Kinetic-morphological peculiarities of solid-state isomerization of complexes

The thermal solid-state isomerizations of Copy₂Cl₂ (py=pyridine), Nien₂(NO₂)₂ and Nien₂(NCS)₂ (en=ethylenediamine) were studied by thermal analysis, thermomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy. It was shown that the reactions proceed by nuclear formation and growth. The kinetic-morphological peculiarities of the processes suggest that the process-determining stage is a phase stage, i. e. structural transformation. The topography and kinetics of processes are therefore determined by the crystal structures of the initial material and the reaction product, and by the contact conditions at the interface. The stress relaxation processes affect the morphology of the products and the kinetics of the transformation.

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Zusammenfassung Thermische Isomerisierungsreaktionen in fester Phase wurden durch thermische Analyse, Thermomikroskopie, Röntgenbeugung und IR-Spektroskopie an CoPy₂Cl₂ (Py=Pyridin), Nien₂(NO₂)₂ und Nien₂(NCS)₂ (en=Ethylendiamin) untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Reaktionen durch Keimbildung und Wachstum ablaufen. Die kinetischen und morphologischen Charakteristika der Prozesse weisen darauf hin, dass der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt ein Phasenschritt, d. h. eine Strukturumwandlung ist. Deshalb sind Topographie und Kinetik der Vorgänge durch die Kristallstrukturen des Ausgangsstoffe und des Reaktionsprodukts und durch die Kontaktbedingungen an der Grenfläche bestimmt. Die Spannungsrelaxationsprozesse beeinflussen die Morphologie der Produkte und die Umwandlungskinetik.

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, , ₂l₂, Nien₂(NO₂)₂ Nien₂(NCS)₂, en= , = . , . - , . , . .

     

Oxidative stability of lubricants for dry circuit sliding contacts

The thin film oxidation resistance of isoparaffin and two polyol esters synthetic lubricants was studied by high pressure differential scanning calorimetry. The oxidation induction time of each lubricant was measured by isothermally heating the sample in an oxygen environment. Arrhenius plots were constructed to predict the service life of the lubricant at low temperatures. The results indicate that polyol esters exhibit better oxidative stability than isoparaffins.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels Hochdruck-Differential-Scanning-Kalorimetrie wurde die Dünnschicht-Oxydationswiderstandsfestigkeit von Isoparaffin- und zwei synthetischen Polyolesterschmiermitteln untersucht. Die Oxydationsinduktionszeit jedes Schmiermittels wurde durch isothermes Erhitzen der Probe in Sauerstoff gemessen. Zur Vorhersage der Lebensdauer der Schmiermittel bei niedrigen Temperaturen wurden die entsprechenden Arrhenius-Diagramme erstellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Polyolester über eine bessere oxydative Stabilität verfügen als Isoparaffine.

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, . . . , , .

     

Catalysts for metathesis of olefins obtained through [Mo3O4(C2O4)3 (H2O)3]2? coordinated to γ-Al2O3

New highly active catalysts for the metathesis of olefins have been obtained through the interaction of [Mo₃O₄ (C₂O₄)₃ (H₂O)₃]^2– anion with Al₂O₃ surface and further activation in H₂ or CO atmosphere.

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[Mo₃O₄ (C₂O₄)₃ (H₂O)₃]^2– Al₂O₃ H₂ CO .

     

Application of thermal analysis to the investigation of catalysts

A short review of the possibilities of application of thermal analysis to the investigation of catalysts is given: analysis of catalysts, investigation of the processes during the preparation of catalysts, desactivation of catalysts, and interaction of reactants or catalytic poisons with the catalysts. Several examples are mentioned.

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Zusammenfassung Eine kurze Übersicht über die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes der Thermoanalyse zur Prüfung von Katalysatoren wird gegeben: Analyse der Katalysatoren, Prüfung der Vorgänge während der Herstellung von Katalysatoren, Inaktivierung von Katalysatoren, Wechselwirkungen zwischen Reagenzien oder Katalysatorengiften und den Katalysatoren. Eine Anzahl von Beispielen wird erwähnt.

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Résumé On piésente une rapide vue d'ensemble sur les possibilités d'application de l'analyse thermique à l'étude des catalyseurs: l'analyse des catalyseurs, l'étude des processus ayant lieu lors de la préparation des catalyseurs, la désactivation des catalyseurs, l'interaction de réactifs ou de poisons sur les catalyseurs. Plusieurs exemples sont mentionnés.

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. , , —, —, — , . , — . .

     

Anion-radical formation in the adsorption of thiophene and its derivatives on H-mordenite

For the first time it has been established that the adsorption of thiophene and its derivatives on H-mordenite provides individual ESR signals with an hyperfine structure. A comparison of the experimental ESR spectra with the calculated magnetic resonance parameters permits to suggest that during the adsorption on HM anion-radicals of thiophene and its derivatives are formed.

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, HM . , HM - .

     

Thermal decomposition of thorium(IV) benzenetricarboxylates prepared in various ways

The thermal decompositions of thorium(IV) trimesinate and trimellitate, prepared under various conditions, have been studied. On heating benzenetricarboxylates of Th(IV) decompose in many stages. First, the hydrated complexes lose crystallization water in one, two or four stages, forming anhydrous comtlexes which decompose to ThO₂ with the intermediate formation of ThOCO₃. The dehydrations of the complexes are associated with strong endothermic effects, and the decompositions of the anhydrous complexes are accompanied by exothermic effects.

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Zusammenfassung Thorium-(IV)-trimesinat und -trimellinat wurden unter verschiedenen Bedingungen gefertigt und ihre thermische Zersetzung untersucht. Beim Erhitzen zersetzen sich Benzyltricarboxylate von Th(IV) in mehreren Stufen. Als erstes geben die hydrierten Komplexe in ein, zwei oder vier Schritten Kristallwasser ab. Die dehydrierten Komplexe zersetzen sich über das Zwischenprodukt ThOCO₃ zu ThO₂. Die Dehydrierung der Komplexe ist mit starken endothermischen Effekten verbunden, während die Zersetzung der dehydrierten Komplexe von exothermen Effekten begleitet wird.

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, . . , , , ThOCO₃. , — .

     

Reactivity of the CCl3CH2CH2. radical in processes of homo-and cotelomerization of olefins with carbon tetrachloride

From the kinetic studies of CCl₃CH₂CH₂Br addition to 1-hexene, the rate constant of addition of the CCl₃CH₂CH ₂ ^. ( _e ¹ R) radical to 1-hexene [1g _e ¹ k_h=(5.2±0.1)–(13 000±800)/RT] has been determined. From the cotelomerization data, rate constants of the interaction of _e ¹ R-radical with ethylene [1g _e ¹ k_e=(6.1±0.2)–(21 400±1 200)/RT] and carbon tetrachloride [1g _e ¹ k_t=(7.5±0.2)–(37 000±1 200)/RT] have been calculated.

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CCl₃CH₂CH₂Br 1-. CCl₃CH₂CH ₂ ^. - _e ¹ R^.)- 1- (1g ¹ K=(5,2±0,1)–(13 000±800)/RT), 1- , ¹ R- (1g ¹ K=(6,1±0,2)–(21 400±1200/RT) CCl₄ (1g ¹ K=(7,5±0,2–(37 000±1 200)/RT).

     

Influence of structural promoters on reduction dilatograms of iron catalyst

In each reduction step, changes in the catalyst pellet volume during reduction of precipitated iron catalysts are determined by the concentration of structural promoters and the reaction temperature.

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, , .

     

Reactivity of hydrogen adsorbed on platinum black towards ethylene

TPD studies of the reactivity of hydrogen adsorbed on dispersed Pt-black towards ethylene at –90, 30 and 200°C indicate that molecular forms of hydrogen with E_des from 3 to 16 kcal/mol are reactive species.

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Pt- –90, 30, 200°C . , . 3 16 /.

     

Oxidation stability of polymeric materials dynamic DSC/DTA method

The dynamic DSC/DTA method was observed to give better selectivity and reproducibility than the isothermal method when estimating relative oxidation stability of plastics materials. The dynamic DSC/DTA method is in this survey exposed to a round robin test. Results of various instruments and test stations are compared, and their compatibility is unexpectedly good. Subsequently the dynamic DSC/DTA method was chosen as the quality control method and will be published as Finnish standard SFS 3449.

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Zusammenfassung Bei der Bestimmung der relativen Oxydationsbeständigkeit plastischer Materialien wurden mit der dynamischen DSC/DTA-Methode eine bessere Selektivität und Reproduzierbarkeit als mit der isothermen Variante beobachtet. Die dynamische Methode wurde in verschiedenen Laboratorien getestet. Die mit verschiedenartigen Geräten in verschiedenen Laboratorien erhaltenen Testergebnisse stimmen überraschend gut überein. Die dynamische DSC/DTA-Methode wurde deshalb als Qualitätskontrollmethode gewählt und wird als finnische Norm SFS 3449 herausgegeben.

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, / , . . , . , . / SFS 3449.

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Thanks are due to the Finnish Plastics Industries Federation and its member companies for the helpful interest in the course of this survey.     

Routes of nitrogen formation in reduction of nitrogen oxide by carbon monoxide and hydrogen over nickel chromite catalyst

The route of NO reduction to N₂ over nickel chromite catalyst is dependent on the nature of the reducing agent. NO reduction by dihydrogen proceeds mainly through the step of N₂O formation, whereas NO reduction to N₂ by carbon monoxide is mainly direct without a step of N₂O formation.

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NO N₂ NO , , N₂O, NO , , NO N₂, . . N₂O.

     

Moving reaction zone chemistry: The hydroxylamine, sodium thiocyanate, nitric acid system

It is possible to initiate an oxidation reaction in a solution of hydroxylamine and sodium thiocyanate in aqueous nitric acid in a spectrophotometer cell at the meniscus. The thiocyanate and hydroxylamine are oxidised, and nitric acid is reduced to nitrous acid. A narrow well-defined reaction zone develops which then moves at a constant rate downwards through the solution. One of the reaction intermediates, nitrosyl thiocyanate, absorbs at 460 nm so the reaction zone is coloured red and is easily observed. The distribution of nitrosyl thiocyanate within the reaction zone has been studied.

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. , . - , . , , 460 nm, . .

     

Study of furan compounds

Research on synthesis of polycyclic spirans of the 1, 6-dioxaspiro-[4, 4]nonane group is continued. Electrolysis of methanol solutions of 2-furylcyclopentanol, 2-(5-methyl-furfuryl)cyclopentanol, and 2-furfuryl-1-indanol, gives, by intramolecular alkoxylation, spiro{perhydrocyclopenta[b]furan-2, 2-(5dihydrofuran)}, spiro{perhydrocyclopenta[b]furan-2, 2-(5-methoxy-5-methyl-2, 5-dihydrofuran)}, and spiro{2, 3, 3a, 8b-tetrahydro-4H-indeno[1, 2-b]furan-2, 2-(5-methoxy-2, 5-dihydrofuran)}, hitherto undescribed in the literature. Depending on the conditions, catalytic hydrogenation of these gives: spiro{perhydiocyclopenta[b]furan-2, 2-(5-methoxytetrahydrofuran)}, spiro{2, 3a, 8b-tetrahydro-4H-indeno[1, 2-b]furan-2, 2-(5-methoxytetrahydrofuran)}, spiro{perhydrocyclopenta[b]furan-2, 2-tetrahydrofuran}, and spiro{2, 3, 3a, 8b-tetrahydro-4H-indeno[1, 2-b]furan-2, 2-tetrahydrofuran}.For Part XXXI see [1].     

Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide on RuFe/SiO2 catalysts

The H₂+CO reaction on silica supported Ru, Fe and RuFe catalysts prepared from metal carbonyl clusters has been investigated under atmospheric and 20 bar pressure. According to the change of selectivity values with temperature and with pressure, the participation of surface carbon proposed earlier by several authors seems to be confirmed by this work.

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H₂+CO Ru, Fe RuFe, , 20 . , , , .

     

Studies with a derivatograph of the properties of a water film on a marble surface modified by tetradecylammonium chloride (TDACl)

The properties of water layers on bare marble and on marble samples covered with various amounts of tetradecylammonium chloride (TDACl) after flotation were investigated by thermal analysis methods. The dependences of the layer thickness, activation energy, enthalpy and entropy of the bonded watervs. the amount of TDACl previously deposited on the marble surface were determined. The results obtained and the literature data were used to propose an interpretation of the changes caused in these parameters by the coverage of the marble surface with TDACl molecules. A correlation between these parameters and the changes in water structure and marble flotatibility is also presented.

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Zusammenfassung Eigenschaften von Wasserfilmen auf unbeschichteten und mit Tetradecylammoniumchlorid (TDACl) in unterschiedlichen Mengen bedeckten Marmorproben wurden nach Flotation thermoanalytisch untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit der Schichtdicke, der Aktivierungsenergie und der Enthalpie und Entropie des gebundenen Wassers von der Menge des vorhergehend auf die Marmoroberfläche aufgebrachten TDACl wurden ermittelt. Die durch die Bedeckung der Marmoroberfläche mit TDACl verursachten Veränderungen dieser Parameter werden anhand der erhaltenen Resultate und von Literaturangaben interpretiert. Beziehungen zwischen diesen Parameters und Veränderungen der Wasserstrukturen und der Flotierbarkeit des Marmors werden angegeben.

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, (). , , . , , , . , .

     

Orientation towards alcohols in CO, H2 reactions on some iron catalysts

Adding rare earths like dysprosium or lanthanum to silica-supported iron or iron-copper catalysts enhances the formation of C₁ to C₅ alcohols and the total conversion in CO–H₂ reactions. Copper rises the alcohol orientation and also the reactivity.

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, - SiO₂ C₁ C₅, CO–H₂. , .

     

Isomerization, dehydrogenation and cracking of methylcyclohexane over HNaY zeolites

On HNaY zeolites the fractions of acid sites which are active for cracking, isomerization and dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane do not increase linearly with increasing degree of exchange. Isomerization and dehydrogenation seem to involve a similar activated complex, while cracking proceeds through a different one and requires stronger acid sites. Activation energies are independent of exchange degree.

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HNaY, , . , . .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of precipitation processes in Al-Ag alloys

During the heating of a supersaturated solid solution, four peaks were observed in the DTA curve. Two exotherms were due to the precipitation of Guinier-Preston zones and an equilibrium phase. Endotherms accompanied dissolution of the zones and a stable precipitate.The temperatures of the peaks, the thermal effects and the activation energy of precipitation appear to depend on the chemical compositions of the alloys.

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Zusammenfassung Während des Aufheizens einer übersättigten festen Lösung wurden in der DTA-Kurve vier Peaks beobachtet. Zwei exotherme Effekte wurden der Ausscheidung von Guinier-Preston-Zonen und einer Gleichgewichtsphase zugeschrieben. Die Auflösung der Zonen und des stabilen Präzipitats gehen mit endothermen Effekten einher. Die Peaktemperaturen, die thermischen Effekte und die Aktivierungsenergie der Ausscheidung scheint von der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Legierungen abzuhängen.

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. — . . , .

     

Synthesis of spiro[9,10-dihydro-10-sila-2-azaanthracene-9,1′-cyclopropanes

The Z- and E-isomers of 9,14dihydro-10,10-&-methyl-2-trimethylsilyl(2phenyl-3 fornryl)spiro[IO-sila-2-azaanthracene-9,1 -cyclopropane] have been obtained by heating 9-diazo-9,10-dihydro-10,10-dimethyl-10-sila-2azaanthracene with trimethylvinylsilane and with cinnanuaidehyde.