Effect of gas supply method on the performance of the single-chamber SOFC micro-stack and the single cells

The effect of gas supply method on the performance of a single-chamber solid oxide fuel cell micro-stack and single cells was studied, and a novel gas supply method with separated gas vents in the gas tube was proposed. The traditional gas supply method was also investigated for comparison. Results showed that the single cells could obtain a uniform open-circuit voltage and power output by using the separated gas supply method. For the traditional gas supply method, the cell at the outlet position yielded inferior performance compared to that of the inlet cell. The gas flow rate showed a significant effect on the performance of the cells. Finally, the stack operated with the separated gas supply method produced a higher power output than that operated with the traditional gas supply method.     

Phase behavior of condensate gas and CO2 / CH4 re-injection performance on its retrograde condensation

Wenchang A Depression in Pearl River Mouth Basin is the largest hydrocarbon generating depression in the west of the area. After more than 30 years of exploitation, a large amount of gas condensate has been produced near the wellbore, which will cause gas condensate damage to the reservoir. It is planned to reinject the self-produced gas from Well WC9-2-X and the gas transported from the WC14-3 gas field to relieve the condensate damage in the near-wellbore area by means of retrograde condensation. In this article, the phase state change process of condensate gas in Well WC9-2-X with temperature and pressure was firstly investigated, and then the retrograde condensation effect of two types of gas on condensate was investigated. The research shows that when the reservoir temperature is 158.80 °C, the dew point pressure of condensate gas is 20.71 MPa, and the maximum amount of condensate is 1.28% (P = 9.01 MPa). Although Wenchang 9–2 is a low condensate reservoir, in the process of depressurization and production over the years, gas condensate has gradually accumulated, resulting in a large amount of gas condensate near the wellbore. With the increase of the gas re-injection amount, the two types of gas have a significant effect on the retrograde condensation of the gas condensate. From the variation trend of the gas and oil density released by the retrograde condensation, it can be seen that the re-injection gas preferentially dissolves the light components in the condensate, and then gradually dissolves the heavy components. The self-produced gas (gas No. 1) of Well WC9-2-X is dominated by CH₄ (78.33 mol%), and the CO₂ / CH₄ contents in the input waste gas (gas No. 2) of the WC14-3 gas field are 42.50 mol% / 41.60 mol%, respectively. The retrograde condensation effect of gas No. 2 is better than gas No. 1, mainly because the content of CO₂ in gas No. 2 is high, and it is easier to achieve the effect of miscible dissolution of condensate when mixed with condensate.It is recommended that gas No.2 should be preferentially used in WC9-2-X well for reinjection of retrograde condensation to relieve condensate damage. This article provides theoretical support for gas re-injection to relieve condensate damage in Wenchang 9–2 gas field, and has important significance for long-term exploitation of condensate gas reservoir.     

表面气氛处理对气敏元件特性的影响

选择适当气体对气敏元件进行处理是气敏元件表面修饰的重要方法，本文利用ＳＯ２对Ｈ２Ｓ气敏元件进行了不同条件的处理，使得气敏元件的灵敏度和选择性得到了明显的改善。     

Analysis of the gas states at a liquid/solid interface based on interactions at the microscopic level

The states of gas accumulated at the liquid/solid interface are analyzed on the basis of the continuum theory, in which the Hamaker constant is used to describe the long-range interaction at the microscopic scale. The Hamaker constant is always negative, whereas the "gas" spreading coefficient can be either negative or positive. Despite the complexity of gas, including that the density profile may not be uniform due to absorption on both solid and liquid surfaces, we predict three possible gas states at the liquid/solid interface, that is, complete "wetting", partial "wetting", and pseudopartial "wetting". These possible gas states correspond, respectively, to a gas pancake (or film) surrounded by a wet solid, a gas bubble with a finite contact angle, and a gas bubble(s) coexisting with a gas pancake. The typical thickness of the gas pancakes is at the nano scale within the force range of the long-range interaction, whereas the radius of the gas bubbles can be large. The state of a gas bubble(s) coexisting with a gas film is predicted theoretically for the first time. Our theoretical results can contribute to the development of a unified picture of gas nucleation at the liquid/solid interface.     

Determination of anabolic steroids with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry using hydrogen as carrier gas.

Helium is considered to be the ideal carrier gas for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in general, and for use with an ion trap in particular. Helium is an inert gas, can be used without special precautions for security and, moreover, it is needed as a damping gas in the trap. A disadvantage of helium is the high viscosity resulting in long GC run times. In this work hydrogen was tested as an alternative carrier gas for GC in performing GC/MS analyses. A hydrogen generator was used as a safe source of hydrogen gas. It is demonstrated that hydrogen can be used as a carrier gas for the gas chromatograph in combination with helium as make-up gas for the trap. The analysis time was thus shortened and the chromatographic performance was optimized. Although hydrogen has proven useful as a carrier gas in gas chromatography coupled to standard detectors such as ECD or FID, its use is not mentioned extensively in the literature concerning gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. However, it is worth considering as a possibility because of its chromatographic advantages and its advantageous price when using a hydrogen generator.     

A New Model for the Genesis of Natural Gases——Multi-source Overlap, Multi-stage Continuity, TypeControlled by Main Source and Nomenclature by Main Stage (Ⅱ)——Multi-stage Continuity and Nomenclature by Main Stage

The generation of natural gases involves several stages and the various stages are of continuous transition. This is another feature of natural gas generation. The term "multi-stage" is relative mainly to oil-generating threshold value and liquid window. The evolution of organic matter is affected by different epigene agencies and natural gases differing in geochemical properties such as biogenic gas (bacterial gas), thermocatalytic gas and pyrolytic gas could be produced at different stages of the evolution of organic matter. The proposal of bio-thermocatalytic transitional-zone gas presents a pattern of mutual linking and continuous transition of natural gases originated at different stages.In the genetic classification of natural gases, the nomenclature of a certain gas is based mainly on the epigene agency which is responsible for its formation, for example, biogenic gas, pyrolytic gas. That is the "nomenclature by the main stage" described in this study. On account of the continuity of gas generati     

Hydrodynamic Behavior in a Tapered Bubble Column

IntroductionBubble column( BC) and slurry bubble column( SBC) reactors have emerged as one of the mostpromising devices in chemical,biochemical and en-vironmental engineering operations because of theirsimple construction,isothermal conditions,highheat and mass transfer rates,and on- line catalystaddition and withdrawal[1_ 4] .The utilization of ta-pered slurry bubble column( TSBC) reactorshas re-cently received much attention ofsome scholars andscientists who are engaged in biochemical rea…     

Energy of vented gases as a means for improving product purity during swing adsorption

The equilibrium swing adsorption model is used to show that the purity of the product gas linearly increases with decreasing the ratio of the gas pressure during the recovery stage to the gas pressure during the adsorption step. We propose to use the energy of the vented gas for decreasing this ratio through ejecting the vented gas flow. A fundamentally new swing adsorption flowsheet with a gas ejector is proposed.     

Influence of Gas Supply Changes on the Formation Process of Complex Mixed Gas Hydrates

Natural gas hydrate occurrences contain predominantly methane; however, there are increasing reports of complex mixed gas hydrates and coexisting hydrate phases. Changes in the feed gas composition due to the preferred incorporation of certain components into the hydrate phase and an inadequate gas supply is often assumed to be the cause of coexisting hydrate phases. This could also be the case for the gas hydrate system in Qilian Mountain permafrost (QMP), which is mainly controlled by pores and fractures with complex gas compositions. This study is dedicated to the experimental investigations on the formation process of mixed gas hydrates based on the reservoir conditions in QMP. Hydrates were synthesized from water and a gas mixture under different gas supply conditions to study the effects on the hydrate formation process. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in both gas and hydrate phase over the whole formation process. The results demonstrated the effects of gas flow on the composition of the resulting hydrate phase, indicating a competitive enclathration of guest molecules into the hydrate lattice depending on their properties. Another observation was that despite significant changes in the gas composition, no coexisting hydrate phases were formed.     

标定罩使用对气体报警器检定结果的影响

为指导检定人员在气体报警器检定时对气体标定罩的正确使用,对标准罩、大罩、小罩、不带罩4种情况进行试验,并对气体报警器检定结果的绝对误差、响应时间、重复性等参数进行对比分析。结果表明,在满足绝对误差±5%FS之内、响应时间不大于60 s、重复性不大于2%的技术指标要求时,使用标准罩能够得到更准确、稳定、符合现场模拟真实数值的检定结果。该研究有利于提高气体报警器检定结果的准确性。     

Experimental study of gas mixtures in strong non-uniform electric fields

Argon-based gas mixtures of various concentration ratios at low pressures were studied in a gas proportional counter. Over-exponential increase of gas gain in mixtures with low partial pressure of any admixture was observed. The best energy resolution was measured at a gas gain of several hundreds for lower admixture concentrations, but at high gas gains R degraded very fast. The first Townsend ionization coefficient /P in low-pressure gases depended also on the gas pressure. The single-electron spectra had a peaked shape in mixtures with relatively high content of the molecular gas. In mixtures with lower molecular gas amount they changed the shape toward the over-exponential distribution. A partial pressure of 10 kPa was determined as a requirement for good quenching property of the mixture.     

密闭式电喷雾离子源中流场的分布特征

利用流体力学模拟软件Fluent构建了电喷雾离子源的二维模型，并基于所构建的模型探讨了离子源构型、辅助气引入方式、气体流速对源内流场分布的影响。结果表明，相比于其它两种结构，矩形结构的离子源能够提供较为稳定的流场。通入同轴辅助气和正交方向辅助气都能够起到聚集样品喷雾的效果，但作用效果却并不相同。提高同轴辅助气流速，能够增大喷口处混返区域，改变气流驻点位置。而增大正交方向辅助气流速，虽然同样能够提高源内各处气体流速，但并不会改变喷口处混返区域的大小。以Turbo V离子源为研究对象，考察了喷针位置、辅助气流速对溶液总离子流的影响，实验趋势与模拟结果基本吻合。     

STUDY ON COAL-BED GAS COMPOSITIONS AND ITS GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN CHINA

This paper considers, through a lot of measured data of coal-bed gas, that the coal-bed gas is a kind of mixed gas of complex composition with some heavy hydrocarbons. In general, it is not a dry gas. The coal-bed hydrocarbon gases can obviously be divided into three stages of gas-storage: "poor hydrocarbon-storing stage", "rich hydrocarbon-storing stage" and "declining hydrocarbon stage". Authors point out that the normal gas geochemical indexes can relatively well show the geochemical chatacteristics of coal-bed gas. But, "the Benzene Index (B)" is a good indicator to identify the gas original types, and "the Hexane Index(H)" can show the gas evolution law and the organic matter maturity.     

粘结剂聚四氟乙烯乳液经过乙醇预处理后对气体扩散电极性能的影响

在气体扩散电极的制作工艺中,加入乙醇对粘结剂聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)进行预处理.通过伞自动微孔物理化学吸附仪对气体扩散电极进行BET比表面积、Langmuir比表面积、孔分布等进行测试,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检测观察电极表观形貌.以锌电极作为负极组装成锌空气电池,检测在不同的电流密度下气体扩散电极相对锌电极的电位变化,研究PTFE乳液经过乙醇预处理后对电极性能的影响.结果显示,PTFE乳液经过乙醇处理后,先膨胀后收缩,能够增加催化层和气体扩散层的孔隙结构和比表面积,从而使得电极有效电化学反应场所相应增多,减低电极在大电流密度条件下放电时的极化过电位.     

Gas hydrate fast nucleation from melting ice and quiescent growth along vertical heat transfer tube

Gas hydrates, or clathrate hydrates, are ice-likecrystal, composed of host lattice (cavities) formed byhydrogen-bonded water molecules, and other guestmolecules called guest molecules. The guest mole-cules act with host lattice in weak van der Waals force…     

Isomeric composition of liquid products in the radiolysis of gaseous alkanes

The radiolysis of natural gas and associated petroleum gas was studied under circulation conditions, when the stages of gas irradiation continuously alternated with the removal of liquid products and the loss of gaseous components was compensated for by a fresh gas inflow to a constant pressure of 0.13 MPa. The gas flow rate was varied from 250 to 1000 m³/h. It was found that, in this case, the molar mass of natural gas increased, whereas that of associated petroleum gas decreased. As a consequence of exchange processes and the growth of alkyl radicals, the fractional composition of the liquid products of radiolysis and the ratio between isomers in fractions depend on the dose rate and the flow rate of a circulating gas mixture.     

Gas holdup in three-phase immobilized-cell bioreactors

A number of studies in the published literature deal with gas holdup in three-phase reactors. However, very few address the cases in which the solid density approaches that of the liquid phases and in which low gas velocities are involved. These conditions are commonly encountered in immobilized-cell bubble columns and in fluidized-bed bioreactors. This paper reports the effect of gas and liquid velocity upon gas holdup and bed expansion in fluidized-bed bioreactors. For liquid-fluidization of low-density alginate beads in the absence of gas, the terminal sedimentation velocity (vT) of the particles is a constant, and expansion of the bed follows Richardson and Zaki’s correlation. In the presence of gas, however, the apparent terminal sedimentation velocity value is affected by the velocity of the gas and liquid phases. For gas velocities above a minimum value, the calculated value of vT depends on liquid velocity only, and a constant bed expansion was observed for a range of gas and liquid flow rates. For the gas-liquid interactions, a modified drift-flux model was found to be valid. For superficial gas velocities between 5 and 17 cm/min, the modified drift-flux velocity was observed to be a function of gas velocity, suggesting the prevalence of a coalescence regime.     

Solvation studies of electrospray ions—method and early results

Experiments are described in which bare (completely desolvated) ions are separated from their source gas and mixed with a bath gas of any desired temperature and precisely controlled composition. The resulting mixture of ions and bath gas is transported by free jet expansion into a vacuum system for mass analysis to reveal the extent to which the ions have formed adducts with other species in the bath gas. Because the ions are separated from their source gas or vapor before they are mixed with the bath gas, the compositions of the bath gas and source gas are completely independent. Thus, one can examine solvation or adduction by any desired species contained in the bath gas without any interference from other species that might be present in the source gas. Reported here are results obtained on the solvation of electrospray ions of a small peptide, leucine-enkephalin, by water and several alkanols. One provocative finding is that a substantial fraction of ions thought to be singly charged monomers turned out to be doubly charged dimers.     

一种香精的气相色谱—裂解气相色谱联用分析方法

讨论了裂解二次反应对气相色谱—裂解气相色谱联用定性分析起的作用,改进了气相色谱—裂解气相色谱联用装置,对7组分的香精作定性分析,研究了多种实验条件与定性参数的关系,提出可用一组裂解色谱参数作为实用的主要定性依据,另一组参数作为辅助依据。     

Parallel temperatures in supersonic beams: ultracooling of light atoms seeded in a heavier carrier gas

Supersonic expansion is a very powerful tool to produce an atomic beam with a well defined velocity and, by seeding a test gas in such an expansion, the energy of the test gas can be transferred, at least partially, to the very-low-temperature carrier gas. The case usually studied is the one of a heavy gas seeded in a light carrier gas and, in this case, the parallel temperature of the seeded gas is always larger than the one of the carrier gas. In the present paper, we study the opposite case which has received less attention: when a light gas is seeded in a heavier carrier gas, the parallel temperature can be substantially lower for the seeded gas than for the carrier gas. This effect has been first observed by Campargue and co-workers in 2000, in the case of atomic oxygen seeded in argon. In the present paper, we develop a theoretical analysis of this effect, in the high dilution limit, and we compare our theoretical results to several experimental observations, including a set of measurements we have made on a beam of lithium seeded in argon. The agreement between theory and experiments is good.