日本的中等化学教育及其师资培养（上）

二次世界大战前,日本是当时发达的工业国之一,有由农业国向工业国的转化,前后用了约70年时间。战后仅10年的时间,日本就迅速地恢复了国内经济,继而又很快地（约30年）确立了其在世界经济舞台上的领先地位。     

化学史的意义（下）

３０年前，在对化学史特别感兴趣的科学史学家当中，道格拉斯·麦克凯尤为突出，颇负声望。麦克凯是伦敦大学学院的科学史教授，他花费了大量精力专门研究拉瓦锡和１８世纪的化学革命。他培养了一批对类似问题感兴趣的学生，并做了许多工作使这个领域成为化学史研究中占主导地位的领域。法国的多马斯（Ｄａｕｍａｓ）和美国的格拉克充实了这个领域的力量。格拉克的学生玛丽·博厄斯（ＭａｒｉｅＢｏａｓ）在其《罗伯特·波义耳与１７世纪的化学》（ＲｏｂｅｒｔＢｏｙｌｅａｎｄＳｅｖｅｎｔｅｅｎｔｈ－ＣｅｎｔｕｒｙＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ，…     

新型骨干化学师资培养模式初探

本文针对我国传统师资培养模式的局限性 ,提出了纵深型“4 + 2”“理学学士—教育硕士”6年贯通制新型骨干化学教师培养模式 ,并阐明了其培养目标以及培养方案。     

中等化学教育类专业期刊的文献统计分析

目前,我国有关中等化学教育的专业期刊主要有:①<化学教育>、②<化学教学>、③<中学化学教学参考>、④<中学化学>、⑤<中学化学教与学>、⑥<化学教与学>.期刊①②③④属原创性质;期刊⑤属复印资料性质;近年来期刊⑤没有转载或索引期刊⑥的文章.     

离子交换动力学及其应用（下）

由离子交换的相间传质过程可知,离子交换过程包括膜扩散与粒扩散两种顺序的步骤,其中较慢的一个步骤便决定了整个离子交换过程的速率。在离子交换过程中,速率的控制步骤究竟是膜扩散还是粒扩散,可用Helfferich准数(He)作为判据,即由两种机理模型所得半交换期之比作表征:     

《化学教育》栏目简介（试行稿）

化学与杜会目的介绍化学与临近学科、社会.环境、技术,经济等方 面的关系及其在各个领城中的应用。内容1.论述化学在社会发展中的地位,作用: 2.介绍环境科学、生命科学、卫生保健、生活消费等 领城中的化学间题: 3.介绍化学在新材料,新能该、新技术等方面的应用。要求1.选题面广,内容新领,观点明确.材料充实,有述 有评; 2.文宇精炼.论述力求生动、通俗、准确: 3,5。。。字以内,包括必要的图表和参考文献。 知识介绍目的介绍和更新化学各学科的基拙理论、羞础知识.帮 助读者了解化学及其边缘学科的新进展、新动向. 以开阔读者眼界。内容1.重…     

化学史的意义（上）

本文作者是著名的科学史大师，曾获得３ 项国际性的科学史大奖：１９７８ 年获得最佳科学史研究著作奖菲泽奖金、１９８７ 年获得杰出化学史成就奖德克斯特奖、１９９４ 年获得科学史领域最高奖萨顿奖章。本文是作者１９８３ 年５ 月２ 日在葡萄牙科因布拉大学的演讲。这是一篇关于化学史学史的出色演讲。作者在演讲中勾勒了化学史发展的主要线索，介绍了化学史发展过程中的重大事件、优秀成就和杰出人物，分析了化学自身的历史传统及其产生的背景，考察了这种传统远离科学史发展主流后来又冲击科学史主流的过程，也阐述了化学史家们的重要史学思想。因演讲稿较长，本刊分两期连载。原文末所附６５ 处文献或注释略去，有进一步兴趣者请与译者联系。     

华中师范大学化学学院在职攻读学科教学（化学）教育硕士专业学位研究生招生简章

一、报考条件及招生对象：具有学士学位、3年以上教育工作经历的教师、管理人员。只有大学本科学历，未获得学士学位者，需具有中教一级职称。二、考试科目：英语（含听力）、教育学、心理学（全国联考科目），化学教学论（我校自行命题）。考试大纲及样题、考前辅导请来电、函或网上咨询。     

中师化学实验基本功的目标与训练

中师化学实验基本功（以下简称基本功）的主要内容应包括实验操作技能和与之配套的表达实验能力。     

Peculiarities of Chemical Binding in Anhydrous Lead(II) and Tin(II) Hexacyanoferrates(II,III)

The electronic structure and chemical binding of anhydrous lead and tin hexacyanoferrates(II,III) Pb₂Fe(CN)₆, Pb_1.5Fe(CN)₆, and Sn₂Fe(CN)₆ were studied by the linear muffm-tin orbital (tight binding approximation) and extended Hückel theory methods. The general tendencies of variation for the stability of the Pb–N, Sn–N, Fe–C, and C–N bonds were determined for Pb₂Fe(CN)₆, Pb_1.5Fe(CN)₆, and Sn₂Fe(CN)₆ crystals. Peculiarities of Pb(Sn)–N chemical interactions in the structure of the phases have been found.     

Chemical constituents of Nepalese propolis (II)

A novel flavanonol (1), three new isoflavones (2-4) and a new flavan-3-ol (5) were isolated along with ten other known flavonoids (6-15) from the methanolic extract of propolis collected from Chitwan, Nepal. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis.     

大力推进通识教育实施全面化学教育与人才培养——南京大学化学专业本科人才培养方案和教学计划的修订

介绍南京大学化学化工学院在大力推进通识教育、实施全面化学教育与人才培养过程中,对化学专业人才培养方案和教学计划所做的一些考虑和修订。     

Unusual Stabilization of Dication Diradical Intermediate of Dizinc(II) Porphyrin Dimer

We have demonstrated here how the nature of a metal ion controls the reactivity of a metalloporphyrin π‐cation radical. One‐electron oxidations of diethylpyrrole‐bridged dicopper(II) and dipalladium(II) porphyrin dimers using iodine as an oxidant result in the formation of strongly interacting cofacial mixed‐valent π‐cation radical dimers. The mixed‐valent cation radical so generated being highly reactive drives a spontaneous and rapid transformation to form an indolizinium‐fused chlorin‐porphyrin heterodimer. In sharp contrast to this, similar addition of iodine leads to 1e‐oxidation of dizinc(II) porphyrin dimer, which is followed by a second oxidation to produce a dication diradical complex. The axial coordination of iodine upon 1e‐oxidation of dizinc(II) porphyrin dimer lowers the overall oxidation potential of the system, and thereby, making the second oxidation easily accessible. This has resulted in the stabilization of a dication diradical complex, in which two porphyrin π‐cation radicals undergo electronic communication through the bridging pyrrole group. Interestingly, despite being well‐separated from each other, the two radical spins undergo strong antiferromagnetic coupling to form a diamagnetic compound. The conjugation also leads to a change in identity of the bridge, which further highlights the critical role played by the bridge in the electronic communication between the two rings. DFT calculations clearly support the experimental observations.     

Chemical methylation of germanium(II) in model aqueous solutions

Inorganic germanium(II) in micromolar concentrations was reacted with methyl iodide (CH₃I) and methylcobalamin (CH₃-CoB₁₂) at various pH values and with different salt matrices. In all experiments monomethylgermanium was the only product. The reaction with CH₃-CoB₁₂ at pH 1 yielded approximately 1.3% of the added germanium, whereas no methylation occurred at pH 7. Reaction yields with CH₃I were lowest at pH 1 in 0.1 mol dm^?3 KCl (1.6%) and highest at pH 7.6 in artificial seawater (6%). For the reaction of CH₃?CoB₁₂ with germanium(II) a free-radical mechanism is assumed, whereas methylation by CH₃I is most likely an oxidative addition mechanism.     

Chemical annealing of damage Co(II) in gamma-irradiated hexamminocobalt(III) nitrate

Chemical annealing of damage Co(II) in γ-irradiated hexamminocobalt(III) nitrate has been carried out between 410 and 440 K. The concentration of Co(II) first increases to a maximum, approximately same for different temperatures and then decreases, the latter part of the recovery isotherms exhibit usual annealing behaviour. The data are discussed in the light of theories of diffusion controlled mechanisms as well as conventional method of analysis. The increasing part of the recovery isotherms follows first order kinetics whereas the decreasing part obeys second order process.     

Intermediate and ion-pair formation in the outer-sphere reactions between azido-pentacyanocobaltate(III) and iron(II) polypyridyl complexes in aqueous medium

The kinetics of the reactions between azido-pentacyanocobaltate(III), Co(CN)₅N₃ ³⁻, and iron(II) polypyridyl complexes, Fe(LL)₃ ²⁺ (LL = bipy, phen), have been studied in both neutral and acidic aqueous solutions at I = 0.1 mol dm⁻³ NaCl. The reactions were carried out under pseudo-first-order conditions in which the concentration of Fe(LL)₃ ²⁺ was kept constant, and the second-order rate constants obtained for the reactions at 35 °C were within the range of 0.156–0.219 dm³ mol⁻¹ s⁻¹ for LL = bipy and 0.090–0.118 dm³ mol⁻¹ s⁻¹ for LL = phen. Activation parameters were measured for these systems. The dependence of reaction rates on acid was studied in the range [H⁺] = 0.001–0.008 mol dm⁻³. The reaction in acid medium shows interesting kinetics. Two reactive species were identified in acid medium, namely, the protonated cobalt complex and the azido-bridged binuclear complex. The electron-transfer process is proposed to go by mixed outer- and inner-sphere mechanisms in acid medium, in which electron transfer through the bridged inner-sphere complex (k ₅) is slower than through the outer-sphere path (k ₄). Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The Tetrachloridoaurates(III) of Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II)

The first salt‐like compounds of dications with [AuCl₄]^– anions are reported. The compounds Zn[AuCl₄]₂ · (AuCl₃)_1.115 ( 1 ) and Cd[AuCl₄]₂ ( 2 ) are obtained from reactions of MCl₂ (M = Zn, Cd) and elemental gold in liquid chlorine at ambient temperature under autogenous pressure and subsequent annealing at 230 °C. The structure of 1 represents an incommensurately modulated composite [superspace group C2/c(α0γ)0s] built of two subsystems. The first subsystem contains chains of zinc(II) tetrachloridoaurate(III), which feature a slightly distorted octahedral coordination of Zn and can be described by the Niggli formula ¹_∞{Zn[AuCl₄]_1/1[AuCl₄]_2/2}. The second subsystem consists of Au₂Cl₆ molecules, which are located in channels built up by the first subsystem. The structural parameters of the hosted Au₂Cl₆ molecules show only small deviations from neat AuCl₃. The crystal structure of Cd[AuCl₄]₂ ( 2 ) consists of chains built of Cd²⁺ ions coordinated by bridging [AuCl₄]^– anions and alternating Cd‐Au sequence. Cd has a distorted octahedral coordination environment.