Comparing cleaning effects of gas and vapor bubbles in ultrasonic fields

The dynamic actions of cavitation bubbles in ultrasonic fields can clean surfaces. Gas and vapor cavitation bubbles exhibit different dynamic behaviors in ultrasonic fields, yet little attention has been given to the distinctive cleaning effects of gas and vapor bubbles. We present an experimental investigation of surface cleaning by gas and vapor bubbles in an ultrasonic field. Using high-speed videography, we found that the primary motions of gas and vapor bubbles responsible for surface cleaning differ. Our cleaning tests under different contamination conditions in terms of contaminant adhesion strength and surface wettability reveal that vapor and gas bubbles are more effective at removing contaminants with strong and weak adhesion, respectively, and furthermore that hydrophobic substrates are better cleaned by vapor bubbles. Our study not only provides a better physical understanding of the ultrasonic cleaning process, but also proposes novel techniques to improve ultrasonic cleaning by selectively employing gas and vapor bubbles depending on the characteristics of the surface to be cleaned.     

On some Einstein-Maxwell fields of high symmetry

The literature on Einstein-Maxwell fields with high symmetry (including some work by the present author) abounds in errors and unwitting rediscoveries. In the present paper certain static axisymmetric, stationary cylindrically symmetric and nonstatic spatially homogeneous space-times which were previously investigated in a series of papers by Raychaudhuri, Datta, Bera, and De [1–11] are considered. In most cases the general solution of the problems tackled is now known, and is repeated here. The earlier papers are analyzed; while errors (some already pointed out by Carminati and McIntosh [12]) and duplications are found, it is believed that the papers discussed contain the first occurrences of three of the solutions. The calculations in this paper have been verified using the computer algebra system SHEEP.     

On nonlinear effects in magnetic chains

The effect of phonon unharmonism and nonlinearity in exchange integrals on soliton excitations in ferromagnetic chains in the classical and long-wave limit are studied. It has been first shown that the unharmonic effect leads to a system of coupled Boussinesque and nonlinear Schrödinger equations allowing two types of soliton solutions. The nonlinear effect on the other hand results nonlinear Schrödinger equation with saturable nonlinearity admitting stable solitons in higher dimensional models.     

On the analogy between neutrino and nonlinear spinor fields

This paper considers some aspects of the neutrino dynamics i.e. connection between neutrino and nonlinear spinor fields (due to torsion).     

粗糙接触界面超声非线性效应的概率模型

提出描述粗糙接触界面超声非线性效应的概率模型,利用分段均匀概率函数描述粗糙接触界面劲度系数变化,结合表面粗糙峰的几何分布特征,得到界面粗糙度和两侧表面相对运动对声波的非线性调制作用。实验观测了铝合金材料的粗糙接触界面的高次谐波现象和阈值现象,进一步分析了归一化非线性参数与界面加载压力、粗糙度之间的关系。实验测量结果与概率模型的理论预测一致,证明了该模型的正确性,为利用超声非线性效应评价粗糙接触界面提供了理论依据。     

超声非线性效应表征的动态小波指纹分析方法

针对结构早期损伤超声非线性检测中损伤表征问题,发展了一种基于动态小波指纹的超声信号分析方法,从超声信号的动态小波指纹分布中提取出一种可用于结构早期损伤表征的超声非线性特征参数。研究了小波基函数及分析尺度对超声非线性效应提取效果的影响,优选出对结构早期损伤敏感的小波基函数以及尺度范围。将提出的动态小波指纹分析方法应用于二次谐波及混频非线性超声检测信号分析,结果表明,动态小波指纹分析方法可有效提取出检测信号中的二次谐波及混频分量,基于小波指纹分布的非线性特征参数可用于板结构中微裂纹的定量表征.本文研究工作为结构早期损伤超声非线性检测中的弱非线性效应提取作了有益探索。     

On some new effects in delta-doped QWs

Self-consistent calculation of Schrodinger, Poisson and electroneutrality equation with embedded impurity binding energy calculations of delta-doped SiGe/Si quantum well structures are performed. The influence of several parameters of the structure on the impurity binding energy is studied and discussed. On the basis of found phenomena the idea of an optical modulator controlled by a weak electric field is put forward.     

Superconducting resonator in strong microwave fields: Thermal domain, nonlinear thermal effects

The thermal nonlinearity of superconducting films in an electromagnetic field is investigated theoretically. It is shown that the transition of the superconductor from the superconducting to the normal state as a result of Joule heating exhibits hysteresis, corresponding to the onset of a bistable state in the film. It is shown that as a result of the nonuniformity of the amplitude of the electromagnetic field along the surface of the superconducting film, above some threshold a normal-phase domain forms in the superconductor. It is ascertained that the temporal evolution of the domain walls exhibits the character of thermal autowaves of heating or cooling. The nonlinear radio-frequency characteristics (reflection and transmission coefficients and frequency responses) of a stripline resonator under conditions of thermal nonlinearity are calculated. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 81–89 (October 1997)     

On some properties of linear and nonlinear waves in pair-ion plasmas

It is pointed out that the observation of the electrostatic ion acoustic wave frequency can be a suitable check to determine whether the produced plasma is a pure pair-ion plasma or whether it comprises some concentration of electrons. A theoretical model for the pair-ion plasma dynamics is presented along with a new electrostatic mode which can exist only in such systems. It can become unstable in the presence of shear flow and it can give rise to vortex structures in the nonlinear regime. The possibility of shocks and solitons, due to nonlinear drift waves in a pair-ion plasma comprising electrons, is also discussed. The relevance of this investigation to both laboratory and astrophysical plasmas is pointed out.     

On some features of the pulsed fields of aperture antennas

We analyze the features of the pulsed fields of aperture antennas and describe the method for calculating the pulsed field of a circular plane aperture and the method for reconstructing a pulsed field in the far zone using the measured time properties of the field in the near zone. It is shown that in the reconstruction of the time dependences of the antenna field in the far zone (or a set of radiation patterns in the frequency range) it suffices to use for the processing only a short initial segment of the time response of the antenna in the near zone. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 148–157, February 1999.     

On some new modulation effects in magnetic resonance

Two new modulation effects are considered: the appearance of relaxation oscillations of Zeeman and dipole magnetizations in nuclear and electron paramagnets, and the manifestation of modulation in the spin-echo signals of nuclei in domain walls of magnets.     

On some thermodynamic effects in small molecular systems

The behavior of a gas-liquid system in a small volume has been studied. In the absence of the thermodynamic limit, the problem has been examined by methods of statistical physics. This allows the use of new mathematical methods previously applied in nuclear physics. Within the modified droplet model of a real gas sandwiched between two extended plates, an additional component of the pressure, which was previously discussed and exhibits characteristic oscillations at change in the volume, has been found. Qualitative coincidence with the previously reported molecular dynamics simulations has been found.     

Biological effect of paramecium in diffused ultrasonic fields

Since the cell structure or biophysical reaction includes in the interaction between ultrasound and living matter. When multi-cell creature is exposed to ultrasound, this reaction will lead the biological effect becomes complex. Therefore, in this paper, a single cell creature is chosen to study the biological effects induced by ultrasound exposure. The paramecium, which possesses many features typical of higher-order animal cells, was considered an appropriate choice for this study. The ability shown by ultrasound in promoting and/or accelerating many reactions has been shown to be a useful field. The growth phase of paramecium by using the ultrasound irradiation is an important parameter in this study. In our experiment, the exponential and stationary phases were employed. Three important factors must be taken into account when an ultrasonic biological reaction is investigated: the medium system, the bubbles' field, and the acoustic field. The medium system involves the physical parameters of the medium field. The bubbles' field includes the reacting bubble size of the liquid and the resonance frequency of the reaction bubbles. The oscillation of the cells in response to the ultrasound radiation is simulated using Rayleigh-Plesset's bubble activation theory. The resonance frequency of the unicellular creature is then calculated. The acoustic field is about using the diffuse field theory of Sabine to create a uniform sound field for the radiation experiment. The resonance frequency of the paramecium vacuole is among 0.54-1.09 MHz. When the 0.25 and 0.5 MHz frequencies of ultrasound was irradiated in the stationary phase of the paramecium, the relative growth rate was about 20% lower than that of unexposed sample. Therefore, the phenomenon of inhibition and destruction appeared during irradiation. The exponential phase of the paramecium samples appear to be different when irradiated with 1 MHz ultrasound. As can be seen in the results, the maximum relative growth rate was increasing 18% with 1 MHz ultrasound exposure.     

Assessment of asymmetry in broad-band focussed ultrasonic fields

Measurements are reported on the short-pulse acoustic field radiated by a weakly focussed transducer in water. An index of asymmetry based on the lateral distances at which the peak-to-peak pressure amplitude dropped to a given level below the maximum axial value was determined for four levels in two perpendicular planes. The index was very variable due to its sensitivity to small positional errors (≲ 0.05 mm), particularly for closely symmetrical beams. Spectral analysis of the signals received revealed an approximately linear decrement with frequency compared to the axial spectra. An asymmetry index based on these spectral difference gradients appears to be more consistent, to be less sensitive to small errors and to be relatively easy to automate. A need for detailed analysis of the spectral structure of the focal zones of pulse excited focussed transducers is identified.     

Reconstruction of ultrasonic fields by deconvolving the hydrophone aperture effects. II. Experiment

The correction of the averaging effect of finite-size hydrophones is at present realized by various methods which are based on idealized models for the sound field and thus are valid only to a limited extent. In the present article three methods for inverting the aperture effects of the hydrophone viz. the Wiener method, the power spectral equalization (PSE) method and the maximum a posteriori (MAP) method, are experimentally tested and their efficiency is compared. It is shown that both for a rectangular and for a circular hydrophone aperture all three methods are suitable to reconstruct complex sound field structures from spatially averaged data. The results of this paper confirm the finding of Part I [Ultrasonics 39 (2002) 603], i.e. the quality of reconstruction depends on the spatial frequency bandwidth of the sound field investigated. Good quality reconstructions are obtained when the effective dimensions of the hydrophone's sensing area are directly derived from the spatial frequency spectrum of the measurement signal. The Wiener method and the MAP method are superior to the PSE method, since the PSE filter does not take phase information into account. For the Wiener and the MAP method normalized correlation coefficients, r(pp), between the reconstructed sound pressure field and that of a reference measurement of typically 0.97 are obtained provided that the axial distance is not too small. Although the working frequency used for the experiments is rather low, it can be expected that the results obtained are applicable at higher frequencies provided that the complex spatial transfer function is determined with the necessary high precision.     

Fluctuations around nonlinear classical fields

Free Gaussian fields are constructed and used to study the quantum fluctuations around nonlinear classical fields, the Klein-Gordon kink and the spinor solitary wave of Soler being taken as two examples. Some comments on stability are made in an appendix.