基于热声相控阵列的声聚焦效应

研究基于热声相控阵列的宽频带声聚焦效应.设计新型热声相位控制单元,通过改变单元的空气温度控制声波波速,实现声波透射与反射相位延迟覆盖2π区间.设计四种不同类型的热声相控阵列聚焦透镜,采用8种或2种热声相位控制单元分别实现了透射与反射声聚焦效应.与其他类型的声聚焦透镜相比,热声相控阵列聚焦透镜具有宽频带、高聚焦性能、设计方案简单等优点.     

折衍混合光学系统超宽温消热差设计

利用折衍混合结构设计了超宽温范围内的光学被动式消热差Petzval物镜,系统工作波段为3.2～4.5 m,视场角为8.42,焦距为95 mm,后工作距为60.5 mm。使用锗和硅两种材料,引入了2个非球面和1个衍射面, 实现了消热差和结构简单轻量化,该系统在－80～200 ℃范围内, 调制传递函数(MTF) 优于0.7,接近衍射极限, 成像质量良好,该系统适用于像元尺寸为35 m、像元数320240的非制冷红外焦平面阵列探测器。     

Determination of the focusing power of flat lenses using the radiovisor

Focusing of electromagnetic radiation of a point source with a wavelength of 3 cm by flat negative-refraction lenses formed by a hexagonal structure of metal cylindrical rods was studied. The spatial distribution of microwave field of H polarization in the lens focal plane was recorded by a radiovisor screen which converts it into a visible image. The full width at half maximum of the focal spot distribution at optimum focusing did not exceed half the emission wavelength.     

对光声成像系统中声透镜的二元声学研究

基于二元声学的方法提出了一种折射／衍射混合声透镜设计方案,该声透镜在对光声信号进行二维成像时体现出了极大的优越性,与单声透镜相比,除了有实时成像、成像焦深较大且可以利用时间分辨技术实现层析成像的优点外,还可以利用二元声学透镜独特的色散特性校正单声透镜的轴向色差,可以极大提高成像的分辨力。通过计算机模拟了有一定带宽的点声源通过该声透镜像面上的点扩展函数,与经单声透镜的结果比较,可以看出点扩展函数弥散斑得到明显改善,极大地消除色差对成像质量的影响。     

分波段照明法实现单透镜大景深成像

基于透镜色散原理,提出了运用分波段照明法扩大单透镜成像景深的方法.理论推导出物距和照明光波长之间存在正相关关系,据此选择相应波段的照明光源,通过照明光学设计,使不同物距的物体均能清晰成像在同一像面上.ZEMAX软件模拟结果与理论分析吻合.采用自行设计的图像采集系统,只用一个35mm焦距普通双凸透镜进行实验测试.人眼主观和专业软件测试结果均表明:采用分波段照明方式比用白光照明景深扩大81.8%,分辨率最大提升200.3%;比只用单色光照明景深扩大了93.6%,分辨率最大提升189.7%.     

基于透镜畸变效应的仿人眼扫描系统设计

仿人眼扫描具有旋转与尺度不变性、背景信息压缩及变分辨率信息采集等优点,但传统的仿人眼扫描方法存在系统结构复杂、扫描速度慢等缺点,提出一种基于透镜畸变实现扫描环增长,采用阿贝棱镜旋转实现对目标视场扫描的仿人眼扫描方法。利用透镜畸变对不同视场下入射光斑进行放大,进而实现仿人眼光斑结构。通过物像关系求解透镜初始参数,将仿人眼扫描光斑的环间增长系数作为透镜畸变优化目标函数,对透镜参数进行非球面优化,获得透镜结构参数。设计的仿人眼扫描系统焦距为14.24 mm,工作距离为25 mm。仿真结果表明:入射高度为20 mm的1×16线阵激光能够对直径为27.66 mm的像面实现16环仿人眼扫描,扫描光斑的最大环增长系数为1.08。相比于传统仿人眼扫描方式,此文提出的方法具有成本低、结构简单、扫描速度快等优点。     

BioCARS: a synchrotron resource for time‐resolved X‐ray science

BioCARS, a NIH‐supported national user facility for macromolecular time‐resolved X‐ray crystallography at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), has recently completed commissioning of an upgraded undulator‐based beamline optimized for single‐shot laser‐pump X‐ray‐probe measurements with time resolution as short as 100 ps. The source consists of two in‐line undulators with periods of 23 and 27 mm that together provide high‐flux pink‐beam capability at 12 keV as well as first‐harmonic coverage from 6.8 to 19 keV. A high‐heat‐load chopper reduces the average power load on downstream components, thereby preserving the surface figure of a Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror system capable of focusing the X‐ray beam to a spot size of 90 µm horizontal by 20 µm vertical. A high‐speed chopper isolates single X‐ray pulses at 1 kHz in both hybrid and 24‐bunch modes of the APS storage ring. In hybrid mode each isolated X‐ray pulse delivers up to ～4 × 10¹⁰ photons to the sample, thereby achieving a time‐averaged flux approaching that of fourth‐generation X‐FEL sources. A new high‐power picosecond laser system delivers pulses tunable over the wavelength range 450–2000 nm. These pulses are synchronized to the storage‐ring RF clock with long‐term stability better than 10 ps RMS. Monochromatic experimental capability with Biosafety Level 3 certification has been retained.     

Measurement of acoustic particle velocities in enclosed sound field: Assessment of two Laser Doppler Velocimetry measuring systems

The performances of two Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) systems adapted for measuring the acoustic particle velocities are assessed in enclosed sound field. This assessment is performed by comparing the acoustic velocities measured by means of LDV to reference acoustic velocities estimated from sound pressure measurements. The two LDV systems are based on a single optical bench which delivers an optical signal called Doppler signal. The Doppler signal, which is frequency modulated, is analyzed by means of two signal processing systems, the BSA (Burst Spectrum Analyser from Dantec) on the one hand, and a system specifically developed for the estimation of the acoustic velocity on the other hand. Once the experimental setup has been optimized for minimizing the errors made on the reference velocities, the assessment is performed and shows that both systems can measure the acoustic velocity in enclosed field in two the frequency ranges [0-4 kHz] and [0-2 kHz] respectively for acoustic velocity amplitudes of 10 mm/s and 1 mm/s.     

Hybrid lens with corrected sphero-chromatic aberration

An optical imaging element is considered, which consists of a plano-convex spherical glass lens and a holographic lens recorded on the flat surface. Such a ‘hybrid lens’ enables one simultaneously to correct spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatism for two given wavelengths. The imaging quality of such an achromatic lens of focal length f = 100 mm and relative aperture 1:10 is evaluated by the ray tracing method. The results ensure that the performance of such a hybrid lens is acceptable for field angles as high as 5:100.     

球形集声器在生物组织中形成的组织损伤

球形集声器可在亚波长焦域内形成高强度声压,在高强度聚焦超声治疗中具有潜在应用前景.本文结合非线性声传播理论及生物传热学理论,研究球形集声器在生物组织中形成的组织损伤.实验中采用430 kHz,内径为240 mm的球形集声器对肝组织作用,结果表明:集声器表面声压为53 kPa时作用2 s,可以形成小于波长尺度的组织损伤.理论计算结果与实验结果符合得较好,并且理论模型可优化球形集声器的开口孔径.研究结果表明,球形集声器可应用于肿瘤的精细超声治疗.     

平面波透射聚焦超表面结构设计

为实现单个平面透镜在10.6!m波长处的会聚功能,本文设计并制备了一种一维亚波长光栅面型超表面(electromagnetic meta-surface)。基于电磁谐振现象,利用双条形介质耦合结构模型设计了会聚超表面单元结构,并采用FDTD Solution软件进行仿真计算证明了其对光波位相的调制作用,筛选出了10个位相梯度。通过对10个位相梯度的自由组合形成会聚超表面平面透镜,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明:在设计波长上,超表面平面透镜对TM模式平面波能够较好地实现透射会聚的功能,焦距为49mm,会聚光斑最小宽度是0.7mm,工作效率达到60%。     

3 mm圆锥喇叭聚焦天线的理论与仿真

介绍了基于传统光路法的聚焦透镜的设计方法。利用电磁仿真软件计算了透镜置于圆锥喇叭口的3 mm聚焦透镜天线的性能。根据圆锥喇叭最大方向系数及现有文献公式确定喇叭张角,仿真得到天线聚焦性能不够理想。然后仿真了张角12,20,30三种天线聚焦性能,其焦距随张角增大而增大,逐渐接近所设计焦距。从而验证了光路法需电磁波长相对喇叭口径足够小的结论。给出了喇叭张角12,20,30三种天线焦平面上电场分布。喇叭张角30天线焦斑小于2倍波长。     

玻璃基底Wolter-1型X射线聚焦镜研制及测试

Wolter-1型X射线聚焦镜可将掠入射的X射线反射至焦平面处,具有较强的成像探测能力,在天文探测等领域中具有重要作用.通过建立几何模型对反射镜面及反射光线方程进行理论计算,推导出了适用于以玻璃为基底材料的聚焦镜设计参数方程,可用于对此类聚焦镜进行理论设计,依据理论设计,采用具有极高表面光洁度的超薄肖特D263T玻璃经热弯成型后作为反射镜基底,在反射镜表面制备金属铱薄膜作为反射膜研制了Wolter-1型反射镜组,并使用激光三维扫描仪对所研制的聚焦镜片面型进行了测试.测试结果显示,实际镜片面型与理想镜片面型公差在10 μm以内的测试点占总测试点的50%.通过搭建可见光条件下的焦斑测试系统,使用图像采集相机采集焦斑的灰度图像,通过图像分析软件分析计算该灰度图像的灰度分布来定量分析焦斑的能量分布情况,从而确定焦斑特性参数.实验结果显示：研制出的聚焦镜片焦距为1.6 m,焦斑的半能量包围直径为0.33 mm,对应角分辨率为0.7角分.     

Pressure-sensitive paint as a distributed optical microphone array

Pressure-sensitive paint is presented and evaluated in this article as a quantitative technique for measurement of acoustic pressure fluctuations. This work is the culmination of advances in paint technology which enable unsteady measurements of fluctuations over 10 kHz at pressure levels as low as 125 dB. Pressure-sensitive paint may be thought of as a nano-scale array of optical microphones with a spatial resolution limited primarily by the resolution of the imaging device. Thus, pressure-sensitive paint is a powerful tool for making high-amplitude sound pressure measurements. In this work, the paint was used to record ensemble-averaged, time-resolved, quantitative measurements of two-dimensional mode shapes in an acoustic resonance cavity. A wall-mounted speaker generated nonlinear, standing acoustic waves in a rigid enclosure measuring 216 mm wide, 169 mm high, and 102 mm deep. The paint recorded the acoustic surface pressures of the (1,1,0) mode shape at approximately 1.3 kHz and a sound pressure level of 145.4 dB. Results from the paint are compared with data from a Kulite pressure transducer, and with linear acoustic theory. The paint may be used as a diagnostic technique for ultrasonic tests where high spatial resolution is essential, or in nonlinear acoustic applications such as shock tubes.     

像方扫描技术研究

基于显微摄影的成像原理,研究了像方扫描以扩大视场的途径,并建立了一个二次成像的设计模型,包括一个大视场的固定前置物镜组和一个运动轨迹为球面的中继透镜组。物镜组所成的一次像面优化了场曲,中继透镜组则根据该场曲进行运动,对一次像面不同区域成像,并采用光学被动消热差以保证不同温度的像质。该模型的相对孔径1∶3,波长3.7 m~4.8 m,焦距90 mm,瞬时凝视视场为4,扫描视场达24,采用7片透镜3个非球面,在全视场范围内具有接近衍射限的像质。     

共形Mikaelian声透镜设计*

该文研究了利用共形变换设计声学器件的一般方法,在此基础上根据普通Mikaelian透镜的折射率分布规律,利用指数映射设计出了弧形的Mikaelian透镜,分析并讨论了弧形透镜的密度、模量和折射率分布规律。对160 k Hz的声波进行了仿真实验,仿真结果表明,在弧形透镜的理论预测焦点处出现能量汇聚的现象,即实现了弧形聚焦的效果。同时,声波在经过该透镜后传播方向产生了一定角度的偏转。该工作为实现弧形声学器件提供了理论方法,在水下声探测及水下声通讯等方面有着潜在的应用。     

Acoustic microscopy applied to nonlinear characterization of biological media

The use of an acoustic microscope as a method for nonlinear characterization of biological media is evaluated. The method consists of measuring the second harmonic signal generated in a sample located at the focus of the acoustic lens. Two experimental configurations were compared: The first is the simple case where the sample is a liquid mixture filling the space between the lens cavity and the receiver; in the second case, the liquid mixture is confined to a thin layer at the focal plane, in order to simulate a real tissue layer. Aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol and methanol were used as liquid samples. Simple theoretical models are presented for each configuration and the predictions show good qualitative agreement with experimental measurements. These results confirm our belief that the acoustic microscope is potentially a good tool for nonlinear B/A imaging of biological systems.     

光声信号的声透镜层析成像研究

提出了一种用声透镜实现光声层析成像的新模式。从理论上计算出了声透镜的响应，测出了已知声场中标准物像面处的声场分布。考虑到圆形活塞振源的指向性，对代表物成像进行了理论修正，并与实验结果做了对比分析。研究表明，利用声透镜可以实现光声层析成像，并经图像重构得到了生物组织中异物的光声图像，横向、纵向分辨力较高。     

Tighter focusing with a parabolic mirror

We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that a parabolic mirror (PM) with a high numerical aperture (NA) of 1 focuses a radially polarized laser mode to the smallest diffraction-limited spot at a fixed NA and wavelength, having an area of 0.134 lambda(2). The measurements were performed with a confocal microscope, using the PM as a focusing and collecting element. The results stand in accordance with the theoretical calculations presented by Davidson and Bokor [Opt. Lett. 29, 1318 (2004)], who predicted a reduction in the total focal spot size of 43% as compared with an aplanatic lens.     

微型光纤传像束内窥镜的物镜设计

根据微型纤维软镜小尺寸、大视场的要求, 分析其设计准则, 采用"负-正"型反远距物镜作为初始结构, 确定其为像方远心光学系统。通过理论计算和Zemax光学仿真软件的不断优化, 最终设计出了一个工作波段在0.48 μm~0.65 μm, 焦距为0.37 mm, 全视场90°, 相对孔径为1:4的微型光纤传像束内窥镜物镜。该物镜由4片透镜组成, 包括1片负透镜、1片正透镜和1片双胶合透镜。设计结果表明:镜头总长3.89 mm, 最大横截面直径0.95 mm, 满足像方远心光学系统的初始设计要求, 在奈奎斯特空间频率77 lp/mm处的调制传递函数(MTF)近似为0.7, 接近衍射极限, 并且具有小尺寸、大视场、像质优良、结构合理、像面光照强度均匀等特点, 符合微型纤维式内窥镜的使用条件。