硝基芴酮与脂肪胺的光化夺氢反应的ESR研究

本文用自旋捕捉技术与ESR方法研究了五种硝基芴酮与五种不同的伯、仲、叔脂肪胺的光化夺氢反应中的活泼自由基。结果表明,当胺中有N上氢和α—C上氢时,优先形成N—中心自由基:仅当无N上氢时,才形成C—中心自由基。     

新型饱和烷基类自由基捕捉剂的合成及ESR研究

设计合成了新的饱和烷基类线型硝酮捕捉剂N-（亚乙基）-t-丁胺-N-氧化物(EBN)和N-（亚乙基）-1-二乙氧基磷酰基-1-甲基乙基胺N-氧化物(EPN),并运用ESR、MS、IR、UV等一系列手段对其结构进行了表征,同时对Fenton体系中产生的羟基及不同类型的氧中心、碳中心和硫中心自由基的捕获能力进行了系统的研究. 结果表明,这两种捕捉剂合成方法比较简单,产率较高,对羟基等自由基有比较强的捕捉能力. 期望本文的工作能为自由基捕捉剂的研究提供一个新的思路.     

低密度聚乙烯光引发交联机理——Ⅰ.ND自旋捕捉ESR研究

本文使用2,3,5,6——四甲基亚硝基苯(ND)自旋捕捉ESR技术研究了由二苯甲酮(BP)光引发低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)交联自由基中间体。采用改变温度和熔融态检测到分辨得很好的氮氧自旋加合物自由基ESR谱的方法,鉴定了光引发LDPE交联前躯自由基主要为仲碳自由基,-CH_2-CH-CH_2-和叔碳自由基,由此可见,BP引发LDPE的光交联反应主要发生在仲碳和叔碳原子上。     

烷烃蒸汽微波放电分解反应活泼自由基的ESR研究

本文用前文^[5]报道的气相有机化合物微波放电装置、自旋捕捉剂苯亚甲基叔丁基氮氧化物PhCH=NC↑^O(CH₃)₃(PBR)与ESR相结合,系统研究了十种烷烃蒸汽微波放电分解产生的活泼自由基。从ESR谱的超精细结构及其随PBN与放电腔距离的变化,不仅证实了上述体系放电分解既有H·生成,又有碳中心自由基R·产生,而且还找到了PBN与R·H·生成加合物比值变化的规律。由PBN与放电腔距离的不同,得出的碳中心自由基R·加合物的ESR波谱参数,证明了PBN捕捉不同的自由基R·。     

二苯甲酮与烃的光化夺氢反应中产生的活泼自由基的ESR研究

本文用具立体阻碍的自旋捕捉剂2,4,6-三-特丁基亚硝基苯(TBN)与ESR相结合的方法,研究了十种烷烃及四种芳烃与二苯甲酮光化夺氢反应中产生的活泼自由基。结果表明,R₃R₂R₁Ċ和TBN形成烷氧苯胺自由基加合物。R-ĊH-R'与TBN形成烷氧苯胺自由基加合物和氮氧自由基加合物。TBN可用于区分有、无空间位阻的烷烃,芳烃自由基。自旋加合物的ESR波谱可表明自由基中未偶电子所在碳原子附近的有效质子数目。     

N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺光解夺氢反应的ESR研究

本文用自旋捕捉剂亚硝基叔丁烷(MNP)和2,3,5,6-四甲基亚硝基苯与ESR相结合分别研究了N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS)光解反应产生的自由基,以及NBS与醇、取代芳烃及烷烃进行光解夺氢反应生成的活泼自由基中间体,结果表明:1.在紫外光用下,NBS分子中的N-Br键发生均裂,产生N-中心自由基并为MNP所捕获.2.对于醇及烷烃,NBS光解产生的Br能夺取叔碳原子上的氢,分别形成叔碳自由基HOR和R,并被ND所捕获.3.与烷烃及醇不同的是:Br不仅能夺取烷基取代苯分子中叔碳原子上的氢,而且还能夺取仲碳原子上的氢,分别形成自由基PhCR₂及PhCHR.     

低密度聚乙烯光引发交联机理——Ⅱ.BNB自旋捕捉ESR研究

在光引发剂二苯甲酮(BP)存在下,紫外光辐照低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)所形成的自由基中间体已被自旋捕捉剂2,4,6-三特丁基亚硝基苯(BNB)所捕捉,其自旋加合物自由基已为电子自旋共振(ESR)所特征。现已检测和鉴定到二种自旋加合物:一种是叔碳自由基;另一种是仲碳自由基。它们分别是由BP的激发三重态从LDPE链的支化点和亚甲基团上夺氢所形成的自由基中间体同自旋捕捉剂BNB反应生成的。上述的证据表明:LDPE的光引发交联点主要发生在叔碳和仲碳原子上,且H-型交联点占主导地位。     

低密度聚乙烯光引发交联机理——Ⅱ.BNB自旋捕捉ESR研究(英文)

在光引发剂二苯甲酮(BP)存在下,紫外光辐照低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)所形成的自由基中间体已被自旋捕捉剂2,4,6-三特丁基亚硝基苯(BNB)所捕捉,其自旋加合物自由基已为电子自旋共振(ESR)所特征。现已检测和鉴定到二种自旋加合物:一种是叔碳自由基;另一种是仲碳自由基。它们分别是由BP的激发三重态从LDPE链的支化点和亚甲基团上夺氢所形成的自由基中间体同自旋捕捉剂BNB反应生成的。上述的证据表明:LDPE的光引发交联点主要发生在叔碳和仲碳原子上,且H-型交联点占主导地位。     

用DETC铁络合物捕捉生物组织NO自由基的ESR波谱解析

一氧化氮自由基具有重要的生物功能.但目前使用的自旋捕捉剂都不能有效捕捉细胞和组织体系产生的一氧化氮自由基.实验表明DETC(mononitrosyl dithiocarbamate)铁络合物可以有效捕捉生物体系产生的一氧化氮自由基,但用DETC在细胞和组织体系检测一氧化氮自由基需要在低温检测.生物组织在低温的ESR波谱和DETC铁络合物捕捉的一氧化氮自由基的ESR波谱互相重叠,使谱线解析有一定困难.本文分析了用DETC铁络合物检测细胞和组织体系产生一氧化氮自由基在低温可能出现的ESR信号的g值和超精细分裂常数.提出了克服使用DETC铁络合物检测生物体系一氧化氮自由基困难的方法.     

ESR自旋捕集技术的发展和在生物医学研究中的应用

ESR是研究自由基最直接和最有效的技术,但是这些自由基必须是相对稳定的,而且要达到一定浓度才能用ESR技术检测和研究. 而生物体系中产生的自由基大部分是不稳定的,这是常规ESR波谱仪无法检测的. 为了克服ESR技术的这一局限性,发展了自旋捕集技术,这是目前研究生物和医学体系中活泼自由基应用最多也是最成功的方法, 每年都有新的自旋捕集剂合成和大量在生物医学应用的报道,为自由基生物医学的研究和发展做出了巨大贡献.  作者建立和发展了捕捉超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基、脂质过氧化产生的脂类自由基、一氧化氮自由基和单线态氧及一氧化氮和氧自由基同时检测技术. 利用这些技术开展了细胞、组织产生自由基机理,天然抗氧化剂的筛选及一些重大疾病如炎症、心脏病、老年痴呆症、帕金森综合症,中风,辐射损伤,蛋白质氧化,植物光合系统中产生活性自由基和植物的发病机理研究中的应用,取得了一系列研究结果.     

Time-resolved EPR study of the photoreduction of phthalic anhydride and chlorinated phthalic anhydrides in 2-propanol

The photoreduction of phthalic anhydride (PA), 3,6-dichlorophthalic anhydride (3,6-DCPA), 4,5-dichlorophthalic anhydride (4,5-DCPA) and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA) in 2-propanol has been studied with time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance. The chemically induced dynamic electron polarization spectra show that the reaction takes place through the excited triplet states. From PA, cyclohexadienyl-type hydrogen adduct and ketyl radicals were observed, whereas 3,6-DCPA produced the 3,6-DCPA anion and hydrogen adduct radicals. With 4,5-DCPA only the anion radical appeared, whilst the TCPA system showed no apparent anion and adduct radical formation. These data show that the hydrogen adduct formation occurs at the 4 position in the benzene ring, but that 4,5-DCPA and TCPA do not undergo this reaction. The anion radicals of PAs are formed in subsequent deprotonation reactions of the ketyl radicals. We propose that the hydrogen adduct radical formation in PA and 3,6-DCPA takes place through direct hydrogen abstraction by the excited triplet molecules, in competition with similar abstraction by the carbonyl group to form the ketyls.     

多相氧载体CoO-MgO和氧分子作用的ESR研究

用ESK研究多相氧载体CoO-MgO表面上氧的吸附作用,发现在77-150K温度范围内表面Co²⁺离子和O₂的结合是可逆的,吸附产生Co³⁺-O₂^-自由基加合物有超精细结构的ESR谱;当温度增加,吸附态O₂^-自由基发生转移并稳定在Mg²⁺离子上形成Mg²⁺-O₂^-自由基,文中着重讨论Co³⁺-O₂^-自由基的电子结构和成键本质,认为自由基是通过自旋成对的方式形成的,由于σ-л键作用引起的自旋极化以及由于电子离域作用而引起的偶极作用与ESR制的超精细结构线产生有关。     

Comparative study of p‐amino benzhydrazide and m‐amino benzhydrazide by free radicals and free electron transfer

The bimolecular electron transfer from p‐amino benzhydrazide (PABH) and its meta‐derivative (m‐amino benzhydrazide (MABH)) to specific one‐electron oxidant results in the formation of anilino radical. In case of PABH, reaction with ^?OH radicals results in the synchronous formation of adduct as well as anilino radical. The interesting observation is that the yield of the anilino radical increases with increase in pH. The effect of substitution also has a significant effect on the formation of adduct. In case of MABH, significant yield of anilino radical gets form on reaction with ^?OH radical. The free radical electron transfer from PABH and MABH to parent radical cation of non‐polar solvent also results in the formation of anilino radical only suggesting that the radical cation of PABH and MABH has short life time. The above results were supported by quantum chemical calculations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Addition–fragmentation reaction of thionoesters compounds in free-radical polymerisation (methyl,cyanomethyl and styryl): a theoretical interpretation

A joint experimental and theoretical study has been carried out on reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation (RAFT). We have performed density functional theory calculations at the (Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof) PBE/triple zeta plus polarisation level to analyse the RAFT mechanisms corresponding to these compounds. Global and local reactivity indices have been calculated to investigate the effect of the addition of methyl, cyanomethyl and styryl radicals on the double bond C=S of thionoester compounds producing an adduct radical. This mechanism is shown to be difficult when the cyanomethyl is used contrarily to the methyl and styryl radicals, in agreement with experimental results. The activation barrier of fragmentation of adduct radicals does not correlate well with the length of fragmented bond (O–C_α). The bond topological analysis of radical adduct predicts that the distance between the oxygen and a critical point (O–CP) in the fragment bond is a good parameter to estimate the activation energy of the fragmentation mechanism. It is shown that the nature of the free radicals is more selective than that of the thionoester compounds. With an overall large agreement with experiments, these theoretical results afford an explanation of the efficiency for the RAFT mechanism.     

The free radical scavenging activity of lespedezacoumestan toward ˙OH radical: A quantum chemical and computational kinetics study

The free radical activity of lespedezacoumestan was investigated toward hydroxyl (˙OH) radical in polar and nonpolar media using density functional theory. Four reaction mechanisms including radical adduct formation, hydrogen atom transfer, sequential single electron‐proton transfer (SET‐PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer were considered. The rate constants and branching ratio for all possible sites of reaction were calculated and reported for the first time. According to the obtained results, lespedezacoumestan reacts faster with ˙OH radical in aqueous solution than in nonpolar media. Also, lespedezacoumestan is an excellent ˙OH radical scavenger regardless of the environment polarity.     

A quantum chemical study on the OH radical quenching by natural antioxidant fisetin

In this work, the antioxidant ability of fisetin was explored toward hydroxyl (?OH) radical in aqueous and lipid solution using density functional level of theory. Different reaction mechanisms have been studied: hydrogen atom transfer, single electron transfer followed by proton transfer, and radical adduct formation, and sequential proton loss electron transfer. Rate constants for all possible reaction sites have been calculated using conventional transition state theory in conjunction with the Collins‐Kimball theory. Branching ratios for the different channels of reaction are reported for the first time. Results show that the reactivity of fisetin toward hydroxyl (^?OH) radical takes place almost exclusively by radical adduct formation regardless of the polarity of the environment. Also, the single‐electron transfer process seems to be thermodynamically unfavorable in both media.     

Hidden chemistry of substituted aniline radical cations in water: a mechanistic study

Absolute rate constants for hydroxyl radical, azide radical, and hydrated electron reactions with a sulfa drug 4,4'‐diamino diphenyl sulfone (dapsone) in water have been evaluated using electron pulse radiolysis technique. Absolute rate constants for hydroxyl radical and azide radical were determined as (8.4 ± 0.3) × 10⁹ and (5.6 ± 0.5) × 10⁹ M^?1 s^?1, respectively. The reduction of dapsone with the hydrated electron occurred with rate constant of (9.2 ± 0.1) × 10⁹ M^?1 s^?1. Hydroxyl radical reactions result in the synchronous formation of adduct as well as anilino radical. The interesting observation is that the yield of the anilino radical increases with increase in pH. Contrary to this, the yield of the adduct decreases with pH. We propose that hydroxyl radical adds predominantly to the aniline. In contrast, the reaction of azide radical with the dapsone suggests that the reaction occurs at the –NH₂ moiety of the aniline ring. The free radical electron transfer from dapsone to parent radical cation of non‐polar solvent also results in the formation of anilino radical only suggesting that the radical cation of dapsone has a short lifetime. The reaction of hydrated electrons with the dapsone suggests that the reaction occurs at different reaction site. The experimental results supported by theoretical calculations of this study provide fundamental mechanistic parameters that probably decide the fate of the radical cation of aniline derivatives. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of resveratrol and its analogs on scavenging hydroxyl radicals: Evaluation by EPR spin trapping method

Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) and six analogs, polyhydroxystilbenes, were synthesized. Their effects on scavenging hydroxyl radicals were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping method. The EPR signal intensity of the spin adduct of hydroxyl radical to 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide was detected and used as a standard for the evaluation of the effect of the seven compounds on scavenging hydroxyl radicals. While all seven compounds exhibited hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, some of them proved to be more effective than resveratrol in this model. Another stable but low-intensity spin adduct was also observed by EPR. A possible assignment is proposed.     

Rate constant measurements for initial addition reactions of radicals at the propagation step of photo‐polymerization as studied by pulsed EPR spectroscopy

Pulsed EPR spectroscopy was employed to determine reaction rate constants at an early stage of addition reactions in radical polymerizations triggered by four initiator radicals, which were generated by photodissociation of four parent molecules. Two monomers (tert‐butylacrylate and tert‐butylmethacrylate) were examined as reactant. Stern–Volmer analysis on the measured decay time of electron spin echo intensity of reacting radicals provides rate constants for addition reactions. We focused on rate constants for the second step reaction between monomer and adduct radical that is produced by the first step addition reaction between initiator radical and monomer. The rate constant measured by pulsed EPR was evaluated by theoretical calculations in the light of (1) enthalpy difference between product radical and reactants and (2) charge transfer interaction between reacting radical and monomer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification and structural characterization of a transient radical species in the uricase reaction mechanism

Uricase catalyzes the oxidation of urate to form allantoin, carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. In this article, we demonstrate for the first time the presence of a radical intermediate involved in the reaction mechanism. Such radical species was entrapped using 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide as spin trap and the relative adduct was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. A structure of such radical (5-hydroperoxy isourate) is proposed, through chemical results and density functional theory calculations of the EPR coupling constants.