. As the temperature changed the surface property of the stationary phase switched from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The retention on the polymer-modified stationary phase remarkably changed upon changing the temperature. Using a column packed with PNIPAAm-modified silica, the separation of steroids was carried out by changing the temperature. With increasing temperature, an increased interaction between solutes and PNIPAAm-grafted surfaces of the stationary phases was observed. A temperature-dependent resolution of steroids was achieved using only water as a mobile phase. The PNIPAAm-modified surface of the stationary phase exhibited temperature-controlled hydrophilic-hydrophobic changes. The drastic and reversible surface hydrophilic-hydrophobic property alteration for PNIPAAm terminally-grafted surfaces should be due to rapid changes in the polymer hydration state around the polymer's transition temperature. A solvent gradient elution-like effect could be achieved with a single mobile phase by programmed temperature changes during chromatographic runs. This system should be highly useful to control the function and property of the stationary phase for HPLC only by changing the temperature with an aqueous solvent.     

Sensitive and Selective Fluorescence Detection of Phenoxyacid Herbicides by Liquid Chromatography with On-Line Ion-Pair Extraction

Abstract

Fluorescent probes, especially a newly synthesized N-substituted 1-cyanobenz[f]-isoindole quaternary ammonium fluorophore, were used as counter ions in a reaction detector for on-line ion-pair extraction of phenoxyacid herbicides. The probe was used in an on-line post-column set-up coupled to a reversed-phase chromatographic system. After separation on an C-8-bonded silica column using an aqueous methanol (pH 2.5) mobile phase, the herbicides were on-line deprotonated by post-column addition of a 10mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), in which the probe was dissolved. Subsequently, the ion-pairs were extracted on-line with chloroform-1-butanol (80:20, v/v) and were monitored by fluorescence detection. Using this system, at least seven herbicides could be separated. The detection limits of 2,4-dichlorophe xyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid were 400 pg (S/N = 3). The repeatability, based on peak height measurements, for 100ng injections was about 0.5%. Calibration curves were linear over the investigated range of 1–100ng, with correlation coefficients of 0.999 for the two analytes. Application to a drinking water sample is presented.     

Automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction followed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for the determination of chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides in environmental waters

A method for the determination of six chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides in river water was developed using in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS). In-tube SPME is an extraction technique for organic compounds in aqueous samples, in which analytes are extracted from a sample directly into an open tubular capillary by repeated draw/eject cycles of the sample solution. Simple mass spectra with strong signals corresponding to [M-H]- and [M-RCOOH]- were observed for all herbicides tested in this study. The best separation of these compounds was obtained with a C18 column using linear gradient elution with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water containing 5 mmol l-1 dibutylamine acetate (DBA). To optimize the extraction of herbicides, several in-tube SPME parameters were examined. The optimum extraction conditions were 25 draw/eject cycles of 30 microliters of sample in 0.2% formic acid (pH 2) at a flow rate of 200 microliters min-1 using a DB-WAX capillary. The herbicides extracted by the capillary were easily desorbed by 10 microliters acetonitrile. Using in-tube SPME-LC/ESI-MS with time-scheduled selected ion monitoring, the calibration curves of herbicides were linear in the range 0.05-50 ng ml-1 with correlation coefficients above 0.999. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of river water samples without interference peaks. The limit of quantification was in the range 0.02-0.06 ng ml-1 and the limit of detection (S/N = 3) was in the range 0.005-0.03 ng ml-1. The repeatability and reproducibility were in the range 2.5-4.1% and 6.2-9.1%, respectively.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定中药材中三唑类杀菌剂及三嗪类除草剂的残留量

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定甘草、西洋参、三七、人参、丹参5种中药材中10种三唑类杀菌剂、18种三嗪类除草剂(包括有毒代谢物)残留量的分析方法。采用QuEChERS前处理方法,样品经1%(v/v)醋酸乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)净化处理,以Shim-pack XR-ODSII(75 mm×2.0 mm)为色谱柱,0.05%(v/v)甲酸溶液-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下测定。25种农药及其3种有毒代谢物的定量限(S/N≥10)为0.20～5.52 μg/kg;检出限(S/N≥3)为0.10～2.57 μg/kg;在各自的考察浓度范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.999);在0.20～55.2 μg/kg添加水平内,平均加标回收率为70.6%～125.7%,RSD为0.7%～14.2%。该方法样品前处理简单、快速、灵敏,可用于中药材中三唑类杀菌剂和三嗪类除草剂农药残留量的快速筛查。