NIR‐FT Raman and FT‐IR spectral investigations of the nonlinear optical chromophore p‐bromoacetanilide

Vibrational spectral analysis of the hydrogen‐bonded nonlinear optical (NLO) material p‐bromo acetanilide (PBA) was carried out using NIR‐FT‐Raman and FT‐IR spectroscopy. Ab initio molecular orbital computations were performed at HF/6‐31G (d) level to derive equilibrium geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, intensities and first hyperpolarizability. The lowering of the imino stretching wavenumbers suggests the existence of strong intermolecular N H···O hydrogen bonding, which was substantiated by the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The vibrational spectra confirm that the charge‐transfer interaction between the  NHCOCH₃ group and—Br through phenyl ring is responsible for simultaneous strong IR and Raman activation of the ring mode 8a. Vibrational analysis indicates that the lowering of stretching wavenumbers of methyl group due to electronic effects simultaneously caused by induction and hyperconjugation is due to the presence of the oxygen atom. The presence of blue‐shifting H‐bonds of CH stretching wavenumbers, simultaneous activation of carbonyl stretching mode, the strong activity of low‐wavenumber H‐bond stretching vibrations and the role of intramolecular charge transfer in making the molecule NLO active have been analyzed on the basis of the vibrational spectral features. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibrational spectroscopic studies and ab initio calculations of phenyl phosphate disodium salt

The Fourier‐transform infrared and Fourier‐tranform Raman spectra of phenyl phosphate disodium salt were recorded and analyzed. The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum was recorded in a silver colloid. The vibrational wavenumbers of the compound were computed using the Hartree–Fock/6‐31G* basis and compared with the experimental values. The molecule is adsorbed on the silver surface with the benzene ring in a tilted orientation. The presence of the phenyl ring and the phosphate group vibrations in the SERS spectrum reveal the interactions between the phenyl ring and the phosphate group with the silver surface. The first hyperpolarizability is calculated, and the calculated molecular geometry is compared with those of similar reported structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

IR,Raman and SERS spectra of ethyl salicylate

The IR and Raman spectra of ethyl salicylate were recorded and analyzed. The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum was recorded in a silver colloid. The vibrational wavenumbers of the compound have been computed using the Hartree‐Fock/6‐31G* basis. The direction of charge transfer contribution to SERS has been discussed from the frontier orbital theory. The presence of methyl modes in the SERS spectrum indicates the nearness of the methyl group to the metal surface and the presence of ring vibrations and out‐of‐plane ring modes in the SERS spectrum suggests a flat orientation of the molecule on the silver surface. The first hyperpolarizability is calculated and the calculated molecular geometry has been compared with the reported similar structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibrational spectroscopic studies and computational study of methyl(2‐methyl‐4,6–dinitrophenylsulfanyl)ethanoate

FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of methyl(2‐methyl‐4,6–dinitrophenylsulfanyl)ethanoate (MDIE) were recorded and analyzed. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra were recorded in silver colloid and silver electrode. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed using HF/6‐31G* and B3LYP/6‐31G* basis. The data obtained from vibrational wavenumber calculations are used to assign vibrational bands obtained in infrared and Raman spectroscopies as well as in SERS of the studied molecule. The first hyperpolarizability and infrared intensities are reported. The geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with the reported similar derivatives. The presence of new bands at 1045 and 948 cm⁻¹ in the SERS spectrum in silver electrode is related to the change in orientation of the molecule with respect to the metal surface. In silver colloid SERS spectrum, the methyl group attached to the methoxy carbonyl group is close to the metal surface, whereas on silver electrode the methyl group attached to the phenyl ring is close to the metal surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibrational spectra and potential energy distributions for 1‐benzyl‐1H‐imidazole by normal coordinate analysis

The Fourier‐transform (FT) Raman and infrared (IR) spectra of the crystallized novel pharmaceutical molecule 1‐benzyl‐1H‐imidazole (BI) were recorded and analyzed. The geometry, intermolecular hydrogen bond, and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers of BI were investigated with the help of B3PW91 density functional theory (DFT) methods. The detailed interpretation of the vibrational spectra was carried out with the aid of normal coordinate analysis (NCA) following the scaled quantum mechanical force field methodology (SQMFF). The aromaticities of the imidazole and phenyl rings were studied using the standard harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) index. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis on BI was carried out to demonstrate the various intramolecular interactions that are responsible for the stabilization of this molecule leading to its medicinal activity. The potential energy profile corresponding to the torsion around the bridge bonds connecting the two rings was drawn to explain the steric and/or electronic effects using potential energy surface (PES) scan studies. The pronounced double‐bond localization in the imidazole ring upon intermolecular H‐bonding appears to be the cause for its enhanced aromaticity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electron–phonon coupling and vibrational modes contributing to linear electro‐optic effect of the efficient NLO chromophore 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐N‐methyl‐4′‐toluene sulfonate (DAST) from their vibrational spectra

The optimized geometry and structural features of the most prospective electro‐optic crystal 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐N‐methyl‐4′‐toluene sulfonate (DAST), and the vibrational spectral investigations have been comprehensively described with the near infrared Fourier transform (NIR FT) Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra supported by the density functional theoretical (DFT) computations to elucidate the contribution of vibrational modes to the linear electro‐optic (LEO) effect. Mulliken population analysis and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis have also been carried out to analyze the effects of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), intramolecular hydrogen bonding and hyperconjugative interactions on the geometries. The influence of CT interaction between the phenyl ring and the dimethylamino group of the nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore on the endocyclic and exocyclic angles, and the electronic effects such as hyperconjugation and back‐donation on the methyl hydrogen atoms have been examined. The concurrent intense activation of Raman and IR activities of the effective conjugation vibrational coordinate, which significantly contributes to the LEO effect resulting from the strong electron–phonon (e/ph) coupling, has been analyzed in detail. The effects of frontier orbitals, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), transition of electron density (ED) transfer and the influence of planarity in the stilbazolium ring on the first hyperpolarizability are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FT‐IR,FT‐Raman and SERS spectra of anilinium sulfate

The FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of anilinium sulfate were recorded and analyzed. The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was recorded from a silver electrode. The vibrational wavenumbers of the compound have been computed using the Hartree‐Fock/6‐31G* basis and compared with the experimental values. The molecule is adsorbed on the silver surface with the benzene ring in a tilted orientation. The presence of amino and sulfate group vibrations in the SERS spectrum reveal the interaction between amino and sulfate groups with the silver surface. The direction of the charge transfer contribution to SERS has been discussed from the frontier orbital theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibrational spectra and structural studies of nonlinear optical crystal ammonium D,L‐tartrate: a density functional theoretical approach

Single crystals of ammonium D , L ‐tartrate, a potential nonlinear optical (NLO) material of interest, were grown by the slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra of the crystallized molecule were recorded and analyzed. The geometry, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, first hyperpolarizability and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers were calculated with the help of B3LYP density functional theory method. The red shift of hydroxyl and NH₄⁺ stretching wavenumbers indicate the formation of inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Simultaneous activation of CH stretching wavenumbers shows the presence of intramolecular charge transfer in the molecule. Natural bond orbital analysis was carried out to demonstrate the various inter‐ and intramolecular interactions that are responsible for the stabilization of this molecule, leading to high NLO activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

IR,Raman and SERS spectra of 5‐sulphosalicylic acid dihydrate

IR, Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of 5‐sulphosalicylic acid were recorded and analysed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed by density functional theoretical (DFT) method using B3LYP/6–31G* basis. The bands due to the stretching modes CO, C S and SO₂ are intense in the SERS spectrum. The C H stretching mode also appears in the SERS spectrum. The molecule is found to adsorb through both the carboxyl and sulphonyl groups. A possible tilted orientation of the molecule is suggested. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Azure A chloride: computational and spectroscopic study

Fourier transform Raman and IR as well as UV–visible spectra of the phenothiazine dye Azure A chloride, 3‐amino‐7‐(dimethylamino) phenothiazin‐5‐ium chloride were recorded and analyzed. The spectral interpretation was done following full structure optimization and vibrational wavenumber calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) using the standard B3LYP/6‐31G(d) basis set. The N H stretching wavenumber is found to be lowered owing to intermolecular N H···S hydrogen bonding. The downshift of C H stretching wavenumber is discussed. The first hyperpolarizability of the dye is calculated. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations of electronic spectra were performed on the optimized structure and compared with the experimental UV–visible spectrum. The atomic net charges of the molecule reveal the  M effect of the nitrogen atoms in the molecule. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions leading to its nonlinearity and bioactivity, charge delocalization and mesomeric effects have been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FTIR spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies on hydantoin

In this study the geometry optimization of monomeric and dimeric forms (D1, D2, and D3) of hydantoin molecule were done using DFT method employing 6?C31++G(d, p) basis set. Harmonic and anharmonic wavenumbers and infrared intensities were computed at the same theory level. Experimental IR spectrum was recorded in the region 400?C4000 cm^?1. It has also been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectrum. The hydrogen bond (HB) interaction of hydantoin was analyzed via dimers of hydantoin. Detailed vibrational wavenumber shifts and all vibrational mode analyses were reported. Total energy distributions (TED, %) calculations were done to characterize the fundamentals.     

FT‐Raman,IR and UV‐visible spectral investigations and ab initio computations of a nonlinear food dye amaranth

Amaranth (E123, Food Red 9, FD & C Red 2) is a sulfonated azo dye used as a color additive in foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of amaranth were recorded and analyzed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to derive the equilibrium geometry, vibrational wavenumbers, intensities and first hyperpolarizability. The results of the optimized molecular structure gave clear evidence for the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the molecule. Azo stretching wavenumbers are lowered owing to conjugation and π‐electron delocalization. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations of the electronic spectra were performed on the optimized structure and compared with the experimental UV‐visible spectrum. Vibrational spectra, natural bonding orbitals (NBO) analysis and optimized geometry indicate C H·N hydrogen bonding in the molecule. The first hyperpolarizability of the molecule was calculated. The optical nonlinearity of the dye is due to the donation of the electron density from the hydroxyl group of the conjugated system via naphthalene ( 2 ) ring into π*‐orbital of the azo moiety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics of methyl isocyanide in methanol solvent: A DFT/TDDFT study

The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method was performed to investigate the hydrogenbonding dynamics of methyl cyanide (MeNC) as hydrogen bond acceptor in hydrogen donating methanol (MeOH) solvent. The ground-state geometry optimizations and electronic transition energies and corresponding oscillation strengths of the low-lying electronically excited states for the isolated MeNC and MeOH monomers, the hydrogen-bonded MeNC-MeOH dimer and MeNC-2MeOH trimer are calculated by the DFT and TDDFT methods, respectively. An intermolecular hydrogen bond N≡C…H-O is formed between MeNC and methanol molecule. According to Zhao’s rule on the excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics, we find the intermolecular hydrogen bonds N≡C…H-O are strengthened in electronically excited states of the hydrogen-bonded MeNC-MeOH dimer and MeNC-2MeOH trimer, with the excitation energy of a related excited state being lowered and electronic spectral redshifts being induced. Furthermore, the hydrogen bond strengthening in the electronically excited state plays an important role on the photophysics and photochemistry of MeNC in solutions     

Density functional study on the structural conformations and intramolecular charge transfer from the vibrational spectra of the anticancer drug combretastatin‐A2

Combretastatin‐A2 (CA2), a potential anticancer drug in advanced preclinical development, is extracted from the medicinal plant C ombretum caffrum. The NIR‐FT Raman and FT‐IR spectral studies of the molecule were carried out and a b initio calculations performed at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level to derive the equilibrium geometry as well as the vibrational wavenumbers and intensities of the spectral bands. The vibrational analysis showed that the molecule has a similar geometry as that of c is‐stilbene, and has undergone steric repulsion resulting in twisting of the phenyl ring with respect to the ethylenic plane. Vibrational analysis was used to investigate the lowering of the stretching modes, and enhancement of infrared band intensities of the C–H stretching modes of Me2 may be attributed to the electronic effects caused by back‐donation and induction from the oxygen atom. Analysis of phenyl ring modes shows that the CA2 stretching mode 8 and the aromatic C–H in‐plane bending mode are equally active as strong bands in both IR and Raman spectra, which can be interpreted as the evidence of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between the OH and OCH₃groups via conjugated ring path and is responsible for bioactivity of the molecule. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical and vibrational spectral investigation of sodium salt of acenocoumarol

The FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of sodium salt of 4‐hydroxy‐3[1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐oxobutyl]‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one (acenocoumarol sodium salt) in solid phase have been recorded and analyzed. The optimization geometry, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers of acenocoumarol sodium salt have been investigated with the help of B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) methods. The infrared and Raman spectra were predicted theoretically from the calculated intensities. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis indicates the presence of C H···O hydrogen bonding in the molecule. The first static hyperpolarizability of the molecule has been computed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantum chemical insight into molecular structure,density functional theory calculations,vibrational dynamics,natural population analysis,Hirshfeld analysis,and molecular docking approach to chalcone 1-4-bromophenyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one

The structure of the novel chalcone 1-4-bromophenyl-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Fourier transform Raman. Density functional theory with Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr functional was used for the optimization of geometry. The comprehensive assignments of the vibrational spectra have been performed with the aid of normal coordinate analysis. Stability of the molecule and intra/intermolecular charge transfer have been analyzed using natural bond orbital analysis. The existence of intermolecular C-H?O, blueshifted hydrogen bond was investigated by bond length variation. Hirshfeld and two-dimensional fingerprint plot analyses have been performed to study the nature of interactions present in the molecule. The docked complex gives a constancy of ?8.2?kcal/mol toward the androgen receptor.     

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering on colloid gels originated from low molecular weight gelator

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on silver and gold colloid gels formed by a low molecular weight organic gelator, bis‐(S‐phenylalanine) oxalyl amide, was obtained. Strong Raman signals dominate in the SERS spectra of hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles prepared by citrate and borohydride reduction methods, whereas broad bands of low intensity are detected in the spectra of gold colloid gels. Resemblance between Raman spectrum of the crystalline substance and the SERS spectra of the silver nanoparticle–hydrogel composites implies the electromagnetic nature of the signal enhancement. A change in Raman intensity of the benzene and amide II bands caused by an increase in temperature and concentration indicates that the gelling molecules are strongly attached through the benzene moieties to the metal nanoparticles while participating in gel formation by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the adjacent oxalyl amide groups. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a dense gel structure in the close vicinity of the enhancing metal particles for both silver colloid gels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theoretical and FT-IR, FT-Raman studies of nipecotamide and its tautomers, isomers

The structure, conformers, energies and vibrational spectra of the important nipecotamide molecule have been characterized by FT-IR (mid-IR, far-IR), FT-Raman spectroscopy and by DFT calculations. The structure is optimized by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. All vibrational frequencies assigned in detail with the help of total energy distribution (TED). The calculated vibrational wavenumbers were compared with IR and Ra experimental data. In the most stable tautomer (NT-1), the piperidine ring adopts the chair conformation and the amide group is in the axial orientation and is stabilized by an intramolecular N-H…O hydrogen bond of 4.37 Å.     

Spectroscopic investigations and computational study of sulfur trioxide–pyridine complex

The Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and FT‐Raman spectra of sulfur trioxide‐pyridine complex were recorded and analyzed. The potential‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was recorded from an electrochemically roughened silver electrode. The vibrational wave numbers of the compound were computed using the Hartree–Fock/6‐31G* basis and compared with the experimental values. The presence of strong pyridine ring vibrations in the SERS spectrum reveals the interaction between the pyridine ring and the silver surface. The molecule is adsorbed on the silver surface with the pyridine ring in a tilted orientation. The direction of charge‐transfer contribution to the SERS is discussed from the frontier orbital theory. The value of the calculated first hyperpolarizability is comparable to those reported for similar structures, which makes this molecule an attractive object for future studies of nonlinear optics. The optimized geometrical parameters of the title compound are in agreement with similar reported structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Concentration and pH dependent SERS spectra of sulfanilic acid sodium salt on colloidal silver particles

IR, Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of sulfanilic acid sodium salt (SANA) were recorded and analysed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed by the density functional theory method using the B3LYP/6–31G* basis and found to be in good agreement with the experimental values. The effect of concentration and pH dependence on the SERS intensity of the molecule was also studied. The molecular plane assumes a tilted orientation with respect to the silver surface. The observed changes of the relative intensities of some enhanced bands and the presence of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane modes of the phenyl ring suggest that the molecule assumes a more tilted orientation upon lowering the concentration of the adsorbate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.