Activation Enthalpy and Entropy for the Decay of 9-Cyanophenanthrene Exciplexes

Activation parameters were studied for the decay of 9-cyanophenanthrene exciplexes with some weak electron donors (the Gibbs energy of electron transfer G ^* _et ranging from –0.02 to –0.09 eV), which displayed fairly high emission in both nonpolar and polar aprotic solvents. It was shown that the activation enthalpy of decay for the exciplexes is low, while the activation entropy reaches –(100–150) J mol^–1 K^–1, which is consistent with the two possible decay mechanisms: by dissociation into free radical ions or by intersystem crossing into the triplet state.     

Mechanism of Exciplex Decay: The Quantum Yields and the Rate Constants of Triplet Formation from 9-Cyanophenanthrene Exciplexes

The quantum yields of the formation of triplet states from the exciplexes of 9-cyanophenanthrene with 1,2,3- and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzenes in solvents of different polarity and the rate constants of intersystem crossing in these exciplexes were measured. In the solvents of weak and intermediate polarity, the exciplexes decay predominantly via internal conversion and intersystem crossing, whereas the decay in polar solvents occurs additionally via dissociation into radical ions.     

Formation Enthalpy and Entropy of Exciplexes with Variable Extent of Charge Transfer in Solvents of Different Polarity

Temperature dependence was studied for relative quantum yields of emission from some exciplexes of pyrene, 1,12-benzoperylene, and 9-cyanoanthracene with methoxybenzenes or methylnaphthalenes in solvents of different polarity (ranging from toluene to acetonitrile). The enthalpy H _Ex ^*, the entropy S _Ex ^*, and the Gibbs free energy G _Ex ^*of formation of the exciplexes were determined. Depending of the Gibbs free energy of excited-state electron transfer (G _et ^*) and solvent polarity, the values of H _Ex ^*, S _Ex ^*, and G _Ex ^*vary over the ranges from –5 to –40 kJ mol^–1, from +3 to –90 J mol^–1K^–1, and from +3 to –21 kJ mol^–1, respectively. The possibility is discussed that the effect of solvent polarity G _et ^*on the exciplex formation enthalpies can be rationalized in terms of the model of correlated polarization of an exciplex and the medium.     

Activation Parameters for the Formation and Decay of Partial-Charge-Transfer Exciplexes of 9-Cyanoanthracene, 1,12-Benzperylene, and Pyrene

The factors affecting the rate of formation and decay of exciplexes with partial charge transfer, which form in the kinetic region of photoinduced electron transfer (G ^* _et > –0.2 eV), were studied. The rate of formation of exciplexes is controlled mainly by the diffusion of reactants and the low steric factor (0.15–1.0). The activation enthalpy and entropy for the exciplex formation (9–13 kJ mol^–1 and –(12–28) J mol^–1 K^–1) are close to the activation enthalpy and entropy of diffusion, respectively. Charge transfer in an exciplex and polarization of the medium generally occur after passing the transition state. In contrast, the activation enthalpy of exciplex decay (its conversion into the reaction products) is close to zero (±6 kJ mol^–1) and the activation entropy is strongly negative –(80–130) J mol^–1 K^–1.     

Formation Enthalpy of Exciplexes with Partial Charge Transfer as a Function of the Electron-Transfer Driving Force

The dependence of the formation enthalpy ()H _Ex* and the Gibbs energy (G _Ex*) of exciplexes with partial charge transfer on the Gibbs energy of electron transfer G _et*, the parameters of the electronic structure of an exciplex (the difference in the energies of the charge transfer (CT) state and a locally excited state (LE) in a vacuum ( H ₂₂ ⁰– H ₁₁ ⁰), the matrix element of the electronic coupling of the CT and LE states H ₁₂, the dipole moment of the CT state, and the repulsion energy in an exciplex a"), and the polarity of the medium was analyzed. The consideration of the repulsion energy in the exciplex is necessary for correlation of the experimental values of H _Ex* and the spectral shift of the exciplex emission with respect to the LE state. All of these parameters depend on the particular nature of the exciplex, which is the reason for the lack of the general dependence of H _Ex* and G _Ex* on G _et* for exciplexes with partial charge transfer.     

三聚氰胺的生成焓、热容和熵

通过多种热化学方法研究了三聚氰胺的热力学性质. 首先用氧弹式燃烧热量计测定了三聚氰胺在298.15 K 时的燃烧热, 根据燃烧热结果, 计算出三聚氰胺的标准摩尔燃烧焓和标准摩尔生成焓, 分别为: △cHΘm=(-2455.17±4.65) kJ·mol-1; △fHΘm =(-763.38±5.16) kJ·mol-1. 然后根据键焓与燃烧焓之间的关系, 估算出三聚氰胺中的C≈N(此键介于单键与双键之间)键能为458.30 kJ·mol-1, 此值介于碳氮单键键能和双键键能之间. 通过绝热热量计测定了三聚氰胺从80到385 K的低温热容. 根据热容值, 计算了此温度区间的标准摩尔生成焓, 其与温度呈线性关系. 另外, 三聚氰胺的热稳定性也用热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)法进行了分析, 确定其分解的DSC曲线的峰顶温度为603.37 K.     

Enthalpy and Entropy Changes by Formation of Different Types of Complexes

The different types of bonding in complexes formed in aqueous solution are clearly reflected in the values of ΔH⁰ and ΔS⁰ for the complex formation reaction.     

Enthalpy and Entropy of Formation of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Macrobicyclic Cryptate Complexes [1]

The enthalpies and entropies of complexation of alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations by several macrobicyclic ligands have been obtained from calorimetric measurements and from the previously determined stability constants [2]. Both enthalpy and entropy changes play an important role in the stability and selectivity of the complexes. Particularly noteworthy are the large enthalpies and the negative entropies of complexation obtained for the alkali cation complexes (Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺ and Cs⁺ cryptates). The Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺ as well as [Li⁺ ? 2.1.1]

1 For use of the symbols see [2].

and [Na⁺ ? 2.2.1] cryptates are of the enthalpy dominant type with also a favourable entropy change. The Ca²⁺ and [Li⁺ ? 2.2.1] cryptates are entirely entropy stabilized with about zero heat of reaction. The high stability of the macrobicyclic complexes as compared to the macromonocylcic ones, the cryptate effect, is of enthalpic origin. The enthalpies of complexation display selectivity peaks, as do the stabilities, whereas the entropy changes do not. The high M²⁺/M⁺ selectivities found in terms of free energy, may be reversed when enthalpy is considered in view of the very different role played by the entropy term for M²⁺ and M⁺ cations. The enthalpies and entropies of ligation show that whereas the cryptate anions are similar in terms of entropy irrespective of which cation is included, the ligands, despite being more rigid than the hydration shell, are nevertheless able to adjust to some extent to the cation. This conclusion agrees with published X-rays data. The origin of the enthalpies and entropies of complexation is discussed in terms of structural features of the ligands and of solvation effects.     

Group Additive Values for the Gas‐Phase Standard Enthalpy of Formation,Entropy and Heat Capacity of Oxygenates

A complete and consistent set of 60 Benson group additive values (GAVs) for oxygenate molecules and 97 GAVs for oxygenate radicals is provided, which allow to describe their standard enthalpies of formation, entropies and heat capacities. Approximately half of the GAVs for oxygenate molecules and the majority of the GAVs for oxygenate radicals have not been reported before. The values are derived from an extensive and accurate database of thermochemical data obtained by ab initio calculations at the CBS‐QB3 level of theory for 202 molecules and 248 radicals. These compounds include saturated and unsaturated, α‐ and β‐branched, mono‐ and bifunctional oxygenates. Internal rotations were accounted for by using one‐dimensional hindered rotor corrections. The accuracy of the database was further improved by adding bond additive corrections to the CBS‐QB3 standard enthalpies of formation. Furthermore, 14 corrections for non‐nearest‐neighbor interactions (NNI) were introduced for molecules and 12 for radicals. The validity of the constructed group additive model was established by comparing the predicted values with both ab initio calculated values and experimental data for oxygenates and oxygenate radicals. The group additive method predicts standard enthalpies of formation, entropies, and heat capacities with chemical accuracy, respectively, within 4 kJ mol^?1 and 4 J mol^?1 K^?1 for both ab initio calculated and experimental values. As an alternative, the hydrogen bond increment (HBI) method developed by Lay et al. (T. H. Lay, J. W. Bozzelli, A. M. Dean, E. R. Ritter, J. Phys. Chem.­ 1995 , 99, 14514) was used to introduce 77 new HBI structures and to calculate their thermodynamic parameters (Δ_fH°, S°, C_p°). The GAVs reported in this work can be reliably used for the prediction of thermochemical data for large oxygenate compounds, combining rapid prediction with wide‐ranging application.     

烷烃电离能和生成焓的相关性

根据化合物形成过程中价电子能量变化与生成焓之间的关系, 推导出烷烃的生成焓和电离能之间的关系. 以21个烷烃化合物为模型将实验测定的电离能与标准生成焓进行直接关联, 证实了模型方程的适用性, 所得回归方程的相关系数达到0.9999, 估算值与实验值之间的标准偏差仅为0.03 eV. 同时还利用实验测定的标准生成焓对一系列烷烃的电离能作了预测.     

纳米氧化锌的标准摩尔生成焓

采用微乳液-水热辅助法合成了尺寸、形貌均匀的ZnO纳米棒,其长度约400 nm,直径约50 nm。基于将纳米ZnO与块体ZnO的标准摩尔生成焓相关联,依据热力学势函数法设计热化学循环,获得了纳米ZnO与块体ZnO标准摩尔生成焓的关系。结合微量热技术求算出了下所制备的ZnO纳米棒在298.15 K下的标准摩尔生成焓为(-331.70±0.42)kJ.mol-1。     

β-环糊精和部分有机物分子识别作用的焓熵判断

应用气相色谱实验技术,测定了一些有机溶剂（或溶质）在β-环糊精（β-CD）固体表面上的吸附热力学函数.实验结果表明,气相中的有机物质在β-CD表面上的吸附过程之焓、熵互补现象与它们之间的分子识别作用密切相关,它们的绝对值之和可以作为分子识别作用强弱的判据.     

碳酸盐标准生成焓的计算

碳酸盐标准生成焓的计算戴长文，王振民，徐琰，戴晓弘（郑州大学化学系，郑州，４５００５２）（郑州高新技术开发区，郑州，４５０００１）关键词热力学性质，标准生成焓，碳酸盐预测无机化合物生成热的计算方法已见报道［１，２］，但引入经验参数过多，且计算偏差亦较...     

新型分子筛的生成焓计算

The enthalpies of formation of some compounds are not easy to be measured experimentally. This paper reports the calculated values of the heat of formation for some novel moleclar sieves by a method of consistant molecular mechanics force field. The enthalpies of formation of novel type molecular sieves: ZSM-48, ZSM-22, ZSM-23 and ZSM-18, have been calculated.     

单原子粒子体系标准摩尔熵和标准摩尔焓的计算

根据统计热力学原理,对单原子粒子体系(固体化合物中阳离子体系和气态阳离子体系)的标准摩尔熵和标准摩尔焓的计算公式进行理论推导,并根据文献中的实验数据进行计算机拟合,得到定量数学模型。通过模型检验,计算值与实验值非常吻合,说明此模型很好地揭示了影响单原子体系标准摩尔熵和标准摩尔焓的微观本质因素。     

八面体纳米钼酸钡的制备及标准摩尔生成焓的测定

根据热力学势函数法建立纳米钼酸钡与块体钼酸钡标准摩尔生成焓之间的关系, 利用原位微量热技术获取纳米钼酸钡与盐酸反应的反应热, 以已知的块体钼酸钡的标准摩尔生成焓－1507.5 kJ•mol^－1为参考标准, 求得由反相微乳液法制备的八面体纳米钼酸钡的标准摩尔生成焓为(－336.62±0.33) kJ•mol^－1, 两种材料标准摩尔生成焓数值的差异证明纳米结构比块体结构能态更高, 更加不稳定.     

Regularities in the Influence of Water-Organic Solvents on the Thermodynamics of Complex Formation: II.1 Changes in Enthalpy and Entropy of Formation of Ammonia and Carboxylate Complexes

The role of enthalpy, entropy contributions to the shift of complex formation equilibria inwater-organic solvents was studied. The formation of both ammonia and carboxylate complexes of d-metalions was found to be presumably enthalpy-controlled. The role of entropy changes increases in binary solvents with a high level of supramolecular organization, and also in the case of formation of complexes of the highest orders, when the coordination of ligands is accompanied either by a complete displacement of solvent molecules from the inner coordination sphere or by a change in the complex structure. Thus found regularities can be applied for the prediction of heat effects of complex formation in water-organic solvents. In the fist communication [1] of this series we have considered the effects of the nature and composition of water-organic solvents on the stability of ammonia and carboxylate complexes of d-metal ions. This work is based on the data of our recent thermochemical works [2-22] and is dedicated to the study of the role of enthalpy and entropy contributions to the shift of the complex formation equilibria in water-organic solvents.     

用微机估算单体及其聚合反应的焓与熵

采用ABW (Anderson Beyer Watson)基团贡献法 ,通过建立数据库、计算机编程 ,分别在UC DOS 6.0环境、MicrosoftFoxPro 2 .6编辑平台和Windows 95环境、BorlandDelphi 3.0编辑平台上运行。对常见烯类单体及其聚合反应的焓与熵进行估算 ,其结果与文献值很接近、操作简单、显示直观。     

L-苏糖酸镁的制备及标准生成焓

以L-苏糖酸钙与草酸的复分解反应得到的L-苏糖酸溶液，在80 ℃下与过量MgO反应较长时间， 滤液浓缩后加无水乙醇制得L-苏糖酸镁白色粉末.用化学分析及元素分析确定其组成为Mg(C4H7O5)2•H2O. IR光谱分析表明,化合物中苏糖酸以羧基氧原子与Mg2＋配位，Mg2＋为sp3杂化态，配位数为4. TD－DTG结果说明，它在热分解中有一定稳定性，而经脱水和生成Mg(OAc)2，最后生成MgO.用转动弹热量计测得其恒容燃烧能ΔE为 (－10407.34±4.67) kJ•mol－1,计算其标准燃烧焓ΔcHm和标准生成焓ΔfHm分别为(－3 249.49±1.46) kJ•mol－1和(－2 786.23±1.84) kJ•mol－1.