接触爆炸荷载作用下带孔防护结构内冲击波的传播规律

采用有限元分析软件ATUODYN,对接触爆炸荷载作用下带孔防护结构内冲击波的传播进行了数值模拟,得到了防护结构孔口和内部中心处冲击波超压－时间曲线;分析了炸药量和爆心距孔口距离对防护结构内部超压、正压冲量的影响;以数值计算结果为基础,结合量纲分析,拟合得到了结构内部中心处爆炸冲击波特征参数的预估公式。     

装药动爆冲击波特性研究

导弹、炮弹等战斗部爆炸时具有一定的速度,较大的运动速度会使爆炸冲击波场分布发生变化,进而对弹药的毁伤威力产生影响。本文中采用AUTODYN软件对速度分别为0、272、340、680、1 020和1 700 m/s的TNT球形裸装药在空气中爆炸的冲击波场进行了仿真计算,定量研究装药在动爆条件下的峰值超压、比冲量和正压作用时间等威力参数特性。结果表明,方位角小于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成正相关,与正压作用时间成负相关;方位角大于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成负相关,与正压作用时间成正相关。超压峰值大小沿方位角成正弦变化。最后,分析了冲击波峰值超压数据,建立了动爆冲击波超压的计算模型,该模型计算结果与仿真和实验结果吻合较好。     

钢化玻璃冲击波毁伤效应测试结果分析

为研究爆炸冲击波对钢化玻璃的毁伤阈值,开展了钢化玻璃冲击波毁伤效应实验。对每一发实验进行了爆炸参数测试,获得了冲击波超压随时间变化历程的实验数据。通过对实验数据的处理与分析,得到了爆炸冲击波基本参数,包括正反射超压、冲击波到时、正压作用时间、正反射冲量、负反射超压、负压作用时间和负反射冲量等。将实验结果与CONWEP计算结果进行了比较,比较结果表明二者误差很小,证明冲击波测试结果准确可靠。对冲击波正负反射参数进行了比较,结果表明冲击波正反射参数明显高于冲击波负反射参数。     

冲击波测试系统低频特性与补偿方法研究

为提高冲击波超压峰值的测量精度,多数学者把重点集中在系统高频特性研究上,以拓宽带宽的方式提高峰值测试的准确性。冲击波另外两个主要参数正压作用时间、比冲量却和测试系统的低频特性息息相关。针对实爆中出现的不同传感器正压作用时间差异较大的问题,对冲击波信号进行了边际谱分析,获得了信号的低频特性。建立了一阶参数模型来表征低频特性,通过激波管试验数据获取了7种系统的低频模型参数。采用零极点配置法设计了低频补偿模型。结果表明:冲击波测试系统低频特性严重影响冲击波信号正压作用时间测试准确性,基于低频特性补偿的数据处理方法可以有效的提高冲击波信号正压作用时间、比冲量地测试精度。     

一种冲击波作用下结构毁伤算法研究

针对爆炸冲击波与建筑物结构相互作用过程,分析了冲击波与结构碎块作用机理,发展了一种能够模拟建筑物结构破坏及冲击波传播过程的计算模型和方法。采用建筑物结构工程毁伤载荷作为判据,处理结构在冲击波作用下的破坏问题;利用流固耦合界面算法处理结构运动引起的泄压效应,利用“虚拟网格通气技术”处理结构碎块对冲击波的阻碍作用,模拟了冲击波作用下典型建筑物的毁伤过程及冲击波传播过程。结果表明,该模型在模拟冲击波与结构的作用过程中,压力计算结果与非结构动网格模拟结果符合较好;在典型建筑物毁伤过程的数值模拟中,计算得到的建筑物毁伤效果和冲击波超压分布与建筑物物理毁伤特点符合。     

温压炸药坑道口部爆炸冲击波毁伤效应研究

对100kg温压炸药坑道口部爆炸过程及冲击波传播过程进行了比例尺为1:6的缩比例数值模拟研究.通过与等质量TNT炸药模拟结果的对比,分析了温压炸药爆炸冲击波峰值超压、正压作用时间沿坑道纵深的变化规律,着重对不同伤亡等级下的冲击波毁伤范围进行了研究.结果表明:1温压炸药爆炸冲击波衰减缓慢,持续时间长,远场优势明显,在计算范围内,其峰值超压最高可达TNT的1.52倍,正压作用时间最高可达1.1倍;2拟合得到峰值超压沿坑道纵深衰减经验公式,为毁伤范围的确定奠定了基础;3拟合得到爆炸场特征方程,结合等死亡率方程及超压毁伤阈值,可以确定不同伤亡等级下的爆炸冲击波毁伤范围.     

三角波强加载下延性金属多次层裂破坏问题

基于应力瞬时断裂判据和Tuler-Butcher损伤累积判据，分析了没有升压的简单三角波强加载下延性金属的多次层裂破坏问题。分析结果显示:层裂片的厚度随着冲击波宽度与强度的比值的增大而增大，材料的破坏深度小于冲击波宽度的一半；在强冲击加载下，材料的破坏深度约为冲击波宽度的一半。     

航炮冲击波作用下的直升机模拟台架数值仿真

直升机航炮在发射时形成的强烈冲击波不仅对周边结构构成损伤,产生的炮振环境还会导致附近设备的失效和损坏,航炮的机弹相容设计一直是武装直升机研制过程中的难点问题。本研究基于经典的爆炸力学理论和某航炮地面靶试实测结果,对炮口冲击波形成的压力场进行了数值拟合,同时考虑冲击波正压时间的差异性,分别建立了超压分布的空间场与时间脉冲场。根据模拟台架与航炮的结构方案,在有限元软件中对炮口冲击波形成的超压扩散过程进行了模拟,然后利用非线性瞬态分析方法,对直升机模拟台架在超压作用下的冲击过程进行了仿真,分析了台架蒙皮、骨架以及连接结构的动态响应变化规律,可以为地面台架的尺寸设计和结构优化提供依据。     

考虑环境温、湿度的球形装药爆炸冲击波参数计算模型

为获得实际温、湿度环境中冲击波参数计算模型,计算了考虑温、湿度的理想气体状态方程参数,利用SPEED软件,针对典型状态空气中球形装药爆炸过程进行数值模拟,得到了温、湿度对爆炸冲击波参数的影响规律。结果表明,温度和相对湿度对冲击波超压的影响较小,而正压作用时间和冲量随温度和相对湿度的升高均呈线性递减关系,在高温高湿和寒冷干燥条件下,冲击波正压作用时间和冲量相差分别达21.8%和18.4%。以经典工程计算模型为基础,通过引入含有温度、湿度和对比距离的修正因子,建立了考虑环境温、湿度的球形装药爆炸冲击波参数的计算模型。采用该模型计算得到的不同药量球形TNT爆炸冲击波参数与数值仿真结果吻合较好,可对装药在实际环境中威力评估提供参考。     

缸内激波对锥顶型燃烧室的活塞破坏机理

以二维数值模拟为基础,研究了锥顶型燃烧室内的冲击波发展的震荡过程,得到作用于活塞不同位置处的超压分布。模拟结果表明:由于燃烧室结构的独特性,导致冲击波能在特定区域进行汇聚,致使该区域超压明显高于其他区域。将该模拟结果与实际破坏失效的活塞进行对比,发现冲击波汇聚区域往往就是活塞被破坏的地方。数值模拟结果与实际破坏结果吻合很好。这为设计燃烧室形状以避免冲击波对活塞造成破坏提供了理论基础。     

Seismic passive pressures of earth structures by nonlinear optimization

Conventional seismic passive pressures of earth structures are based on a linear failure criterion in earthquake zones. However, experimental evidence shows that the strength envelopes are nonlinear over a wide range of normal stresses. In this paper, the analytical expressions of seismic passive pressures acting on inclined rigid walls are derived with nonlinear failure criterion. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient is adopted for seismic estimations. Instead of using the nonlinear criterion, a linear failure criterion, which is tangential to the nonlinear criterion, is used to formulate the seismic passive pressure problems as nonlinear programming problems. Analytical results are presented and compared with the previously published solutions using numerical technique. The influences of the parameters in the nonlinear failure criterion on seismic pressures and failure mechanisms are discussed.     

复合材料失效判据有效性验证方法研究

为系统地验证复合材料失效判据计算精度和有效性范围,给出了4种材料体系、6种铺层形式的层合板在单轴、双轴载荷下的失效试验数据,用以评估复合材料失效判据在单向层合板失效包线、多向层合板初始失效包线、多向层合板最终失效包线、层合板变形及层合板的破坏特性等五个方面的预测能力。并根据验证方法和有效性评估策略对失效判据计算精度进行量化考核,给出了失效判据在五个层面上的计算精度。     

四种强度准则在高聚物粘结炸药强度分析中的适应性

强度准则是炸药材料破坏力学的重要组成部分,是炸药部件承载能力评估的基础。基于单轴加载技术,设计了圆柱试件的端部约束压溃试验方法,对HMX基PBX和TATB基PBX两种材料进行了复杂应力下的强度失效试验。依据试验边界条件和平均测试结果,利用有限元方法定量分析了试件内部的应力场分布,最后采用最先破坏处的三向主应力数据分析了四种典型强度准则在PBX强度分析中的适应性。就描述精度来看,Mohr-Coulomb准则最优,误差在15%以内,Twin-shear准则和Drucker-Prager准则次之,现常用的Uniaxial-strength准则相对最差。就安全阈度来看,Uniaxial-strength准则最优,两种材料中安全阈度均超过75%,Mohr-Coulomb准则和双剪Twin-shear准则次之,Drucker-Prager准则相对最差。总的来讲,Mohr-Coulomb准则可用于描述HMX基PBX的表观强度上限和TATB基PBX的表观强度下限,Twin-shear准则可用于描述TATB基PBX的表观强度上限。     

纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料的D失效判据

经典唯象强度理论适用于正交各向异性线弹性体。对于非线性纤维增强复合材料,通过加卸载试验和损伤力学的分析方法,可以得到一种虚拟的线性化应力-应变关系;依据损伤等效假设,针对线性损伤和非线性损伤,对基于应力的经典二次失效准则进行变换,建立了一种基于损伤的强度理论,即“D失效判据”,这一强度理论可以作为经典判据的补充和扩展。针对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的拉/剪组合试验,进行了实例计算,结果表明：利用D失效判据预测的失效包络线比蔡-希尔准则的预测曲线低,而且,失效曲线的形式与材料的损伤演化规律相关。     

Failure criterion for reinforced concrete beams and plates subjected to membrane force,bending and shear

In this paper, a failure criterion for reinforced concrete plates is derived through the kinematic method in the framework of the limit analysis theory. This criterion is expressed in terms of the stress resultant variables: membrane force, shear force and bending moment at once. The aim of the authors is to be able to predict the failure of reinforced concrete plate structures in statics or in slow dynamics using directly the internal forces (membrane and shear forces and moment) resulting from a finite-element computation.In a first step, a beam criterion is derived. The closed form expression of the criterion shows that it is made up of two parts, one independent of the moment (i.e. depending only on the normal force and the shear force) and one depending on the normal force, the shear force and the bending moment. This structure of the criterion allows to determine two failure modes: shear failure and bending failure.Then in a second step, the beam criterion is extended to the case of reinforced concrete plates. The obtained criterion is partly numerical and partly a close form expression. It gives an upper bound of the load, and when this limit load is reached, the criterion is able to supply, on one hand, the failure mode (as seen in the beam case) and, on the other hand, the angles of the failure plane in the reinforced concrete plate section.Thirdly, the criterion is implemented in the finite element software Europlexus and validated with respect to punching experimental tests. We show that the criterion must be used with an effectiveness factor applied on the concrete compressive strength.     

Linear Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters from the non-linear Hoek-Brown rock masses

Most conventional computer codes, design practice and standards in rock engineering are formulated in terms of a linear Mohr-Coulomb (MC) failure criterion. However, experimental data shows that the failure of almost all types of rock masses follows a modified Hoek-Brown (HB) failure criterion that is non-linear. In order to avoid the difficulty resulting from the non-linearity of the strength envelope of rock masses in calculation of bearing capacity, the equivalent MC strength parameters from the modified HB failure criterion are developed for practical use in engineering. From the results, it is found that the equivalent strength parameters depend on not only the non-linear HB failure criterion but also the surcharge load and self-weight, which is different from the published results.     

Prediction of forming limit diagrams based on shear failure criterion

Maximum shear stress theory, also called the ‘Third Strength Theory’, is a classical theory used to predict the failure of common metal, but it cannot be used directly to predict sheet metal failure due to anisotropy and the loading path. Therefore, this paper proposes a maximum shear stress calculating method, which has been named “shear failure criterion” for the purpose of this paper. In order to validate the shear failure criterion, a general program was developed, and two typical materials, steel, and aluminum alloy, were used to study the new shear failure criterion in this study. The two materials were modeled by advanced constitutive models, including Hill1948 and Yld2000-2d yield functions and several types of isotropic hardening models. Experimental validation has indicated the accuracy of predicted FLD using shear failure criterion, which is able to provide a new alternative method to numerically predict FLD.     

混凝土板的冲切强度

基于混凝土强度的试验资料,首先建立了合理描述混凝土强度破坏特性的Lade-Duncan破坏准则,并将该Lade-Duncan破坏准则转化为等效的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则.依据塑性上限分析理论和合理的混凝土板冲切强度破坏模式,求出了圆形和矩形分布荷载下混凝土板冲切强度的统一表达式.通过与已发表的研究成果、试验结果和规范公式相比较,论证了本文给出的混凝土板冲切强度公式的合理性.     

Failure criteria for C/SiC composites under plane stress state

The applicability and limitation of several quadratic strength theories were investigated with respect to 2D-C/SiC and 2.5D-C/SiC composites. A kind of damage-based failure criterion, referred to as D-criterion, is proposed for nonlinear ceramic composites. Meanwhile, the newly developed criterion is preliminarily validated under tension-shear combined loadings. The prediction shows that the failure envelope given by D-criterion is lower than that from Tsai-Hill and Hoffman criteria. This reveals that the damage-based criterion is reasonable for evaluation of damage-dominated failure strength.