类金刚石多层膜在不同环境下的摩擦磨损行为研究

采用等离子体辅助化学气相沉积法在单晶硅表面制备由硬／软亚层交替构成的类金刚石多层膜,通过调整工艺参数获得亚层厚度在25～1000nm之间的DLC多层膜,采用球-盘摩擦磨损试验机探讨了DLC多层膜在真空、氧气及干燥空气下的摩擦磨损行为．结果表明,在不同摩擦环境下,多层结构对DLC多层膜的摩擦系数影响较小,但对其磨损率影响较大．多层结构可以有效抑制DLC膜的磨损,特别是在氧气和干燥空气环境中,DLC多层膜的磨损率明显低于DLC单层膜．特定亚层厚度的DLC多层膜在不同摩擦环境中均具有稳定的耐磨性能,磨损率约在10^-8mm^3／Nm数量级．     

Injection and Storage of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in Deep Saline Aquifers: Analytical Solution for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Plume Evolution During Injection

Injection of fluids into deep saline aquifers is practiced in several industrial activities, and is being considered as part of a possible mitigation strategy to reduce anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Injection of CO₂ into deep saline aquifers involves CO₂ as a supercritical fluid that is less dense and less viscous than the resident formation water. These fluid properties lead to gravity override and possible viscous fingering. With relatively mild assumptions regarding fluid properties and displacement patterns, an analytical solution may be derived to describe the space–time evolution of the CO₂ plume. The solution uses arguments of energy minimization, and reduces to a simple radial form of the Buckley–Leverett solution for conditions of viscous domination. In order to test the applicability of the analytical solution to the CO₂ injection problem, we consider a wide range of subsurface conditions, characteristic of sedimentary basins around the world, that are expected to apply to possible CO₂ injection scenarios. For comparison, we run numerical simulations with an industry standard simulator, and show that the new analytical solution matches a full numerical solution for the entire range of CO₂ injection scenarios considered. The analytical solution provides a tool to estimate practical quantities associated with CO₂ injection, including maximum spatial extent of a plume and the shape of the overriding less-dense CO₂ front.