离子液体[Emim]Br水溶液的密度和超额体积

离子液体作为一种新的环境友好的溶剂,拥有作为吸收式工质对的优良特性.本文对离子液体[Emim]Br及其水溶液的热力学性质进行了研究,使用DMA-55型精密数字密度计测定了[Emim]Br-水二元混合物在298.15 K,308.15K和318.15 K三个温度下全浓度范围内的密度数据,关联得出密度与组成和温度的关系式.计算了三个温度下混合物的超额体积,并用六参数Redlich-Kister方程进行关联.     

离子液体[BMIM][BF_4]水溶液比热容及热工特性分析

离子液体在化工和能源领域应用研究中,其比热及热工特性尤为重要,然而目前相关的比热数据较缺乏.研究主要对离子液体[BMIM][BF4]及其水溶液的比热容进行了测定.测试系统采用耐驰DSC204HP低温高压差热仪,测试精度较高且稳定可靠.实验测试的温度范围为273.15K~423.15K,测试的离子液体摩尔浓度分别为1.0...     

1-羟乙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐水溶液蒸汽压和凝固特性研究

1-羟乙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([HOEtMIM][Cl])是一种亲水性极强的离子液体,与水可以组成吸收式制冷工质对,具有良好的工业应用前景.在制冷工程应用中,离子液体水溶液的低温特性研究非常重要,包括低温段的水溶液蒸汽压数据和凝固特性,而[HOEtMIM][Cl]的相关研究缺乏.本文对水的质量分数分别为17.10%、24.29%、38.03%、49.89%、69.94%,温度范围(278.15K~408.15K)的[HOEtMIM][Cl]水溶液的汽液相平衡进行了测定;并对水的质量分数范围为1.3%~90.0%,温度范围为150K~360K的离子液体水溶液的凝固特性进行了测定,揭示其在低温应用时可能出现的固化问题.获得的蒸汽压及凝固特性数据对该离子液体水溶液应用于制冷系统设计具有重要意义.     

以TFE-[BMIm][Br]为工质对的吸收式制冷循环性能分析

本文选择含离子液体体系TFE-[BMIm][Br]作为吸收式制冷循环的工质体系,基于文献数据给出了计算TFE-[BMIm][Br]热物性模型,建立并联双效吸收式制冷循环的模拟程序,分别考察了四种双效并联制冷流程中溶液换热器的热交换效率、蒸发温度、吸收温度以及发生温度对系统性能、溶液循环倍率以及系统操作压力的影响.探索新工质对TFE-[BMIm][Br]的可行性,确定了TFE-[BMIm][Br]双效并联吸收式制冷循环的适宜的运行操作范围以及适宜的流程方案.     

NH_3-H_2O-P(CH_3)_4Cl体系气液相平衡、密度和黏度的测定

以氨水为工质对的吸收式制冷循环和热泵技术中,分离氨和水时需要大量能耗。本文将离子液体P(CH_3)_4Cl作为添加剂加入氨水中,组成分离能耗较低的三元工质体系。利用等温合成法实验系统,测定了NH_3-H_2O-P(CH_3)_4Cl体系在温度范围293.15~333.15 K、压力范围0~700 kPa.时的气液相平衡数据;然后采用扩展的Antoine方程对实验数据进行拟合,得到了可靠的拟合精度和方程的模型参数;最后,基于相平衡比讨论P(CH_3)_4Cl的添加效果,测定密度和黏度数据,作为进一步开发该工质体系的参考。     

离子液体[BMIM]BF4+H2O汽液相平衡实验研究

离子液体[BMIM]]BF4具有较高的热稳定性,且与水有很好的互溶性,其水溶液在分离、萃取等化工和制冷、热泵等吸收式能量转换系统中的应用受到重视,急需较完整的相平衡实验数据.本文对离子液体[BMIM]BF4+H2O二元体系的汽液相平衡(蒸汽压)特性进行较大温度和压力范围的测定.测试系统采用了双温浴控温方式,获得较高测试...     

NH_3-H_2O-[P4444]Cl体系气液相平衡测定

基于氨水工质对的吸收式制冷和热泵技术中,氨和水分离时需要精馏而产生大量能耗。针对这一缺陷,本文提出改良措旋:将离子液体[P4444]Cl作为添加剂加入氨水中,组成分离能耗较低的新工质体系。利用等温合成法,本工作测定了[P4444]Cl水溶液浓度为33.33%(质量分数)的NH3-H_2O-[P4444]Cl体系在温度范围0~60℃、压力范围0~650kPa时的气液相平衡数据,并采用多项式方程对实验数据进行拟合得到模型参数。最后,本工作还讨论了该工质体系的其他热物性作为进一步开发的参考。     

吸收式制冷用氨-硝酸锂工质对及循环系统的研究

氨-硝酸锂作为新型吸收式制冷工质对有很多突出优点,但有关其热物理性质及循环系统的研究资料比较少。文中详细介绍了氨-硝酸锂吸收式制冷工质对的特点、热力学性质以及目前国内外对此工质对的研究进展,并提出利用此工质对的一种吸收压缩混合循环系统。利用此系统,可将总效率提高10%,具有较好的经济性。     

离子液体[EMIm]Ac比热容、导热系数及黏度的研究

本文通过实验研究,测定在一定温度范围内,离子液体[EMIm]Ac及摩尔分数分别为0.8、0.6、0.4和0.2的[EMIm]Ac水溶液的比热容、导热系数及黏度。实验结果表明:比热容和黏度受温度影响较大,比热容随温度升高而增大;黏度随温度升高而急剧减小;导热系数受温度影响较小;添加水后,随着水含量的增加即水溶液摩尔分数的减小,比热容增大,相比于纯离子液体,比热容最高增加70%;导热系数最高增加35%;其黏度急剧减小,最高减小82%。本文的研究结果为[EMIm]Ac及其水溶液在吸收式制冷方面的应用研究提供了可靠的数据。     

一种二氧化碳-离子液体吸收式制冷系统性能的分析研究

吸收式制冷利用低品位热源为驱动,具有结构简单、运转安静、节能环保等特点,有很大的发展空间。适当的离子液体和CO2可以构成吸收式制冷的工质对,这类吸收制冷工质对可以工作在较高压力,有利于吸收制冷系统的小型化,具有潜在的应用前景。以1-丁基-3-甲基咪挫六氟硼酸盐[bmim][PF6]为例,计算分析了一种离子液体-CO2跨临界吸收式制冷循环的性能,发现该循环的热力性能还并不理想,然后从工质对溶解度和反应热方面分析了原因,给出了进一步研究的方向。     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer in a rivulet on the inclined foil

Heat transfer at rivulet water flow over the constantan foil with the length of 80 mm, width of 35 mm, and thickness of 25 mm was studied experimentally. The foil surface temperature was measured by an IR-scanner. Distributions of heat flux density on the surface of the foil, where the liquid flowed, were obtained. To determine the heat flux density from the foil to liquid near the contact line, the Cauchy problem was solved for the stationary heat equation using the thermographic data. Calculation results showed that the maximal heat flux occurs in the area of the contact line and exceeds the average heat flux from the entire foil surface by several times. This is explained by the influx of heat from the periphery of foil to the rivulet due to the relatively high value of heat conductivity coefficient of the foil material and high evaporation rate in the region of the contact line.     

Heat flux density in the region of droplet contact line on a horizontal surface of a thin heated foil

The evaporating water droplets on a horizontal heated substrate were experimentally studied. The constantan foil 25 μm thick with a size of 42×35 mm² was used as a substrate. The experiments were carried out with a single droplet or with an ensemble of two or three droplets on the foil. The temperature of the lower surface of foil was measured by an IR scanner. To determine the heat flux density at evaporation of liquid near the contact line, the Cauchy problem for the heat conduction equation was solved using the thermographic data. The results of calculations showed that the maximal heat flux density takes place in the region of the contact line and exceeds the average heat flux density from the entire surface of foil. This is explained by the heat inflow from the foil periphery to the droplet due to relatively high value of the coefficient of heat conductivity of the foil material and high evaporation intensity in the contact line region.     

Disintegration of flows of superheated liquid films and jets

This paper represents results on investigating the dynamics of boiling and disintegration of superheated liquid films and jets. The first part deals with experimental study of boiling liquid outflow through short cylindrical and slit channels. Evolution of disintegration of a hot water jet flow is observed both at low and moderate superheating and at high and limit superheating, and also for vaporization mechanisms corresponding to these superheatings. Peculiarities of disintegration of jets through slit and cylindrical channels are noticed. Results on measuring the reactive thrust of the jet through a slit channel under different geometrical conditions behind the channel outlet are represented. The 1/f fluctuations in transient regimes of superheated liquid boiling and in transient regimes of behavior of the jet shape are found. The second part of this article represents results on experimental investigation of nonsteady heat transfer and dynamics of the development of crisis phenomena at boiling of a falling subcooled liquid film in the conditions of stepwise heat release. The experimental data were obtained using synchronized high-speed infrared thermography and video. It is shown that with growth and condensation of vapor bubbles, on the liquid film interface appear large-amplitude waves that lead to considerably increasing local intensity of heat transfer. New data on the boiling incipience temperature in a subcooled liquid film, depending on the heat flux density, are obtained. It is found that the development of boiling crisis is a result of appearance of local dry patches and their subsequent growth by the mechanism of longitudinal thermal conductivity in the heat transfer wall as the equilibrium heat flux density is exceeded.     

Laser flash method for measurement of liquid metals heat transfer coefficients

New laser flash technique for the measurement of heat transfer coefficients of liquid metals is presented. The thermal diffusivity of the liquid mercury has been studied experimentally over the room temperature range. The thermal conductivity coefficient has been calculated with the use of the reference data on density and heat capacity. Analysis of systematic errors of the measurements has shown that the data error is about 3%. Comparison of the obtained results with data available in publications has proved their reliability.     

升膜式板式换热器的换热性能研究

升膜蒸发是在换热器表面形成一层薄液膜,薄膜蒸发能够强化换热。文中研究采用光滑铜板的板式升膜蒸发器,以去离子水作为介质,在不同进水流量、不同加热量(热流密度)下,测定换热器某些点的局部换热系数,计算出总的换热系数,研究影响板式换热器升膜蒸发的因素和变化趋势。     

Specific heat capacity and density of multi-walled boron nitride nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition

We report on the basic physical quantities of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), namely specific heat capacity and density, which have not been measured to date. A series of differential scanning calorimetry experiments were performed, and specific heat capacity was calculated for multi-walled BNNTs synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using boron and metal oxide as precursor. Very close specific heat capacity values were revealed for BNNTs and a BN powder of hexagonal (h-BN) phase. Densities of BNNTs were measured through density analyses of their epoxy composites. Our work is important as far as bulk properties of large amounts of BNNTs are crucial, for example, thermal property and density prediction for composite materials with BNNTs embedded.     

Calculating the low temperature vapour line by Monte Carlo

A combination of canonical and grand-canonical ensemble Monte Carlo calculations, together with the virial expansion, have been used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the liquid/vapour co-existence curve of the (6 : 12) Lennard-Jones fluid for reduced temperatures, [Ttilde] ? 1·1. The results for the liquid density and energy and the latent heat of vaporization are believed to be precise, with the exception of the point at [Ttilde]=1·1 which may lie outside the range of the function fitting the liquid phase Monte Carlo data. The liquid density and the saturated vapour pressure are in very good agreement with the results of perturbation theory. The latent heat of vaporization does not agree well with the experimental data for argon though the fit to liquid density and internal energy is good.     

Thermal diffusivity of liquid gallium

The thermal diffusivity of liquid gallium was measured by the laser flash technique at temperatures from 45 to 512° C. By using values from the literature for the specific heat, density, and electrical conductivity, the present measurements were found to be in reasonable agreement with a temperature-independent Lorenz ratio equal to the Sommerfeld value.     

乳聚丁苯胶乳比热容实验测量

利用精密自动绝热比热容实验装置,测量了丁苯橡胶合成过程中三个不同阶段的三个丁苯橡胶胶乳样品的比热容数据,为大型丁苯橡胶合成装置建造提供了基础物性数据。     

Investigation of transient processes at liquid boiling under nonstationary heat generation conditions

The paper presents results on experimentally investigated dynamics of boiling development and formation of film boiling zones under stepwise heat generation on a horizontally and vertically oriented cylindrical surface in a large volume of Freon-21. Experimental data on the expectation time and boiling temperature, the propagation velocity and structure of evaporation and boiling fronts for different heat flux density both in saturated liquid and in subcooling conditions are obtained. Results of experiments on investigating the nucleation forms under development of nonstationary heat release crisis caused by heat loading on the vertical heater immersed into the volume of liquid (water, ethanol) subcooled to saturation temperature are presented. A calculation ratio for determining the expectation time to the beginning of intense vaporization in water is proposed and compared with experimental data obtained on surfaces with different-size roughness. Peculiarities of evolution of evaporation fronts from incipient bubbles are investigated in the experiments with ethanol. Data on the evaporation front velocity as a function of wall overheating are obtained. The obtained experimental data on the propagation velocity of self-sustained evaporation fronts are compared with the known calculated data.