KINETICS OF NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION

A kinetic equation of non-isothermal crystamzation was derived by extending Avrami's equation to the non-isothermal situation. More crystallization information can be obtained from this kinetic equation. The curves of non-isothermal and isothermal crystallizations were analysed and compared for poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and the results were discussed.     

STUDY ON THE ION EXCHANGE KINETICS -A NEW ION EXCHANGE KINETICS EQUATION

A new ion exchange kinetics equation including resin phase saturation factor is presented in this paper. The equation is characterized by the apparent reaction order and apparent saturation order.     

VULCANIZATION KINETICS OF SILICONE RUBBER

Vulcanization rate of silicone rubber with the aid of organic peroxide or hydrosilylation agent was studied by using oscillation disk rheometer. It was found that the process of network formation would take place through one, two or three steps depending on the structure of the reactants. The effect of phenyl group, vinyl terminals on polysiloxane chain and the functionality of silylation agent was also studied.     

FEATURE SENSITIVITy ANALYSIS IN CHEMICAL KINETICS

THIS paper presents a formulation for analyzing physical fea-tures present in observable concentration profiles.The anal-ysis is confined to time dependent kinetic systems.With thekinetic mechanism described by a vector of input parameters αit is argued that the resultant chemical species concentra-tions are most adequately described in terms of their own na-tural vector of output observable parameters β.Featuresensitivity analysis aims to bridge this natural dichotomy andestablish the relation between the input and output physicalparameters by means of calculating the feature sensitivitycoefficients .These feature sensitivity coefficientsare obtained by a procedure drawing on the computationallyavailable elementary sensitivity coefficients of the con-centration vector c and a numerical fitting of the concentra-tion profiles themselves to a physically acceptable form con-taining the feature parameters.The resultant analysis leadsto a set of linear equations for the feature sensitivity coef-ficients.The technique is illustrated for a kinetic systemexhibiting oscillatory behavior.Various mathematical ques-tions and other approaches to the subject are also mentioned.     

KINETICS OF NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF NYLON-1010

The kineties of non-isothermal crystallization of Nylon-1010 has been investigated by usingdifferential scanning calorimetry(DSC), DSC curves were obtained under cooling rate(R): 2. 5, 5, 10, 20, 40K/min.Applying Mandelkern and Ziabicki theories, the values of the Z kinetic parameter and G the kinetic crystalllzab-ility have been determined. Expenents of Avrami obtained in this work decrease with increase of coolingrate and then level off. The experimental results show disagreements with the Ozawa equation.     

CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS LLDPE

Based on thermal analysis, the isothermal and nonisothemal crystallization kinetics of Ziegler-Natta catalyzedlinear low density polyethylene (Z-N LLDPE) and metallocene catalyzed LLDPE (m-LLDPE) were studied. Treating theresults with the Avrami equation and the Ozawa equation, the crystallization constant lgk and the Avrami exponent n wereobtained. Some other crystallization parameters were also discussed. According to the different characteristics of the chainstructures of Z-N LLDPE and metallocene LLDPE, their crystallizaton behaviors were analyzed. It is indicated that thehomogeneity and heterogeneity of the two polymers act in different way during the crystallization process of polymers,including the nucleation and the growth of crystals under various conditions.     

KINETICS OF METHANE OXIDATION IN NONEQUILIBRIUM PLASMA

A modified kinetic equation was derived from an improved model by consideringthe influence of molar ratio on the two-reactant plasma reaction.The equation satisfactorilydescribes the relation of the conversion or the selectivity to the plasma power,the total flow rate andthe molar ratio used in the oxidation reaction of methane in nonequilibrium plasma and well tallieswith the experimental data.     

WEIGHTING OF LINEAR PLOTS IN ENZYME KINETICS

IF the rates of an enzyme-catalysed reaction are equally weigh-ted in least-squares analysis,the corresponding reciprocalrates 1/ should be given weights of ,where is the cal-culated rate,in order to give the same sum of squares as forthe untransformed Michaelis-Menten equation.However,theseweights are functions of the parameter values and thereforecannot be treated as constants in partial differentiation withrespect to the parameters.Consequently,linear regressionwith these wieghts does not give the same parameter estimatesas non-linear regression of the untransformed equation.Theerror can be exactly corrected by using weights of in thelinear regression.     

KINETICS OF SUSPENDED EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE

The kinetics of suspended emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), in which water acted as the dispersed phase and the mixture of MMA and cyclohexane as the continuous phase, was investigated. It showed that the initial polymerization rate (Rp0) and steady-state polymerization rate (Rp) were proportional to the mass ratio between water and oil phase, and increased as the polymerization temperature, the potassium persulphate concentration ([I]) and the Tween20 emulsifier concentration ([S]) increased. The relationships between the polymerization rate and [I] and [S] were obtained as follows: Rp0 ∝ [I]0.73[S]0.32 and Rp ∝ [I]0.71[S]0.23. The above exponents were close to those obtained from normal MMA emulsion polymerization. It also showed that the average molecular weight of the resulting poly(methyl methacrylate) decreased as the polymerization temperature, [I] and [S] increased. Thus, MMA suspended emulsion polymerization could be considered as a combination of many miniature emulsion polymerizations proceeding in water drops and obeyed the classical kinetics of MMA emulsion polymerization.     

A STUDY ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF NYLON 1010

The kinetic behavior of isohermal and nonisothermal crystallization of nylon-1010has been studied by means of dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry, respec-tively. The isothermal and nonisothermal process can be descibed by Avrami equationand Ozawa equation, respectively. From the experimental results the kinetic paramters ofcrystallization and crystalline mechanism for isothermal and nonisothermal measurementsare discussed.     

金属复合催化剂对煤气化的暂态动力学研究

采用阶跃扰动技术进行了金属复合催化剂对煤气化的暂态动力学研究。根据实验结果推导得出了该反应过程是催化剂表面富氧活性部位先与煤焦反应生成一个CO分子，然后此CO分子从催化剂表面脱附，接着催化剂吸附气态的CO2生成一个CO并且夺得一个氧原子实现自身还原的过程，在此基础上建立了煤的催化气化的物料平衡方程组，对各步骤的反应速率常数进行了求解，在本文采用的实验条件下，各反应步骤的反应速率常数分别为0.0703 mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1;0.0959 mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1;0.00539 mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1; 0.0321mol·g-1·min-1·kPa-1。由此得出了该反应历程的控制步骤为CO2的吸附步骤等历程信息。     

FCC轻汽油催化裂化生产丙烯反应规律的研究

在提升管实验装置和脉冲色谱装置上,采用ZSM-5催化剂,考察了不同条件下FCC轻汽油和2M1C5＝的裂化。结果表明,催化裂化过程添加ZSM 5催化剂可提高汽油中C5＝、C6＝的质量分数。轻汽油裂化生产丙烯的性能优于重汽油和全馏分汽油,在相对低的温度下瞬时反应能得到较高的丙烯收率。在脉冲色谱装置上,反应温度和载气流量对轻汽油和2M1C5＝裂化生产丙烯的影响一致,即反应温度升高,载气流量降低,丙烯收率增加。提高反应温度,延长停留时间可以提高丙烯对丁烯的比例。轻汽油在ZSM-5催化剂上反应,催化剂结焦失活速度开始较快,后来减缓。ZSM-5催化剂结焦失活对丙烯生成的抑制作用大于对丁烯的抑制作用,ZSM-5的强酸中心多则更有利于生成丙烯。     

水溶液中单电子转移活性自由基聚合法制备新型阳离子共聚丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸酯

以咪唑、丙烯腈和溴辛烷等为原料,合成了新型阳离子型可聚合离子液体表面活性剂单体：氯化-1-正辛基-3-（4-丙烯酸丁酯基）咪唑（PMOIH8）。 以2-氯丙酰胺为引发剂,Cu0粉/三-（2-二甲氨基乙基）-Me-6-TREN为催化体系,采用单电子转移活性自由基聚合法对丙烯酰胺（AM）、PMOIH8进行了二元共聚合反应,合成了一种新型阳离子共聚丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸酯P（AM/PMOIH）。 FT-IR、MS和1H NMR分析表明,所得聚合物为目标产物,采用GPC测得聚合物的相对分子质量为2×103~14×103,相对分子质量分布Mw/Mn在1.21~1.75之间。 考察了催化剂、引发剂等因素对聚合的影响。 结果表明,降低催化剂用量,聚合反应速率变慢,链增长速率常数kappp由0.0168 min-1降低至0.0065 min-1,Mw/Mn由1.25~1.71增加至1.32~1.75,引发效率Ieff=90.24%;增加引发剂用量,Mw/Mn由1.25~1.71减小至1.21~1.68,kappp由0.0168 min-1增加至0.0201 min-1,Ieff增加至93.17%。     

改性固体超强酸S2O82-/ZrO2-CoO用于FCC汽油氧化脱硫的研究

以硝酸锆、硝酸铜和硝酸钴为金属源,过硫酸铵作为浸渍液,采用共沉淀浸渍法合成出固体超强酸催化剂S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂、S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂-CuO和S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂-CoO,通过XRD、FT-IR、NH₃-TPD、BET对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Co（钴）改性催化剂S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂-CoO在三种催化剂中超强酸位最多。将其作为催化剂,过氧化氢作为氧化剂用于FCC汽油氧化脱硫反应,研究不同反应温度、催化剂用量、反应时间、氧化剂用量对FCC汽油脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,FCC汽油氧化脱硫的最佳条件为：反应温度70 ℃,反应1.5 h,FCC汽油加入量与氧化剂体积比7.5：1,催化剂用量0.02 g/mL。反应产物利用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺进行萃取分离,萃取剂/汽油体积比为1：1时,FCC汽油脱硫率最高可达85.34%,回收率为94.45%,并且催化剂表现出较为稳定的催化活性。     

磷钨酸季铵盐催化氧化汽油深度脱硫

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和磷钨酸为原料制备了磷钨酸季铵盐催化剂,并对催化剂进行了红外光谱和SEM表征。研究了磷钨酸季铵盐为催化剂,双氧水为氧化剂,催化氧化法生产低硫汽油技术。考察了萃取剂以及氧化条件和萃取条件对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明,在汽油10 mL,双氧水0.01 mL,催化剂0.0016 g,氧化温度30℃,氧化时间60 m in的条件下,采用复合溶剂LJ-1进行萃取,萃取温度20℃,静置时间15 m in,剂油比为1时,直溜汽油中的硫含量由179.3 mg/L降至10.8 mg/L,脱硫率达94.0%。氧化萃取时的脱硫率比未经氧化直接萃取时的脱硫率高45.6%,氧化脱硫效果显著。     

裂解汽油中噻吩硫在Co-Mo/Al2O3上的催化加氢宏观动力学

采用绝热管式固定床积分反应器，在2.5MPa~3.9MPa、513K~655K、氢/裂解汽油摩尔比1.8~3.5和裂解汽油中噻吩、单甲基噻吩和双甲基噻吩质量分数为838×10－6、137×10－6~723×10－6和192×10－6~723×10－6下，对Co-Mo/Al2O3催化剂上裂解汽油催化加氢脱硫的宏观动力学进行了研究。以Powell优化法和Merson迭代法对动力学实验数据进行非线性参数估值，建立了良好吻合实验数据的、裂解汽油催化加氢脱硫的幂函数型宏观动力学模型。噻吩、单甲基噻吩和双甲基噻吩的反应级数分别为0.721、0.735和0.87，对应的加氢反应宏观活化能依次为70.0kJ·mol－1、67.9kJ·mol－1和59.9kJ·mol－1。各噻吩基硫的转化率均随反应压力的提高而增加，3.5MPa以上时，增加的趋势减缓；反应温度的提高有利于噻吩基硫转化率的增加；593K以上时，各硫化物的转化率随温度的增加呈现线性增加的趋势。     

Oxidative coupling of methane over BaCl2-TiO2-SnO2 catalyst

The performance of BaCl2-TiO2-SnO2 composite catalysts in oxidative coupling of methane reaction has been investigated. A series of BaCl2-TiO2, BaCl2-SnO2, TiO2-SnO2, and BaCl2-TiO2-SnO2 catalysts were prepared, and characterized by BET, XRD, XPS, CO2-TPD and H2-TPR, respectively. The synergistic effect among BaCl2, SnO2 and TiO2 compositions enhances the catalytic performance. The best C2 selectivity and ethylene yield are obtained on the catalyst with the equal molar amount of the three compositions (BaCl2 : TiO2 : SnO2 molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1). The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: 800°C, 44 mL·min-1 for methane, 22 mL·min-1 for oxygen and a space velocity of 5000 mL·h-1 g-1, and the C2H4 yield over the catalyst is 20.1% with the CH4 conversion of 43.8% and C2 selectivity of 53.3%.     

配位催化苯乙烯乳液聚合的动力学研究

以Ni(COD)2和含磷、氧配体为催化剂,利用乳液聚合法合成了间规聚苯乙烯.对产物进行了13C-NMR、1H-NMR、GPC、TEM、DSC、TG等表征.在此反应体系下,最佳聚合条件为:乳化剂用量为1.50 g,[St]0=1.79 mol·L-1,T=60℃,t=2h,[Ni(COD)2]=1.102 mmol·L-...     

改性膨润土催化乙醇流化床脱水制乙烯

以浸渍法制备的改性膨润土为催化剂,在自行设计的流化床装置上评价了乙醇脱水制乙烯的催化性能;采用X-射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面分析（BET）和热重分析（TG）等手段对催化剂的理化性能进行表征,同时考察了不同催化剂制备条件和催化反应条件等工艺因素对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,当硫酸质量分数为44％,水洗至pH值为4～5,添加0．15g混合氯化稀土,反应温度为270℃,乙醇的进样流速为013mL／min,催化剂用量3g,催化反应的活性最佳,出口乙烯气体的体积分数可达8．56×10^-1。