RAFT链转移剂的选用原则及通用型RAFT链转移剂

可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT Polymerization)是目前最为常用的活性可控自由基聚合方法之一,因其产物分子量分布较窄、适用单体范围广、反应条件温和等优势得到了不同领域科学家的广泛应用。然而,科学家们在选择RAFT链转移剂(也称RAFT试剂)时,经常会忽略RAFT链转移剂与单体活性的匹配原则,导致在制备高活单体与低活单体的嵌段共聚物方面存在产物分子量分布宽、聚合速率慢,甚至反应无法成功进行的问题。基于此,本文首先综述聚合中RAFT链转移剂的选用原则,随后介绍近几年开发的一类同时适用于高/低活性单体聚合的通用型RAFT链转移剂(Universal/Switchable RAFT agent)的作用原理及适用条件,并着重探讨了基于通用型RAFT链转移剂制备高/低活性单体的嵌段共聚物的最新进展及应用。     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合研究进展

RAFT(Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer,可逆加成-断裂链转移)自由基存在链增长自由基与链转移剂(RAFT试剂)之间的可逆蜕化转移,现已广泛应用于聚合物分子结构设计及众多功能高分子材料的合成,受到众多高分子研究者的关注,是一种发展较快的可控/活性聚合技术.本文在简要介绍了RAFT聚合发展历程基础上,综述了RAFT聚合反应机理,RAFT试剂的结构及其对聚合性能的影响,RAFT试剂与单体的匹配性,RAFT聚合实施方法等.同时也对RAFT聚合反应的发展进行了展望.     

水溶性RAFT链转移剂的制备及应用进展

可逆加成-断裂链转移(reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer,RAFT)聚合是一种有效的可控/活性自由基聚合方法,在功能型高分子的制备中有广泛的应用,RAFT聚合的关键就在于选择合适的RAFT链转移剂。基于环保无害的要求,水溶性RAFT链转移剂的制备就至关重要。本文介绍了RAFT聚合的机理,综述了水溶性RAFT链转移剂的制备及应用进展,探讨出RAFT链转移剂水溶性的作用机理,一方面是极性基团的作用,另一方面是离子键氢键等的作用,这对水溶性RAFT链转移剂的制备有一定的启发。大分子RAFT链转移剂分子中常含有亲水基团和疏水基团,具有一定的分散作用,在水相条件下不仅可以通过扩链反应制备窄分子量分布的嵌段共聚物,还可以制备出微纳米凝胶。     

RAFT聚合在聚合物分子结构设计中的应用

可逆加成-断裂链转移(reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer,RAFT)聚合是一种新型的活性/可控自由基聚合方法,在制备窄分子量聚合物和设计聚合物分子结构方面具有独特的优势。本文首先介绍RAFT活性自由基聚合的机理、体系、特点及链转移(RAFT)试剂的选择,然后总结了近年来国内外利用RAFT聚合技术在设计无规和交替共聚物方面的应用,详细介绍了该方法在制备特殊结构共聚物,如嵌段、梯度、接枝、星形、树形和梳形结构聚合物的新应用,并对RAFT聚合技术在今后的研究重点和应用前景做了展望。     

配位链转移聚合合成高密度聚乙烯-嵌段-等规聚丙烯嵌段共聚物

通过利用配位链转移聚合方法,设计"一锅两步法"合成路线合成了高密度聚乙烯-嵌段-等规聚丙烯两嵌段共聚物.双水杨醛亚胺锆催化剂/甲基铝氧烷催化体系,在二乙基锌作链转移剂的情况下,催化乙烯进行配位链转移聚合,生成双(聚乙烯基)锌并作为大分子链转移剂参与第二步由二甲基吡啶胺铪催化剂催化的丙烯等规聚合反应,最终得到高密度聚乙烯-全同聚丙烯(HDPE-b-i PP)嵌段共聚物.嵌段聚合物的分子量及分布、热性能、微结构等利用高温凝胶色谱(HT-GPC)、示差扫描量热法(DSC)、高温核磁(NMR)进行了明确表征.该类嵌段聚合物可用于增容商业料HDPE/i PP的共混物.扫描电镜(SEM)表征结果显示,通过加入10 wt%嵌段聚合物,共混物(70/30)中分散相粒子尺寸显著减小,两相界面粘结明显改善.     

可逆加成—断裂链转移自由基聚合在制备水溶性聚合物中的应用

水溶性聚合物在工业、农业、医药等领域都有着广泛用途,但随着近年对水溶性聚合物精细化的要求,寻找新的结构可控的聚合方法已成为迫切需求.由于可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合具有适用单体范围广、反应条件温和、不受聚合方法的限制等优点,以及可控制聚合物的嵌段、接枝、梳型、星型、无规及梯度等结构,成为合成结构可控的水溶性聚合物的最有效手段之一.本文主要讨论了单体、引发剂、链转移剂、溶剂等组成对RAFT聚合反应的影响,并介绍了利用RAFT方法制备非离子、阴离子、阳离子及两性离子水溶性聚合物的实例.     

以二硫键连接的两嵌段共聚物的制备新方法

报道了一种制备二硫键连接的两嵌段共聚物的新方法.以可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)制备聚苯乙烯大分子链转移剂(PS-RAFT),经伯胺还原得到巯基封端的PS(PS-SH).PS-SH与原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)引发剂2-溴-2-甲基丙酸-2-(2-吡啶基二硫)乙酯发生交换反应,得到含有二硫键的聚苯乙烯大分子ATRP引发剂(PS-S-S-Br).以PS-S-S-Br引发甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯(HEMA)的ATRP聚合反应,合成了由二硫键连接的两嵌段共聚物PS-S-S-PHEMA.将PS-S-S-PHEMA可在甲醇中自组装形成以PS为核,PHEMA为壳的球形聚合物胶束,为制备新型含二硫键聚合物提供了新的合成方法.     

PS-b-P4VP两嵌段共聚物的合成及其自组装的研究

双硫酯 (PhC(S)SCH2 Ph)作为链转移剂 ,AIBN作为引发剂 ,用可逆的加成 断裂链转移 (RAFT)活性自由基聚合方法 ,合成了PS大分子链转移剂 .然后在AIBN引发下 ,利用制得的大分子链转移剂 ,以DMF为溶剂 ,80℃下采用RAFT方法 ,合成了PS b P4VP两嵌段共聚物 ,通过核磁共振谱及动力学的研究证明了其活性聚合的特征 .结果表明聚合反应在 2 4h内转化率可达 95 % .并用透射电子显微镜 (TEM )和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了PS b P4VP两嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂硝基苯 四氢呋喃中的自组装行为 ,研究结果表明改变聚合物的浓度以及选择性溶剂 ,可观察到自组装行为的变化 .     

基于RAFT过程的MMA可控自由基聚合及嵌段共聚物的合成

用二硫代酯调控的可逆加成-裂解链转移过程(RAFT)研究了MMA的聚合动力学及分子量分布,分析了引发剂浓度和二硫代酯浓度对反应速度及可控性的影响.用RAFT方法合成了嵌段共聚物PMMA-b-PS及带有自旋标记的嵌段共聚物PMMA-b-PS.     

以双硫酯为链转移剂的活性自由基聚合

合成并研究了两种双硫酯链转移剂的纯化方法 ,进行了多种单体以双硫酯为链转移剂的活性自由基聚合及嵌段共聚 .发现以PhC(S)SC(CH3) 2 Ph为链转移剂的效果比PhC(S)SCH(CH3)Ph好 ,聚合产物的多分散性系数较小 .引发剂与链转移剂的摩尔数比为 1∶3 5～ 1∶4 2时 ,得到多分散性系数小 ,实测分子量与理论分子量相近的聚合产物 .聚合物的分子量随时间和转化率的增加而增加 ,加入第二单体形成嵌段共聚物 ,具有活性聚合特征 .聚甲基丙烯酸酯大分子引发剂引发丙烯酸酯单体聚合时 ,聚合速度最快 .     

Experimental Requirements for an Efficient Control of Free‐Radical Polymerizations via the Reversible Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Process

Summary: Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a recent and very versatile controlled radical polymerization technique that has enabled the synthesis of a wide range of macromolecules with well‐defined structures, compositions, and functionalities. The RAFT process is based on a reversible addition‐fragmentation reaction mediated by thiocarbonylthio compounds used as chain transfer agents (CTAs). A great variety of CTAs have been designed and synthesized so far with different kinds of substituents. In this review, all of the CTAs encountered in the literature from 1998 to date are reported and classified according to several criteria : i) the structure of their substituents, ii) the various monomers that they have been polymerized with, and iii) the type of polymerization that has been performed (solution, dispersed media, surface initiated, and copolymerization). Moreover, the influence of various parameters is discussed, especially the CTA structure relative to the monomer and the experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, initiation, CTA/initiator ratio, concentration), in order to optimise the kinetics and the efficiency of the molecular‐weight‐distribution control.

Schematic of the RAFT polymerization.     

Bifunctional 2‐(alkoxycarbonothioylthio)acetic acids for the synthesis of TiO2‐poly(vinyl acetate) nanocomposites via RAFT polymerization

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been known as a convenient method for the synthesis of polymers of designed molecular structures. Of particular interest are bifunctional or multifunctional chain‐transfer agents (CTAs) which could be employed in the development of advanced materials via RAFT polymerization. In the present study, four bifunctional 2‐(alkoxycarbonothioylthio) RAFT CTAs with ? COOH functionalities containing methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, and octyloxy groups, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Polymerizations of vinyl acetate using these CTAs exhibited increased molecular weight with consumption of monomer and relatively narrow dispersities, indicative of living polymerization behavior. The effect of the concentration of 2‐(ethoxycarbonothioylthio) acetic acid on the polymerization was examined, revealing that higher concentration of CTA led to lower molecular weight and narrower dispersity. As an example of the application of the synthesized bifunctional CTAs, TiO₂‐poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) nanocomposites were synthesized via a one‐pot process and characterized by TGA, DSC, TEM, and affinity test, suggesting attachment of PVAc onto the nano‐TiO₂ particles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 606–618     

可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合研究进展

对可逆加成．断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合的反应机理、可逆加成．断裂链转移荆的合成方法及其反应动力学的研究进展分别进行了综述。     

Immobilization of RAFT agents on silica nanoparticles utilizing an alternative functional group and subsequent surface‐initiated RAFT polymerization

Silica–polystyrene core‐shell particles were successfully prepared by surface‐mediated reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene monomer from the surfaces of the silica‐supported RAFT agents. Initially, macro‐RAFT agents were synthesized by RAFT polymerization of γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) in the presence of chain transfer agents (CTAs). Immobilization of CTAs onto the silica surfaces was then performed by reacting silica with macro‐RAFT agents via a silane coupling. Grafting of polymer onto silica forms core‐shell nanostructures and shows a sharp contrast between silica core and polymer shell in the phase composition. The thickness of grafted‐polymer shell and the diameter of core‐shell particles increase with the increasing ratio of monomer to silica. A control experiment was carried out by conventional free radical emulsion copolymerization of MPS‐grafted silica and styrene under comparable conditions. The resulting data provide further insight into the chemical composition of grafted‐polymers that are grown from the silica surface through RAFT process. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 467–484, 2009     

Polymer Architectures via Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization

Various versatile chain transfer agents (CTAs) have been synthesized for reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerzation. Such CTAs have been used to modify hydroxyl containing materials and produce well-controlled molecular architectures such as amphiphilic copolymer from poly (ethylene glycol), AB block copolymer consisting of a biodegradable segment, poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and grafted copolymers of poly (styrene), poly (methyl methacrylate) and poly (methyl acrylate) from cellulose.     

可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基共聚合研究进展

与其它可控/活性自由基聚合相比,可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)自由基聚合具有适用单体范围广、反应条件温和、不受聚合实施方法的限制等优点,因此成为目前高分子合成研究最为活跃的领域之一.通过它不但实现了广泛单体的可控/活性聚合,还合成了嵌段、接枝、梳型、星型、无规及梯度等结构的聚合物.本文综述了RAFT自由基共聚合领域的研究进展,内容主要包括已报道的RAFT自由基共聚合反应体系和RAFT过程对共聚产物组成的影响.     

可逆加成-断裂链转移活性自由基聚合

介绍了可逆加成-断裂链转移(Reversible addition-fragmentation chain tansfer,RAFT)活性自由基聚合的反应机理、聚合动力学和特点，对RAFT试剂的选择和制备作了简要介绍，并综述了RAFT聚合的发展动态及应用状况。     

A facile route to ureidopyrimidinone‐functionalized polymers via RAFT

Three new ureidopyrimidinone(UPy)‐functionalized chain‐transfer agents (CTAs) have been synthesized for use in reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. These UPy‐CTAs are able to polymerize a wide variety of vinyl monomers to yield UPy‐functionalized polymers, including homopolymers, block copolymers, and amphiphilic block copolymers. These polymers have been characterized via ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV/visible spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to demonstrate end‐group fidelity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Microemulsion: The Influence of Reaction Conditions on Polymerization

The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant and a difunctional RAFT agent S,S′-bis (α, α′-dimethylacetic acid) trithiocarbonate (BDAT) as chain transfer were conducted in microemulsion. The influence of polymerization temperature and concentration of RAFT agent on the polymerization were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the molecular weight of products increased linearly with conversion, the polydispersity indexes remained low value, and the polymerization processes were totally under control with increasing concentration of RAFT agent, the polymerization behavior exhibited living polymerization characters. In addition, the influence of RAFT concentration on the particle size was investigated by TEM. The results indicated that the particles were highly monodispersed and the particle size increased with increasing concentration of RAFT agent.     

Dendrimer‐star polymer and block copolymer prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with dendritic chain transfer agent

A new reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, dendritic polyester with 16 dithiobenzoate terminal groups, was prepared and used in the RAFT polymerization of styrene (St) to produce star polystyrene (PSt) with a dendrimer core. It was found that this polymerization was of living characters, the molecular weight of the dendrimer‐star polymers could be controlled and the polydispersities were narrow. The dendrimer‐star block copolymers of St and methyl acrylate (MA) were also prepared by the successive RAFT polymerization using the dendrimer‐star PSt as macro chain transfer agent. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6379–6393, 2005