纳米二氧化钛/碳纳米管复合催化剂光催化性能及碳纳米管组分的作用

运用溶胶-凝胶及低温水热法合成纳米TiO₂/碳纳米管复合催化剂, 以甲基橙为目标降解物考察复合物的光催化活性. 运用X光衍射、透射电镜、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller低温氮气吸附、差热-热重分析及紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱等表征催化剂. 结果表明, 与单纯纳米TiO₂相比, 溶胶-凝胶法制备的复合催化剂的光催化活性显著提高, 实验条件下复合的碳纳米管最适含量为3%(碳纳米管/TiO₂, 重量百分比), 复合催化剂经在缓和氧化气氛中焙烧处理可在保持碳纳米管热稳定前提下获得纳米TiO₂的充分晶化. 观察到了低温水热合成的复合催化剂的甲基橙降解活性的进一步提升, 复合催化剂中纳米TiO₂在碳纳米管表面分散均匀, TiO₂和碳纳米管组分间的紧密和充分键合及低温水热条件下催化剂的大比表面积、超细粒径以及碳纳米管的热稳定等有利于复合催化剂的光催化活性. 进一步地, 探讨了复合催化剂中适量碳纳米管组分的光活性促活机制.     

三维网状Dy3+:YVO4/TiO2复合纤维的制备及光催化产氢性能

以电纺TiO₂纳米纤维为基质, 柠檬酸为软模板, 采用一步水热法制备了具有三维立体网状结构的稀土Dy ³⁺掺杂YVO₄/TiO₂复合纤维. 通过X射线衍射、 扫描电子显微镜、 X射线光电子能谱、 N₂吸附-脱附、 紫外-可见漫反射光谱及荧光光谱等手段对材料的组成、 表面形貌和性能进行表征, 以光分解水产氢实验考察其光催化活性. 结果表明, Dy ³⁺∶YVO₄纳米枝与TiO₂纳米纤维相互交联构筑的纳米纤维网具有大比表面积, 可提供更多活性位点, 改善了多相光催化反应的传递过程; 稀土Dy ³⁺掺杂的YVO₄与TiO₂复合形成异质结相互促进, 在拓宽光谱响应范围、 提高太阳光利用率的同时使光生电子-空穴对得到较好分离, 从而提高了样品的光催化活性. 模拟太阳光照射下, Dy ³⁺∶YVO₄/TiO₂复合纤维光催化产氢速率达到8.63 mmol· h ^-1·g ^-1, 是纯TiO₂纳米纤维的10倍.     

CdS修饰TiO2纳米带制备及光催化降解有毒有机污染物

以硫酸钛为原料,在210℃低温下,水热制备TiO₂纳米带.通过沉淀法用CdS修饰TiO₂纳米带表面,制得TiO₂@CdS复合光催化剂,采用XRD、TEM和反射紫外对其结构及光化学特性进行初步表征.以可见光(λ≥450 nm)光催化降解罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)、水杨酸(Salicylic Acid,SA)及2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-Dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)为探针反应,研究反应温度、介质和负载CdS对TiO₂@CdS结构性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的TiO₂纳米带分散性好.复合粉末由锐钛矿相TiO₂和立方相CdS组成.常温25℃中性介质中用CdS修饰的TiO₂的活性,在可见光照射下,为单纯TiO₂纳米带的29倍.同时,TiO₂也促进了CdS可见光光催化活性的提高.通过跟踪降解体系紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)、红外光谱(FTIR)和总有机碳(TOC)测定,结果发现TiO₂@CdS/vis体系在pH 7.0时,对SA的降解率较TiO₂纳米带有显著地提高,反应15 h和21 h后,RhB和2,4-DCP的矿化率分别可达到47.8%和30.8%.     

乙酸修饰Ag/TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及协同催化性能

利用光化学还原法制备了Ag/TiO₂,然后通过乙酸浸渍制备了HAc-Ag/TiO₂复合光催化剂.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）等手段表征了催化剂的性质.以降解水溶液中的甲基橙（MO）为探针反应,考察了催化剂在可见光下的光催化性能.结果表明,乙酸对TiO₂的修饰在TiO₂禁带中产生了"带尾",使TiO₂的禁带宽度发生了显著的缩减;Ag纳米粒子和乙酸共同修饰的HAc-Ag/TiO₂样品具有更窄的禁带宽度和更正的价带顶位置;Ag和乙酸的协同作用使HAc-Ag/TiO₂具有良好的可见光催化活性：可见光照射2 h后,甲基橙在HAc-Ag/TiO₂上的降解率接近100%.     

TiO2-SA纳米光催化材料接枝动力学、结构及性能

采用后处理表面改性法在纳米TiO₂表面接枝水杨酸(SA)(TiO₂-SA), 分别考察了超声搅拌、溶剂、物料比、pH值及温度等因素对接枝过程及光催化材料性能的影响, 并研究了接枝反应动力学. 通过傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等对TiO₂-SA纳米光催化材料进行了结构表征, 并提出了结构模型. 通过接触角测定、同步热分析(热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC))、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对光催化材料进行了性能表征. 结果表明, 水杨酸改性纳米TiO₂可以提高疏水性及分散性, 减缓在溶剂中的沉降速度, 并能稳定吸附在油-水界面, 实现了光谱响应范围向可见光的拓展. 在紫外光照射下, TiO₂-SA表现出优异的光催化降解硝基苯性能.     

Ag/N-TiO2/SBA-15光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化还原CO2

以钛酸四正丁酯(TB),羧基改性的SBA-15 (COOH/SBA-15),尿素和AgNO3为原料,利用溶剂热及焙烧处理制得Ag/N-TiO₂/SBA-15催化剂. 采用X 射线衍射(XRD),低温N2吸脱附,X 射线光电子能谱(XPS),紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS),荧光(PL)光谱,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)和元素分析(EA)等表征. 结果显示：Ag/N-TiO₂/SBA-15样品具有介孔结构,TiO₂以单一的锐钛矿晶型均匀的分散在载体表面,Ag以单质形态沉积在TiO₂表面,N则掺入到TiO₂晶格中,并以取代N(O-Ti-N)和间隙N(Ti-O-N)两种方式共存. Ag/N-TiO₂/SBA-15催化剂中单质Ag既可以捕获光生电子提高量子效率,又促进了TiO₂对可见光的吸收. N掺杂拓宽了TiO₂吸收光谱的吸收范围,并且适量的N掺杂有助于光生电荷的分离,提高了光催化效率. 以光催化还原CO₂为探针反应,考察了催化剂在可见光下的催化活性. 结果表明：Ag/N-TiO₂/SBA-15系列催化剂均表现出了可见光催化还原CO₂性能,发现当Ag的质量分数为2%,N与Ti的物质的量比为3时,催化剂光催化活性最佳,产物甲醇产量高达45.7 μmol·g^-1·h^-1.     

n-型多孔Si/TiO2纳米线异质结构的制备及光电化学性能

采用光辅助电化学腐蚀法制备了n-型多孔硅衬底, 再采用水热法在其表面生长TiO₂纳米线制得了三维n-型多孔Si/TiO₂纳米线异质结构. 通过X射线衍射、 扫描电子显微镜和X射线能量散射等表征证实了n-型多孔Si/TiO₂纳米线异质结构的形成. 紫外-可见漫反射光谱测试结果表明, n-型多孔硅与TiO₂纳米线的复合提高了紫外-可见波段的光吸收. 光电性能测试结果表明, 3个样品中n-型多孔Si/TiO₂纳米线异质结作为光电极的光电流最高, 这说明n-型多孔Si/TiO₂纳米线作为光电极具有更高的光电化学分解水性能.     

TiO2/石墨烯复合材料的光生电荷分离调控与光催化产氢性能研究

半导体光生电荷分离是光催化过程中的关键步骤之一,其效率极大地影响了最终光催化性能.将TiO₂纳米片与石墨烯复合,能够促进TiO₂中光生电子和空穴的分离,从而提高其光催化活性.为了研究光生电荷的分离对TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料光催化性能的影响,通过调控TiO₂纳米片的尺寸来调节TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料中光生电荷分离的能力,然后研究其对TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料光催化性能的影响.合成了一系列不同厚度的TiO₂纳米片,将其与石墨烯复合,并通过光沉积负载Pt纳米颗粒作为助催化剂,用于光催化产氢.实验结果显示,随着TiO₂纳米片厚度减小,其与石墨烯形成的复合结构的光催化性能显著提高.这主要是由于TiO₂纳米片厚度减小时,光生电子沿厚度方向穿过TiO₂纳米片迁移到石墨烯的距离缩短,从而减少了光生电子在迁移过程中与空穴的复合;同时TiO₂纳米片厚度减小使其比表面积增大,使得TiO₂/石墨烯界面面积增大,从而使石墨烯更好地分离出TiO₂中的光生电子,有更多的光生电子到达石墨烯参与催化反应,提高TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料的光催化性能.此研究表明通过控制TiO₂纳米片的尺寸来调控TiO₂/石墨烯复合材料中光生电子和空穴的分离,是显著提高其光催化性能的有效途径.     

TiOx/SiO2复合载体上高分散Au催化剂的CO氧化性能

负载型Au催化剂中金与载体间存在相互作用,载体性质能够影响Au纳米颗粒分散度及稳定性.本文通过表面溶胶-凝胶(SSG)法制备了TiO_x/SiO₂复合载体,以期增加氧化物载体表面配位不饱和度从而使其具有较高的金属分散性,并利用低能离子散射(LEIS)谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及N₂物理吸附(BET)等手段对载体及催化剂进行表征分析.实验表明TiO_x/SiO₂复合载体表面TiO_x分散性良好,没有形成明显的TiO₂晶相,且与SiO₂间形成Ti―O―Si键.与Au/TiO₂相比, Au/TiO_x/SiO₂催化剂中Au纳米颗粒的分散性更好,因而CO氧化活性显著提高. TiO_x/SiO₂复合载体上的TiO₂膜是Au的主要表面键合位,导致Au与载体间相互作用增强,从而使得Au纳米颗粒抗烧结能力提高,同时催化剂反应稳定性得到改善.     

多酸基复合光催化剂的合成及其太阳光驱动CO2制甲酸研究在实验教学中的设计与探究

温和条件下将二氧化碳(CO₂)高效转化为高值化学品,不仅可以实现碳资源的循环利用,也对减缓温室效应具有重要意义。本实验基于多酸(POMs)复合催化剂制备及其应用于光催化CO₂加氢制甲酸的创新性研究成果,设计了适合本科实验教学的综合创新实验。实验采用浸渍法将Anderson型多酸[H₆(CrO₆)Mo₆O₁₈]^3-分散到TiO₂表面形成多酸复合光催化剂CrMo₆/TiO₂,通过X射线粉末衍射和红外光谱解析了催化剂的结构。利用气相色谱和液相色谱对光催化产物进行分析检测,结果显示,光照条件下CrMo₆/TiO₂复合光催化剂可催化CO₂高选择性转化为液体产物甲酸。紫外-可见光谱分析证实,多酸的修饰减小了TiO₂能带间隙,增加了光谱的吸收范围,提升了光催化性能。本实验内容涵盖了无机材料合成、仪...     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

结合实际发展电化学科学─—武汉大学电化学研究室工作简介

结合实际发展电化学科学─—武汉大学电化学研究室工作简介查全性,陆君涛（武汉大学化学系电化学研究室,武汉４３００７２）在物理化学的众多分支学科中,电化学长期保持良好的发展势头。除了电化学所研究的体系（溶液、电极／溶液界面等）具有广泛的基础意义外,促使电...