盐酸在硫酸镍水溶液中的活度系数

以标准氢电极和银-氯化银电极组成无液接电池,研究HCl-NiSO4-H2O体系.在恒定溶液总离子强度I=0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.5 、2.0 mol•kg－1, NiSO4在溶液中的离子强度分数yB=0.00、0.10、0.20、0.30、0.50、0 .70的条件下,在278.15～323.15 K温度范围内测定电池: Pt, H2(101.325 kPa)│HCl(mA), NiSO4(mB), H2O│AgCl-Ag 的电动势.根据测得的电动势数据,考虑到体系存在硫酸的二级解离,应用数学迭代方法确定平衡体系氢离子的浓度,进而计算了混合溶液中HCl的活度系数γA.结果表明,在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定时, HCl 的活度系数服从Harned规则.     

果糖-水混合溶液中多组分电解质热力学

恒定混合溶液总离子强度I=1.0000 mol•kg－1,改变果糖-水混合溶液中果糖的质量分数w=2.5％、5.0％和7.5％的条件下,应用电动势方法测定下列无液体接界电池(A)和(B)在278.15、283.15、288.15、293.15、298.15、303.15、308.15、313.15、318.15 K等9个温度下的电动势: Pt, H2 (105 Pa)│HCl(m), C6H12O6(w), H2O(1－w)│AgCl-Ag (A) Pt, H2 (105 Pa)│HCl(mA), NaCl(mB), C6H12O6(w), H2O(1－w)│AgCl-Ag (B) 根据测得电池的电动势,计算出混合溶剂中AgCl-Ag电极的标准电极电势和HCl的标准迁移吉布斯自由能、迁移熵和迁移焓; 求出四元混合溶液中HCl的活度系数γA.结果表明在溶液中总离子强度I保持恒定,HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则,进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的介质效应.     

乙二醇和水混合溶剂多组分电解质热力学

在乙二醇和水混合溶剂中恒定乙二醇质量分数w=0.1的条件下，应用经典的电动势方法测定无液体接界电池的电动势: Pt，H2 (105 Pa )│HCl (质量摩尔浓度m)， C2H6O2 (w), H2O (1－w)│AgCl-Ag (A) Pt，H2 (105 Pa )│HCl (mA), NaCl(mB), C2H6O2 (w), H2O (1－w)│AgCl-Ag (B) 根据测得电池(A)的电动势，确定混合溶剂中AgCl-Ag电极的标准电极电势，讨论了HCl的迁移性质.利用电池（B）的电动势，计算出HCl的活度系数γA.结果表明，在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定， HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则.在溶液组成恒定时， lgγA是温度倒数1/T的线性函数. 进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和介质效应.     

HCl-CoSO4水溶液热力学性质

在HCl-COSO4-H2O体系中,恒定溶液总离子强度I分别为0．2、0．4、0．6、0．8、1．0、1．5mol/kg．CoSO4在溶液中的离子强度分数yB分别恒定为0．00、0．10、0．20、0．30、0．50和0．70条件下,应用经典的电动势方法测定无液体接界电池(A)在278．15—323．15K温度范围内的电动势为：Pt,H2(10^5Pa)|HCl(cA),COSO4(cB),H2O|AgCl-Ag(A) 根据测得电池(A)的电动势数据,考虑到该体系存在硫酸的二级解离,应用数学迭代方法确定平衡体系氢离子的浓度,进而确定了混合溶液中HCl的活度系数γA。结果表明,在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定时,HCl的活度系数服从Hamed规则。在溶液组成恒定时,log γA对热力学温度1／T作图,是一条直线。     

盐酸在硫酸镁水溶液中的Harned规则

在盐酸-硫酸镁-水三元系混合介质中, 以标准H2电极和Ag-AgCl电极组成无液接电池, 应用经典的电动势(EMF)方法测定下列电池的电动势： Pt, H2 (101.325 kPa )│HCl (m＝0.01000 mol·kg-1)│AgCl-Ag (A) Pt, H2 (101.325 kPa)│HCl (mA), MgSO4 (mB), H2O│AgCl-Ag (B) 根据电池(A)得到Ag-AgCl电极在278.15、288.15、298.15、308.15和318.15 K等5个温度时纯水中的标准电极电势. 对电池(B)恒定体系总离子强度I为 0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.5 mol·kg-1, 硫酸镁的离子强度分数yB恒定为 0.00、0.10、0.20、0.30、0.50和0.70, 测定电池(B)在278.15、288.15、298.15、308.15和318.15 K等5个温度时的电动势. 由于体系中存在硫酸的二级解离, 采用数学迭代方法确定平衡体系中氢离子的浓度, 根据测得电池(B)的电动势数据计算了混合溶液中盐酸的活度系数γA. 结果表明: 在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定时, 盐酸的活度系数服从Harned规则, 在组成恒定时混合物中HCl的活度系数lgγA对热力学温度T作图是一条直线. 进一步讨论了混合溶液中盐酸的相对偏摩尔焓．     

葡萄糖和水混合溶液中多组份电解质溶液热力学I: HCl-NaCl-D-glucose-H2O体系(5-45℃)

本文在恒定葡萄糖质量百分数x=10%的条件下,应用电动势法测定无液体接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势: Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(m),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(ｍA),NaCl(ｍA),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (B) 根据电池(A)电动势确定混合液中的Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质;利用电池(B)的电动势确定了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γA,结果表明,在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned 规则。在溶液组成恒定时,lgγA是温度倒数1/Τ的线性函数,进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓,计算了HCl的介质效应。     

葡萄糖和水混合溶液中多组份电解质溶液热力学I: HCl-NaCl-D-glucose-H2O体系(5-45℃)

本文在恒定葡萄糖质量百分数x=10%的条件下,应用电动势法测定无液体接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势: Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(m),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag Pt,H2(1.013X10^5 Pa)|HCl(ｍA),NaCl(ｍA),D-Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (B) 根据电池(A)电动势确定混合液中的Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质;利用电池(B)的电动势确定了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γA,结果表明,在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned 规则。在溶液组成恒定时,lgγA是温度倒数1/Τ的线性函数,进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓,计算了HCl的介质效应。     

葡萄糖和水混合溶液多组分电解质热力学 Ⅱ.HCl-NaCl-d-Glucose-H_2O体系(5—45℃)

本文续前报在恒定溶液总离子强度I=1.00mol·kg~(-1),改变葡萄糖在混合溶液中的质量百分数x=5%、15%和20%的条件下,应用电动势法测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势: Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCl(m),d-Glucose(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (A) Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCl(m_A),NaCl(m_B),d-Glucose(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag(B) 其中x代表葡萄糖在水中的质量百分数,m_A和m_B分别是HCl和NaCl在混合溶液中的质量摩浓度。利用电池(A)的电动势数据得到了AgCl-Ag电极在d-Glucose-H_2O混合溶液中的标准电极电势Φ_m~0,讨论了HCl的迁移性质,利用电池(B)的电动势数据,确定了HCl在HCl-NaCl-d-Glucse-H_2O体系中的活度系数γ_A,实验结果表明:在恒定总离子强度下,HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则。HCl的迁移自由能与葡萄糖的质量百分数x成线性关系。计算了HCl     

混合溶剂中多组分电解质溶液热力学性质的研究III: HCl-NaCl-i-PrOH-H2O体系(5-45℃)

在恒定溶液总离子强度I=1.00mol.kg^-^1, 改变异丙醇在混合溶剂中的摩尔分数x=0.025、0.075和0.100条件下, 测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势.Pt, H2(1.013x10^5Pa)|HCl(m), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)|AgCl-AgPt, H2(1.013X10^5Pa)|HCl(mA), NaCl(mB), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)AgCl-Ag (B)根据电池(A)的电动势, 确定混合溶剂中Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势, 讨论了HCl的迁移性质. 利用电池(B)的电动势, 确定HCl活度系数γA. 结果表明, 在恒定I为1.00mol.kg^-^1时, HCl的活度系数仍然服从Harned规则. 在恒定溶液组成时, lgγA对热力学温度的倒数1/T作图, 具有良好直线关系. 进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和HCl的溶剂化数及介质效应.     

混合溶剂中多组分电解质溶液热力学性质的研究III: HCl-NaCl-i-PrOH-H2O体系(5-45℃)

在恒定溶液总离子强度I=1.00mol.kg^-^1, 改变异丙醇在混合溶剂中的摩尔分数x=0.025、0.075和0.100条件下, 测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势.Pt, H2(1.013x10^5Pa)|HCl(m), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)|AgCl-AgPt, H2(1.013X10^5Pa)|HCl(mA), NaCl(mB), i-PrOH(x), H2O(1-x)AgCl-Ag (B)根据电池(A)的电动势, 确定混合溶剂中Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势, 讨论了HCl的迁移性质. 利用电池(B)的电动势, 确定HCl活度系数γA. 结果表明, 在恒定I为1.00mol.kg^-^1时, HCl的活度系数仍然服从Harned规则. 在恒定溶液组成时, lgγA对热力学温度的倒数1/T作图, 具有良好直线关系. 进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和HCl的溶剂化数及介质效应.     

Heterogeneous interaction of N2O5 with HCl doped H2SO4 under stratospheric conditions: ClNO2 and Cl2 yields

The reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, with hydrogen chloride, HCl, in sulfuric acid solutions was studied at temperatures and compositions relevant to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Experiments were performed using a rotating wetted wall flow tube reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the gas-phase detection of reactants (N2O5 and HCl) and products (nitryl chloride, ClNO2, and Cl2) using I– as the reagent ion. Uptake coefficients, γ, were measured under stratospheric conditions: 205 < T < 225 K; 50 and 60 wt % H2SO4 solutions; 5.8 × 10(–5) < [HCl]liq < 0.1 M. Uptake coefficients of N2O5 on pure H2SO4/H2O (50 and 60 wt % H2SO4) and HCl-doped H2SO4 were found to be independent of temperature and sulfuric acid composition (weight percent of H2SO4 and HCl concentration) consistent with previous studies. ClNO2 was observed to be a major gas-phase product with its yield strongly dependent on the liquid-phase HCl concentration (5.8 × 10(–5) to 0.1 M HCl) and with a maximum yield of nearly unity at 0.005 M HCl in both 50 and 60 wt % sulfuric acid solutions. The Cl2 yield was <1% under all conditions studied. ClNO2 production was attributed to the heterogeneous reaction of NO2(+)(aq), or H2NO3(+)(aq) (formed in the dissociative ionization of N2O5), with Cl–. The variation of the ClNO2 yield with HCl concentration was attributed to the competition between the reaction of NO2(+)(aq), or H2NO3(+)(aq) with Cl– and H2O. Using our measured yields as a function of HCl concentrations in 50 and 60 wt % H2SO4 solutions at different temperatures, we calculated the variation of the ClNO2 yield under stratospheric conditions. The atmospheric implications of these findings were examined using a 2D atmospheric model. The contribution of this chemistry to ozone depletion was found to be a minor process under nonvolcanic background aerosol levels.     

水溶液中盐酸-醇相互作用的热力学参数Ⅱ: 盐酸-丙三醇-水体系(278.15～318.15K)

在278.15～318.15K(间隔10K)下, 测定了无液接电池Pt,H~2(g,p)│HCl(m~E)│AgCl-AgPt,H~2(g,p)│HCl(m~E),GL(m~N)│AgCl-Ag的电动势, 其中GL为丙三醇, m~E=0.005～0.1mol·kg^-^1,m~N=0.4～1.0mol·kg^-^1。实验数据用来计算HCl-GL-H~2O体系的盐效应常数k~s及HCl-GL在水中的相互作用的热力学参数f~E~N(g~E~N,s~E~N,h~E~N和C~p~,~E~N)。结果k~s＞0,g~E~N＞0, s~E~N＞0, C~p~,~E~N＜0。在353K时k~s有最小值0.0076kg·mol^-^1。f~H~C~l~-~G~L的数值比f~H~C~l~-~P~G(PG是1,2-丙二醇)小。应用结构相互作用模型和基团加合性原理分析讨论了这些参数的符号及其随温度变化的规律。     

Temperature dependent thermodynamic model of the system H(+)-NH₄(+)-Na(+)-SO₄²⁻-NO₃⁻-Cl⁻-H₂O

A thermodynamic model of the system H(+)-NH?(+)-Na(+)-SO?2?-NO??-Cl?-H?O is parametrized and used to represent activity coefficients, equilibrium partial pressures of H?O, HNO?, HCl, H?SO?, and NH?, and saturation with respect to 26 solid phases (NaCl(s), NaCl·2H?O(s), Na?SO?(s), Na?SO?·10H?O(s), NaNO?·Na?SO?·H?O(s), Na?H(SO?)?(s), NaHSO?(s), NaHSO?·H?O(s), NaNH?SO?·2H?O(s), NaNO?(s), NH?Cl(s), NH?NO?(s), (NH?)?SO?(s), (NH?)?H(SO?)?(s), NH?HSO?(s), (NH?)?SO?·2NH?NO?(s), (NH?)?SO?·3NH?NO?(s), H?SO?·H?O(s), H?SO?·2H?O(s), H?SO?·3H?O(s), H?SO?·4H?O(s), H?SO?·6.5H?O(s), HNO?·H?O(s), HNO?·2H?O(s), HNO?·3H?O(s), and HCl·3H?O(s)). The enthalpy of formation of the complex salts NaNH?SO?·2H?O(s) and Na?SO?·NaNO?·H?O(s) is calculated. The model is valid for temperatures < or approximately 263.15 up to 330 K and concentrations from infinite dilution to saturation with respect to the solid phases. For H?SO?-H?O solutions the degree of dissociation of the HSO?? ion is represented near the experimental uncertainty over wide temperature and concentration ranges. The parametrization of the model for the subsystems H(+)-NH?(+)-NO??-SO?2?-H?O and H(+)-NO??-SO?2?-Cl?-H?O relies on previous studies (Clegg, S. L. et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 2137-2154; Carslaw, K. S. et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 11557-11574), which are only partly adjusted to new data. For these systems the model is applicable to temperatures below 200 K, dependent upon liquid-phase composition, and for the former system also to supersaturated solutions. Values for the model parameters are determined from literature data for the vapor pressure, osmotic coefficient, emf, degree of dissociation of HSO??, and the dissociation constant of NH? as well as measurements of calorimetric properties of aqueous solutions like enthalpy of dilution, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of mixing, and heat capacity. The high accuracy of the model is demonstrated by comparisons with experimentally determined mean activity coefficients of HCl in HCl-Na?SO?-H?O solutions, solubility measurements for the quaternary systems H(+)-Na(+)-Cl?-SO?2?-H?O, Na(+)-NH?(+)-Cl?-SO?2?-H?O, and Na(+)-NH?(+)-NO??-SO?2?-H?O as well as vapor pressure measurements of HNO?, HCl, H?SO?, and NH?.     

Hydrogen-bonded Three-Dimensional Networks Encapsulating One-dimensional Covalent Chains: [Cu(3-ampy)(H2O)4](SO4)·(H2O) (3-ampy = 3-Aminopyridine)

A three-dimensional complex [Cu(3-ampy)(H2O)4](SO4)·(H2O) (3-ampy = 3-aminopyridine) has been synthesized. Crystallographic data: C5H16CuN2O9S, Mr = 343.80, triclinic, space group P, a = 7.675(2), b = 8.225(3), c = 10.845(3) (A), α= 86.996(4), β = 76.292(4),γ = 68.890(4)°, V = 620.0(3) (A)3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.841 g/cm3, F(000) = 354 and μ = 1.971 mm-1. The structure was refined to R = 0.0269 and wR = 0.0659 for 1838 observed reflections (I ＞ 2σ(Ⅰ)). The structure consists of [Cu(3-ampy)(H2O)4]2 cations, SO42- anions and lattice water molecules. 3-Ampy acting as a bidentate bridging ligand generates a 1D covalent chain. A supramolecular 2D framework is formed through π-π stacking of pyridine rings. The lattice water molecules and SO42- anions are located between the adjacent 2D frameworks. The hydrogen bonding interactions from lattice water molecules and SO42- anions to coordinate water extend the 2D framework into a 3D network.     

Controlled structural variations in templated uranium sulfates

A series of experiments in the UO(2)(CH(3)CO(2))(2).2H(2)O/H(2)SO(4)/1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine/H(2)O system were conducted to determine the effects of variation in initial reactant concentrations on the reaction products. Several reaction gels were produced, in which the composition varied from 16:80:4:500 UO(2)(CH(3)CO(2))(2).2H(2)O/H(2)SO(4)/1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine/H(2)O to 4:92:4:500 UO(2)(CH(3)CO(2))(2).2H(2)O/H(2)SO(4)/1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine/H(2)O. Single crystals of two new organically templated uranium sulfates, [N(3)C(6)H(18)](2)[(UO(2))(5)(H(2)O)(SO(4))(8)].5H(2)O and [N(3)C(6)H(18)][(UO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(SO(4))(3)(HSO(4))].4.5H(2)O, were isolated. Both compounds exhibit structures in which the inorganic frameworks are two-dimensional and the protonated amines reside between layers, participating in extensive hydrogen bonding. The composition and structure of each compound is dependent on the nature of the starting concentrations. Crystal data: for [N(3)C(6)H(18)](2)[(UO(2))(5)(H(2)O)(SO(4))(8)].5H(2)O, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n (No. 14), a = 21.5597(3) A, b = 10.2901(2) A, c = 22.8403(3) A, beta = 96.7436(7) degrees, and Z = 4; for [N(3)C(6)H(18)][(UO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(SO(4))(3)(HSO(4))].4.5H(2)O, monoclinic, space group P2(1)/a (No. 14), a = 15.7673(4) A, b = 10.5813(3) A, c = 16.7710(5) A, beta = 99.9216(9) degrees, and Z = 4.     

硼酸盐水溶液热力学研究II: H3BO3-LB(OH)4-LiCl-MgCl2体系

在278.15～318.15K下, 测定了无液电池(A), Pt, H2│B(OH)3(m1),LiB(OH)4(m)2, LiCl(m3), MgCl2(m4)│AgCl, Ag和电池(B), Pt, H2│B(OH)3(m1), LiB(OH)4(m2), MgCl2(m4)│AgCl, Ag的电动势。利用Debye-Huckel外推法和多项式拟合法确定了硼酸镁离子对[MgB(OH)4^+缔合常数pKt, 并得到了经验方程pKt=A1+A2/T+A3T以及缔合过程的其他各标准热力学量, 同时指出缔合熵是形成[MgB(OH)4^+]离子对的推动力。     

Exploration of composition space in templated uranium sulfates

The phase stability of organically templated uranium sulfates in the [UO(2)(CH(3)CO(2))(2).2H(2)O/homopiperazine/H(2)SO(4)] and [UO(2)(CH(3)CO(2))(2).2H(2)O/N,N-dimethylethylenediamine/H(2)SO(4)] systems has been studied using composition space. Two new compounds were formed in each system; [N(2)C(5)H(14)](2)[UO(2)(SO(4))(3)] (USO-17) and [N(2)C(5)H(14)][UO(2)(H(2)O)(SO(4))(2)] (USO-18) contain homopiperazine, and [N(2)C(4)H(14)][UO(2)(SO(4))(2)] (USO-19) and [N(2)C(4)H(14)][(UO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(SO(4))(3)].H(2)O (USO-20) contain N,N-dimethylethylenediamine. The relative stability of the products from each system is dependent upon the reactant mole fractions in the initial reaction gel. Crystal data: USO-17, a = 14.4975(3) A, b = 11.9109(3) A, c = 13.0157(3) A, beta = 110.475(1) degrees, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), Z = 4; for USO-18, a = 7.6955(2) A, b = 11.7717(3) A, c = 14.7038(4) A, orthorhombic, P22(1)2(1) (No. 18), Z = 4; for USO-19, a = 9.3322(1) A, b = 9.7743(2) A, c = 13.8897(3) A, orthorhombic, P2(1)2(1)2(1) (No. 19), Z = 4; and for USO-20, a = 11.2460(2) A, b = 10.5387(2) A, c = 17.0432(3) A, beta = 92.9884(6) degrees, monoclinic, P2(1)/c (No. 14), Z = 4.     

Proton transfer of NH3-HCl catalyzed by only one molecule

The proton transfer in NH(3)-HCl by only one molecule of catalyst was studied by using the MP2 method with the large 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. The 18 structures are obtained for the smallest units, NH(3)-HCl-A trimers, for which the proton transfer maybe occurred. The final results show that the proton transfers have occurred in the 15 cyclic shape structures for A = H(2)SO(4), H(2)SO(3), HCOOH (a), HF, H(2)O(2), HNO(3), HNO(2) (a), CH(3)OH, HCl, HNC, H(2)O, HNO(2) (b), NH(3), HCOOH (b), and HCHO, and not occurred in another 3 trimer structures for A = HCN, H(2)S, and PH(3). These results show that the proton transfer occurs from HCl to NH(3) when catalyst molecule A (acidic, neutral, or basic) not only as a proton donor strongly donates the proton to the Cl atom but as an acceptor strongly accepts the proton from the NH(3) molecule in the cyclic H-bond structure. In this work, a proton circumfluence model is proposed to explain the mechanism of the proton transfer. We find that, for the trimer, when the sum of two hydrogen bond lengths (R = R(1) + R(2)) is shorter than 5.0 A, molecule A has the ability to catalyze the proton transfer. In addition, we also find that the interaction energy E(int) between NH(3)-HCl and A is nearly related to the extent (R(H1)(-)(Cl)) of proton transfer, that is, the interaction energy E(int) increases with the proton transfer.